EcoDensity

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The EcoDensity Initiative was officially launched in 2006 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in conjunction with the World Urban Forum. [1] The initiative was a response to deconcentration of urban land use due to urban sprawl. The initiative used density, design and land use as catalysts towards livability, affordability and environmental sustainability. Some of the program's objectives were to reduce car reliance, deliver more efficient urban land use, improve green energy systems and build a resilient and adaptable community. In high-density urban areas, utilizing the existing infrastructure and transit and community amenities tends to lead towards a more sustainable and livable state. [2] [3] [4] Accordingly, EcoDensity was designed to strategically enhance densification with the primary aim of efficiently structured neighbourhoods, denser urban-patterns and increased affordable housing. [5] [6]

Contents

Etymology

The "eco" in EcoDensity stands for both ecology and economy (affordability). "Density" in urban planning refers to upward or more compact construction, as opposed to urban sprawl.

Urban context of Vancouver

Vancouver is the largest city in the region with an increasing population in the metropolitan area. [7] [8] [9] Apart from the highly densified central business district (CBD), more efficient land use strategy was needed in less dense suburban neighbourhoods. [10] [11] The urban development in Vancouver started in the 19th century mainly shaped by automobile-based infrastructural development. [12] As a result, urban sprawl has led to the dominance of single family homes in suburbia and high-density residential development in the downtown core. [13] [14]

Urban sustainability

Since the early 1990s, an urban sustainability approach has significantly shaped the way Vancouver has responded to its growing problem, thus it has become a globally recognized eco-city. [15] [16] [17] [18] "Vancouverism" is a new kind of city living [19] that incorporates deep respect for nature. As such, it is characterized by environmental awareness and successful urban planning with a path of urbanization that is unique in North America. [20] [21] The EcoDensity Initiative aimed to facilitate greater housing affordability and diversity through strategic densification that focused on environmental sustainability and livability. [22] [23] Part of this status could be attributed to the natural setting of the city between the Georgia Straight and the Coast Mountains, which invokes a strong sense of environmental consciousness and environmental protection. [24] Since the 1960s, Vancouver's strong community spirit manifested through citizen activism and traditional planning culture resulted in a strong trust between communities and the Council. [25] [26]

Consequences of the eco-density approach

Intended consequences

The proclaimed aim of the EcoDensity Initiative was to increase density in low and medium dense urban areas along transport corridors. [27] Well-designed, mixed-use attractive neighbourhoods have the potential to increase density and stimulate active modes of travel, as well as catalyzing the development of sustainable communities. [28] With that in mind, in denser neighbourhoods, requirement for investment in infrastructure tends to be lower. In relation to the demand and supply situations and other contextual conditions, an extra supply of housing has the potential to lower property costs and as such is a way forward to achieve affordable housing. Furthermore, the Initiative aimed to deliver sustained growth and enhance livability.

Unintended consequences

The EcoDensity policy was unpopular. The political leadership backed by the development oriented agenda was not united towards promoting sustainability, which led to eco-density being used as a label to greenwash their program. [29] [30] In all, the traditional planning culture involving various stakeholders turned into a hegemonic strategy because of the massive opposition. [31] Without a community-centred bottom-up approach neighbourhood associated the concept as "green overcrowding", "greenwashing", or "density without amenity". [32] This was due to neither EcoDensity nor related policies were designed to provide affordable housing rather than to moderate future price increase. [33] [34] [35] This resulted in the breakdown of a historical trust between residents and the Council. [36] Yet due to inadequate management and planning, surrounding municipalities are growing faster than Vancouver. [37] [38] Indeed, ignoring community concerns, failing to effectively increase density and being governed by pro-developer and ideological perspectives, eventually eco-density has become a cautionary narrative that cities should avoid and can learn from. [39] [40]

Overview

Vancouver's EcoDensity Initiative combined density, design and land use as a response to deconcentration of urban land use due to urban sprawl. [41] It aimed to achieve a more sustainable urban form through the intensification of existing neighbourhoods. Specifically, to increase density in low and medium dense areas along transport corridors in an environmentally friendly way that reduces the ecological footprint of the city. [42] Consequently, eco-densification has the potential to strengthen urban sustainability measures; however, its inherently narrowed scope and unintended consequences pertains to limitations.

Results

The EcoDensity Initiative spawned laneway houses [43] and increased density along the Canada Line rapid transit line, part of the SkyTrain system. [44] In 2012, Sydney and other Australian cities adopted EcoDensity principles into their urban planning program. [45]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smart growth</span> Urban planning philosophy

Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. It also advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices. The term "smart growth" is particularly used in North America. In Europe and particularly the UK, the terms "compact city", "urban densification" or "urban intensification" have often been used to describe similar concepts, which have influenced government planning policies in the UK, the Netherlands and several other European countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Urbanism</span> Urban design movement promoting sustainable land use

New Urbanism is an urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has gradually influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies. New Urbanism attempts to address the ills associated with urban sprawl and post-Second World War suburban development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban sprawl</span> Expansion of auto-oriented, low-density development in suburbs

Urban sprawl is defined as "the spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a more or less densely populated city". Urban sprawl has been described as the unrestricted growth in many urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for very dense urban planning. Sometimes the urban areas described as the most "sprawling" are the most densely populated. In addition to describing a special form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development. In modern times some suburban areas described as "sprawl" have less detached housing and higher density than the nearby core city. Medieval suburbs suffered from the loss of protection of city walls, before the advent of industrial warfare. Modern disadvantages and costs include increased travel time, transport costs, pollution, and destruction of the countryside. The revenue for building and maintaining urban infrastructure in these areas are gained mostly through property and sales taxes. Most jobs in the US are now located in suburbs generating much of the revenue, although a lack of growth will require higher tax rates.

An eco-city or ecocity is "a human settlement modeled on the self-sustaining resilient structure and function of natural ecosystems", as defined by Ecocity Builders. Simply put, an eco-city is an ecologically healthy city. The World Bank defines eco-cities as "cities that enhance the well-being of citizens and society through integrated urban planning and management that harness the benefits of ecological systems and protect and nurture these assets for future generations". Although there is no universally accepted definition of an 'eco-city', among available definitions, there is some consensus on the basic features of an eco-city.

The term "sustainable communities" has various definitions, but in essence refers to communities planned, built, or modified to promote sustainable living. Sustainable communities tend to focus on environmental and economic sustainability, urban infrastructure, social equity, and municipal government. The term is sometimes used synonymously with "green cities," "eco-communities," "livable cities" and "sustainable cities."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Livability</span>

Livability or liveability is the degree to which a place is good for living. Livability refers to the concerns that are related to the long-term wellbeing of individuals and communities. It encompasses factors like neighborhood amenities, including parks, open space, walkways, grocery shops and restaurants as well as environmental quality, safety and health. It also incorporates things like cost and friendliness. These features contribute to the pleasantness and accessibility of communities. Additionally, livability considers the availability and quality of public transport, educational institutions and healthcare facilities. It also considers the overall cultural and social atmosphere of a place, including the presence of diverse recreational activities and community engagement opportunities. All these factors combined create an environment that enhances the overall quality of life for residents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable city</span> City designed with consideration for social, economic, environmental impact

A sustainable city, eco-city, or green city is a city designed with consideration for social, economic, environmental impact, and resilient habitat for existing populations, without compromising the ability of future generations to experience the same. The UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 defines sustainable cities as those that are dedicated to achieving green sustainability, social sustainability and economic sustainability. They are committed to doing so by enabling opportunities for all through a design focused on inclusivity as well as maintaining a sustainable economic growth. The focus will also includes minimizing required inputs of energy, water, and food, and drastically reducing waste, output of heat, air pollution – CO2, methane, and water pollution. Richard Register, a visual artist, first coined the term ecocity in his 1987 book Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future, where he offers innovative city planning solutions that would work anywhere. Other leading figures who envisioned sustainable cities are architect Paul F Downton, who later founded the company Ecopolis Pty Ltd, as well as authors Timothy Beatley and Steffen Lehmann, who have written extensively on the subject. The field of industrial ecology is sometimes used in planning these cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban density</span>

Urban density is a term used in urban planning and urban design to refer to the number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area. As such it is to be distinguished from other measures of population density. Urban density is considered an important factor in understanding how cities function. Research related to urban density occurs across diverse areas, including economics, health, innovation, psychology and geography as well as sustainability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vancouverism</span> Urban planning philosophy originating in Vancouver, Canada

Vancouverism is an urban planning and architectural phenomenon in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is characterized by a large residential population living in the city centre with mixed-use developments, typically with a medium-height, commercial base and narrow, high-rise residential towers, significant reliance on mass public transit, creation and maintenance of green park spaces, and preserving view corridors. The architect Bing Thom described Vancouverism this way:

It's a spirit about public space. I think Vancouverites are very, very proud that we built a city that really has a tremendous amount of space on the waterfront for people to recreate and to enjoy. At the same time, False Creek and Coal Harbour were previously industrial lands that were very polluted and desecrated. We've refreshed all of this with new development, and people have access to the water and the views. So, to me, it's this idea of having a lot people living very close together, mixing the uses. So, we have apartments on top of stores. In Surrey we have a university on top of a shopping centre. This mixing of uses reflects Vancouver in terms of our culture and how we live together.

Sadhu Aufochs Johnston was the City Manager of Vancouver, BC from March 2016 until January 2021 where he was responsible for managing the operations of the City, including oversight of a budget of over $1.6B and over 7,000 staff. As City Manager he spearheaded initiatives to address the growing housing and climate change crisis in Vancouver. He was the Chief Environmental Officer of Chicago and Deputy Chief of Staff to Mayor Richard M. Daley, until he was appointed Deputy City Manager of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2009. Johnston previously served as the Executive Director of the Cleveland Green Building Coalition. He is co-author of "The Guide to Greening Cities" published by Island Press in 2013. In 2008, Johnston co-founded the Urban Sustainability Directors Network (USDN) and served as the Chair of the Executive Committee of STAR, community sustainability rating system. Johnston served on the selection committee for the Partners for Places Fund, a partnership between USDN and the Funders Network for Smart Growth and Livable Communities as well as the Greenest City Fund in partnership with the Vancouver Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laneway house</span> Form of housing in Canada

A laneway house is a form of detached secondary suites in Canada built into pre-existing lots, usually in the backyard and opening onto the back lane. Most laneway houses are small. However, public concern has been raised in some communities about the impact that larger forms of this type of housing may have on privacy. Laneway houses are found in densely populated areas in Canadian cities, including Edmonton, Toronto, and Vancouver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compact city</span> High density mixed use transit oriented planning

The compact city or city of short distances is an urban planning and urban design concept, which promotes relatively high residential density with mixed land uses. It is based on an efficient public transport system and has an urban layout which – according to its advocates – encourages walking and cycling, low energy consumption and reduced pollution. A large resident population provides opportunities for social interaction as well as a feeling of safety in numbers and "eyes on the street". It is also arguably a more sustainable urban settlement type than urban sprawl because it is less dependent on the car, requiring less infrastructure provision.

The sustainable urban neighbourhood (SUN) is an urban design model which is part of 21st-century urban reform theory, moving away from the typical suburban development of the UK and US towards more continental city styles. It emerged in the UK in the 1990s, specifically from pioneering work by URBED, an urban regeneration consultancy and research centre in Manchester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green urbanism</span> Practice of creating communities beneficial to humans and the environment

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable urbanism</span> Study of cities and the practices to build them

Sustainable urbanism is both the study of cities and the practices to build them (urbanism), that focuses on promoting their long term viability by reducing consumption, waste and harmful impacts on people and place while enhancing the overall well-being of both people and place. Well-being includes the physical, ecological, economic, social, health and equity factors, among others, that comprise cities and their populations. In the context of contemporary urbanism, the term cities refers to several scales of human settlements from towns to cities, metropolises and mega-city regions that includes their peripheries / suburbs / exurbs. Sustainability is a key component to professional practice in urban planning and urban design along with its related disciplines landscape architecture, architecture, and civil and environmental engineering. Green urbanism and ecological urbanism are other common terms that are similar to sustainable urbanism, however they can be construed as focusing more on the natural environment and ecosystems and less on economic and social aspects. Also related to sustainable urbanism are the practices of land development called Sustainable development, which is the process of physically constructing sustainable buildings, as well as the practices of urban planning called smart growth or growth management, which denote the processes of planning, designing, and building urban settlements that are more sustainable than if they were not planned according to sustainability criteria and principles.

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Missing middle housing refers to a lack of medium-density housing in the North American context. The term describes an urban planning phenomenon in Canada, the United States, Australia and more recent developments in industrialised and newly industrialising countries due to zoning regulations favoring social and racial separation and car-dependent suburban sprawl.

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Environmental, ecological or green gentrification is a process in which cleaning up pollution or providing green amenities increases local property values and attracts wealthier residents to a previously polluted or disenfranchised neighbourhood. Green amenities include green spaces, parks, green roofs, gardens and green and energy efficient building materials. These initiatives can heal many environmental ills from industrialization and beautify urban landscapes. Additionally, greening is imperative for reaching a sustainable future. However, if accompanied by gentrification, these initiatives can have an ambiguous social impact. For example, if the low income households are displaced or forced to pay higher housing costs. First coined by Sieg et al. (2004), environmental gentrification is a relatively new concept, although it can be considered as a new hybrid of the older and wider topics of gentrification and environmental justice. Social implications of greening projects specifically with regards to housing affordability and displacement of vulnerable citizens. Greening in cities can be both healthy and just.

References

  1. ↑ "EcoDensity. How Density, Design, and Land Use Will Contribute to Environmental Sustainability, Affordability, and Livability" (PDF). Cit of Vancouver. 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  2. ↑ Xue, Jin (2014). "Is eco-village/urban village the future of a degrowth society? An urban planner's perspective". Ecological Economics. 105 (September): 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.003.
  3. ↑ Latouche, S. (2009). "Farewell to Growth" (PDF). Cambridge: Polity Press. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  4. ↑ "Vancouver Ecodensity Charter: Green Liveable Cities". Danish Architecture Centre. 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  5. ↑ Rosol, M. (2015). "Social mixing through densification? The struggle over the Little Mountain public housing complex in Vancouver". Die Erde. 146 (2–3): 151–164. doi:10.12854/erde-146-13.
  6. ↑ "Getting Serious About Affordable Housing: Towards a Plan for Metro Vancouver" (PDF). CCPA. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA). 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  7. ↑ "Metro Vancouver grows by 150,000 residents [online]. Metro Vancouver". Metro Vancouver. 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  8. ↑ "Metro Vancouver 2040: Shaping Our Future" (PDF). Metro Vancouver. 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  9. ↑ Boddy, T. "INSIGHT: Vancouverism vs. Lower Manhattanism: Shaping the High Density City". ArchNewsNow. p. 2005. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  10. ↑ Lee, M.; Villagomez, E.; Gurstein, P.; Eby, D.; Wyly, E. (2008). "Affordable EcoDensity: Making Affordable Housing a Core Principle of Vancouver's EcoDensity Charter" (PDF). Policy Alternatives. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives to Vancouver City Council. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  11. ↑ "Downtown Vancouver (DVBIA): Neighbourhood Profile [online]. Downtown Vancouver Business Improvement Association" (PDF). Downtown Vancouver. 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  12. ↑ "Introduction & Background [online]. Geography Department. University of British Columbia". UBC Geography Department. University of British Columbia. 1999. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  13. ↑ Rosol, M. (2013). "Vancouver's EcoDensity Planning Initiative: A Struggle over Hegemony?" (PDF). Urban Studies. 50 (11): 2238–2255. doi:10.1177/0042098013478233. S2CID   55282834 . Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  14. ↑ Bogdanowicz, J. (2006). "Vancouverism: With An Abundance of Planning Lingo Attempting to Describe the Process of Vancouver's Urbanism, the Following List of Definitions Summarizes the Many Elements Comprising the City". Canadian Architect. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  15. ↑ McCann, E. (2011). "Urban policy mobilities and global circuits of knowledge: Toward a research agenda" (PDF). Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 101 (1): 107–130. doi:10.1080/00045608.2010.520219. S2CID   144638676.
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  19. ↑ "Urban planning, sustainable zoning, and development". City of Vancouver. 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  20. ↑ Bogdanowicz, J. (2006). "Vancouverism: With An Abundance of Planning Lingo Attempting to Describe the Process of Vancouver's Urbanism, the Following List of Definitions Summarizes the Many Elements Comprising the City". Canadian Architect. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  21. ↑ Berelowitz, L. (2006). "The State of Play in Creating a More Sustainable City. Dream City: Vancouver and the Global Imagination" (PDF). Concert Properties. Concert Realty Services Ltd. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  22. ↑ "Learning from Vancouver: Gentle Density" (PDF). Isthmus Research. 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  23. ↑ "EcoDensity. How Density, Design, and Land Use Will Contribute to Environmental Sustainability, Affordability, and Livability" (PDF). City of Vancouver. 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  24. ↑ Affolderbach, A.; Schulz, C. (2017). "Positioning Vancouver through urban sustainability strategies? The Greenest City 2020 Action Pla". Journal of Cleaner Production. 15 (October): 676–685. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.234.
  25. ↑ Sarkissian, W. (2013). "Vancouver's EcoDensity Policy: Reflections on Australian Planning's Cultural Cringe and Cultural Imperialism". Wendy Sarkissian PhD. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  26. ↑ Ross, J. (2014). "Panic on Love Street: Citizens and Local Government Respond to Vancouver's Hippie Problem, 1967-68". BC Studies. 180 (Winter 2013/14): 11–41.
  27. ↑ "EcoDensity. How Density, Design, and Land Use Will Contribute to Environmental Sustainability, Affordability, and Livability" (PDF). City of Vancouver. 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  28. ↑ Dieleman, F.; Wegener, M. (2004). "Compact City and Urban Sprawl" (PDF). Built Environment. 30 (4): 308–323. doi:10.2148/benv.30.4.308.57151.
  29. ↑ Condon, P. (2013). "Whose City Is It, Anyway". TheTyee. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  30. ↑ Bula, F. (2005). "Vancouver's chief city planner to step down". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  31. ↑ Rosol, M. (2013). "Vancouver's EcoDensity Planning Initiative: A Struggle over Hegemony?" (PDF). Urban Studies. 50 (11): 2238–2255. doi:10.1177/0042098013478233. S2CID   55282834.
  32. ↑ Sarkissian, W. (2013). "Vancouver's EcoDensity Policy: Reflections on Australian Planning's Cultural Cringe and Cultural Imperialism". Wendy Sarkissian PhD. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  33. ↑ Rosol, M. (2015). "Social mixing through densification? The struggle over the Little Mountain public housing complex in Vancouver". Die Erde. 146 (2–3): 151–164.
  34. ↑ Quastel, N.; Moos, M.; Lynch, N. (2012). "Sustainability as density and the return of the social: The case of Vancouver, British Columbia". Urban Geography. 33 (7): 1055–1084. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.33.7.1055. S2CID   145616233.
  35. ↑ Lee, M.; Villagomez, E.; Gurstein, P.; Eby, D.; Wyly, E. (2008). "Affordable EcoDensity: Making Affordable Housing a Core Principle of Vancouver's EcoDensity Charter" (PDF). Policy Alternatives. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives to Vancouver City Council. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  36. ↑ Rosol, M. (2013). "Vancouver's EcoDensity Planning Initiative: A Struggle over Hegemony?" (PDF). Urban Studies. 50 (11): 2238–2255. doi:10.1177/0042098013478233. S2CID   55282834.
  37. ↑ Bogdanowicz, J. (2006). "Vancouverism: With An Abundance of Planning Lingo Attempting to Describe the Process of Vancouver's Urbanism, the Following List of Definitions Summarizes the Many Elements Comprising the City". Canadian Architect. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  38. ↑ Berelowitz, L. (2006). "The State of Play in Creating a More Sustainable City. Dream City: Vancouver and the Global Imagination" (PDF). Concert Properties. Concert Realty Services Ltd. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  39. ↑ Rosol, M. (2013). ". Vancouver's EcoDensity Planning Initiative: A Struggle over Hegemony?" (PDF). Urban Studies. 50 (11): 2238–2255. doi:10.1177/0042098013478233. S2CID   55282834.
  40. ↑ Lehmann, S. (2016). "Sustainable urbanism: towards a framework for quality and optimal density?" (PDF). Future Cities and Environment. 2: 8. doi: 10.1186/s40984-016-0021-3 . S2CID   59416346.
  41. ↑ "EcoDensity. How Density, Design, and Land Use Will Contribute to Environmental Sustainability, Affordability, and Livability" (PDF). City of Vancouver. 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  42. ↑ Dieleman, F.; Wegener, M. (2004). "Compact City and Urban Sprawl" (PDF). Built Environment. 30 (4): 308–323. doi:10.2148/benv.30.4.308.57151.
  43. ↑ "Laneway housing to increase density in Vancouver". BC Living. 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  44. ↑ Frances (2008). "What happened to the EcoDensity debate?". CTV News. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  45. ↑ "Vancouvers EcoDensity strategy is good for Sydney". Urban Taskforce. 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
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