Golden trevally

Last updated

Golden trevally
Gnathanodon speciosus DubaiMall.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Carangiformes
Family: Carangidae
Subfamily: Caranginae
Genus: Gnathanodon
Bleeker, 1851
Species:
G. speciosus
Binomial name
Gnathanodon speciosus
(Forsskål, 1775)
Gnathanodon speciosus distribution.png
Approximate range of the golden trevally
Synonyms

Scomber speciosus Forsskål, 1775
Caranx speciosus(Forsskål, 1775)
Caranx panamensis Gill, 1863
Caranx edentulusAlleyne & Macleay, 1877
Caranx cives De Vis, 1884
Caranx obtusiceps Macleay, 1882
Caranx petaurista Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817
Caranx poloosoo Richardson, 1848
Caranx rueppellii Günther (ex Rüppell), 1860

Contents

The golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus), also known as the golden kingfish, banded trevally or king trevally, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, and the only member of the monospecific genus Gnathanodon. The golden trevally is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to Central America in the east, extending to Japan in the north and Australia in the south. The species predominantly occupies inshore waters where it inhabits both reef and sandy substrates. The golden trevally is easily distinguished from its relatives by its fleshy, rubbery lips and unique colouration, which ranges from bright yellow with black bars as a juvenile to a golden-silvery colour as an adult. It is known to grow to 120 centimetres (47 in) in length and 15 kilograms (33 lb) in weight. The golden trevally schools as a juvenile, often closely following larger objects including sharks and jellyfish. The species uses its protractile jaws to suck out prey from the sand or reef, and consumes a variety of fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Spawning aggregations gather at night at different times of the year throughout its range. The golden trevally is a considerable constituent of several Middle Eastern fisheries and being of minor importance to many others, with a worldwide annual catch of 1,187 metric tons (1,168 long tons; 1,308 short tons) to 3,475 metric tons (3,420 long tons; 3,831 short tons) recorded between 2000 and 2010. The golden trevally is a popular gamefish, taken by bait, lure, fly and also spear throughout its range. Several Asian countries currently farm the fish in caged aquaculture. Due to their brilliant colouration, juveniles are popular in marine aquaria.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

A school of subadult golden trevally in Panama Silver & Gold.jpg
A school of subadult golden trevally in Panama

The golden trevally is the only member of the monotypic genus Gnathanodon, which is one of the thirty genera in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, which in turn is part of the order Carangiformes. [2]

The species was scientifically described for the first time by the Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål in 1775. [3] Forsskål referred the species to the genus Scomber , where many jacks were placed before the recognition of the family Carangidae. The species is initially referred with two epithets; Scomber rim, speciosus in this publication; however the following page names it as Scomber speciosus with 'rim' given as a transcription of the species' Arabic name. [4] Consequently, authorities regard Scomber rim as a junior synonym. [5] Forsskål's description was based on an individual from the Red Sea off Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The holotype has since been lost and a neotype was invalidly designated by Ronald Fricke in 1999. [6] The specific epithet speciosus is Latin for beautiful. [7] The species was transferred to Caranx before the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker placed it in its own genus Gnathanodon, with this name derived from the Latin for 'toothless jaws'. [7] In addition to Forsskål's naming, seven other later names have been ascribed to the fish, with all of these now recognised as invalid junior synonyms under ICZN rules. [5] The species common names generally refer to its appearance with 'golden trevally' (or kingfish), 'banded trevally' and 'king trevally' used. In Hawaii the species is referred to as 'ulua paʻopaʻo' or 'papio' when small. [8]

A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Carangidae-based primarily on osteology by Soko Gushiken found that Gnathanodon is closely related to and forms a monophyletic group with Caranx. [9] The species has yet to be included in any molecular phylogeny study of the family.

Distribution and habitat

A golden trevally foraging in the sand Golden trevally foraging.jpg
A golden trevally foraging in the sand

The golden trevally is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. [10] In the Indian Ocean, the species is distributed from South Africa [7] along the east African coastline, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Its distribution extends east along the Indian and South East Asian coastlines, and south through Indonesia and northern Australia. [11] Golden trevally are recorded from many Indian Ocean islands including Madagascar, Seychelles and The Maldives. [8] [12] In the Pacific, the species is spread throughout the South East Asian and Indonesian archipelago north mainland China and Japan and south to eastern Australia and New Zealand. [8] [13] Golden trevally have been recorded from many central Pacific Islands, including Hawaii, with their distribution extending to Central America. Here its range extends from the Gulf of California in the north to Colombia in the south. [14]

The golden trevally predominantly occupies inshore waters of varying substrate, although is known to occur on deeper continental shelf reefs in Australia. [10] In coastal areas the species inhabits rocky and coral reefs as well as open sand flats where it forages for food. [12] [15] A systematic study in northern Australia indicated it to be one of the only species to be approximately equally distributed in both reef and soft-bottom habitats. [16] Golden trevally appear to prefer clear water to turbid waters, [10] and thus is only encountered rarely in low turbidity estuarine environments. [17] One known exception to this was the capture of several individuals in a shallow mangrove swamp in Baja California which appeared to be foraging for prey. [18]

Description

A juvenile golden trevally displaying the prominent dark bands Poisson211.jpg
A juvenile golden trevally displaying the prominent dark bands

The golden trevally is a relatively large fish, growing to a maximum recorded size of 120 cm (47 in) in length [12] and 15.0 kg in weight. [19] It is similar to most other trevallies and jacks in having a compressed, oblong body, with the dorsal profile slightly more convex than the ventral profile, particularly anteriorly. [15] The species' mouth is one of its defining features; the mouth is highly protractile and fleshy, with specimens greater than 90 mm having no teeth on the jaws, vomer or tongue. Smaller individuals have a series of small villiform teeth in both jaws. [13] The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first with 7 spines, the second with 1 spine and 18 to 20 soft rays. The anal fin has 2 detached spines followed by 1 spine and 15 to 17 soft rays, [15] while the pelvic fin consists of 1 spine and 19 to 20 soft rays. [13] The curved part of the lateral line is moderately arched; containing 62 to 73 scales, and approximately equal in length to the straight section containing 15 to 27 scales and 18 to 25 scutes. The breast is completely scaled. [10] [13] There are 27 to 30 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae in total. [15]

The golden trevally's colour is the species most prominent distinguishing feature, and for which it acquired its common names. Juveniles are a bright golden yellow colour over their entire body and all fins, with 7 to 11 black vertical crossbars all over their body. These bars generally alternate between broad and narrow. The caudal fin lobes have dark tips and there is a prominent black edge to the operculum. As the fish grows, the body becomes more silver to silvery golden and the cross bars fade or disappear, often replaced by dark blotches. The fins remain yellow, often with greenish tinges. The dark edge of the operculum also fades with age. [10] [14]

Biology and ecology

Golden trevally often follow large fish such as this giant grouper. Georgia Aquarium - Giant Grouper.jpg
Golden trevally often follow large fish such as this giant grouper.

The golden trevally is found either as a solitary individual or in small schools as an adult. [7] Juveniles tend to form larger schools which tend to congregate and follow ( or "pilot") larger fish such as groupers, sharks, [15] and even jellyfish. [20] This behaviour mimics that of the related pilot fish, Naucrates ductor, with their maneuverability protecting them from their hosts, which in turn provides them with protection from predation from other fish. [15] This behaviour extends to scuba divers, with one diver reporting a single young individual obsessively stationing itself in front of his face plate. [21]

The golden trevally is a diurnal foraging carnivore which, unlike other carangids, does not normally seek out individual prey items. [7] The highly protractile mouth possessed by the species is used to form a tube to suck prey out of both reef- and algae-dominated habitats, [7] as well as filtering organisms out of sandy substrates. [22] In the latter case, both sand and any prey items are taken into the mouth and filtered through the gill rakers; sand is expelled, while small organisms are trapped and swallowed. [22] The species takes a variety of prey including crustaceans such as shrimp, crabs, and amphipods, as well as molluscs and small fish. [7] Golden trevally found inhabiting a mangrove swamp were found to have fed exclusively on fish ( Mugil curema ), suggesting the species also actively hunts down fleeing prey. [18] A laboratory study using only four individuals being fed found that one fish will take the 'lead' position in this situation while another will attack the other fish in the school, apparently in competition for food. [23]

A variety of parasites have been recorded from the species, including copepods, [24] flatworms, [25] and a nematode which inhabits the fish's swimbladder. [26]

Reproduction in the golden trevally has been studied in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In Hawaii, spawning occurred from late February to early October, with a peak from late April to early September. Five distinct peaks during this time were correlated with the first and third quarters of the moon. Spawning occurred from the early evening into the night. [27] In the Indian Ocean, in the southern Persian Gulf, spawning occurred in April and May, with defined peaks in recruitment of juveniles into the local fishery during September and October. [28] The male:female sex ratio in this population was 1:1.01, close to parity. Growth rates were also studied using otoliths in this population, with an increase in growth rate during the winter (November to April). Von Bertalanffy growth curves were also calculated for the species. [28]

Relationship to humans

A fisherman's catch of golden trevally Golden trevally catch.jpg
A fisherman's catch of golden trevally

The golden trevally has long been used as a food fish by humans, with archeological sites in the United Arab Emirates yielding the remains of this species dating back to prehistory. [29] The species is still fished for using many traditional methods in the Pacific Islands, where it is netted and speared when it moves to shallower waters. [30] On a larger commercial scale, the species is often caught using gill nets and other artisanal fish-trapping methods. [28] The FAO catch records for golden trevally indicate it forms a regular part of the fisheries of the UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain and to a much lesser extent in Australia and Singapore. [31] Records in Western Australia indicate commercial fisheries took 3.3 t of golden trevally in 2010, [32] while the catch in Queensland has fluctuated between 0.6 and 5.9 t from 1988-2005. [33] Between 2000 and 2010 the worldwide catch recorded by the FAO varied from 1187 t to 3475 t. [31] The golden trevally is also farmed in cage aquaculture by Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Indonesia, [34] with spawning demonstrated in captivity in Japan. [35]

Juvenile golden trevally at Prague Sea Aquarium Gnathanodon speciosus Prague 2011 1.jpg
Juvenile golden trevally at Prague Sea Aquarium
Juvenile golden trevally hosting an emperor angelfish in an aquarium store Gnathanodon speciosus and Pomacanthus imperator.png
Juvenile golden trevally hosting an emperor angelfish in an aquarium store

The golden trevally is commonly targeted by both anglers and spearfishermen, and is considered to be a gamefish. [8] Golden trevally will take a variety of baits and lures and may be caught from both the shore and boats, [36] making it a highly accessible species. Baits commonly employed for golden trevally include prawns and a variety of small fish or cut baits. [36] The fish are known to follow a burley stream right up to the back of a boat, allowing for easy capture on unweighted baits. [37] A variety of lures may be employed when targeting the species, including jigs, poppers, spoons, slices, and minnows, with large minnows trolled around reefs often accounting for larger specimens. [36] The use of saltwater fly fishing to specifically target golden trevally has developed in recent years, especially over shallow, sandy flats. In these cases, a sinking line and leader is employed to not spook the fish in these shallow waters. [38] Once hooked, golden trevally are known for fast runs and hard fights, especially when reef or other structures are present. [37] Golden trevally are considered one of the best members of the trevally family for eating, with bleeding recommended. [36] The fish has slightly translucent, dark-pink flesh while fresh, becoming white and juicy during cooking, although has a tendency to become dry, flaky, and fibrous. A rich, tangy fish flavour is noted. [39]

Fresh catch of golden trevally in town of 1770, Queensland, Australia Gnathanodon speciosus just caught.jpg
Fresh catch of golden trevally in town of 1770, Queensland, Australia

Juvenile golden trevally are often used in marine aquaria due to their vivid yellow colour and black banding, [34] with larger individuals also kept in larger tanks. The development of laboratory culturing specifically for the aquarium trade has been achieved in Singapore. [40]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crevalle jack</span> Species of fish

The crevalle jack, also known as the common jack, black-tailed trevally, couvalli jack, black cavalli, jack crevale, or yellow cavalli is a common species of large marine fish classified within the jack family, Carangidae. The crevalle jack is distributed across the tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean, ranging from Nova Scotia, Canada to Uruguay in the western Atlantic and Portugal to Angola in the eastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is distinguishable from similar species by its deep body, fin colouration and a host of more detailed anatomical features, including fin ray and lateral line scale counts. It is one of the largest fish in the genus Caranx, growing to a maximum known length of 124 cm and a weight of 32 kg, although is rare at lengths greater than 60 cm. The crevalle jack inhabits both inshore and offshore waters to depths of around 350 m, predominantly over reefs, bays, lagoons and occasionally estuaries. Young fish dispersed north by currents in the eastern Atlantic are known to migrate back to more tropical waters before the onset of winter; however, if the fish fail to migrate, mass mortalities occur as the temperature falls below the species' tolerance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bigeye trevally</span> Species of fish

The bigeye trevally, also known as the bigeye jack, great trevally, six-banded trevally and dusky jack, is a species of widespread large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The bigeye trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to California and Ecuador in the east, including Australia to the south and Japan in the north. The bigeye trevally is best distinguished by its colouration, having a dark second dorsal fin with a white tip on the lobe, and also possessing a small dark spot on the operculum. Other more detailed anatomical features also set the species apart from other members of Caranx. The species is known to grow to a length of 120 cm and 18 kg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giant trevally</span> Species of fish

The giant trevally, also known as the lowly trevally, barrier trevally, ronin jack, giant kingfish, or ulua, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The giant trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, with a range stretching from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, including Japan in the north and Australia in the south. Two were documented in the eastern tropical Pacific in the 2010s, but whether the species will become established there remains to be seen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bluefin trevally</span> Species of fish

The bluefin trevally, also known as the bluefin jack, bluefin kingfish, bluefinned crevalle, blue ulua, omilu, and spotted trevally), is a species of large, widely distributed marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The bluefin trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging from Eastern Africa in the west to Central America in the east, including Japan in the north and Australia in the south. The species grows to a maximum known length of 117 centimetres (46 in) and a weight of 43.5 kilograms (96 lb), however is rare above 80 centimetres (31 in). Bluefin trevally are easily recognised by their electric blue fins, tapered snout and numerous blue and black spots on their sides. Juveniles lack these obvious colours, and must be identified by more detailed anatomical features such as fin ray and scute counts. The bluefin trevally inhabits both inshore environments such as bays, lagoons and shallow reefs, as well as deeper offshore reefs, atolls and bomboras. Juveniles prefer shallower, protected waters, even entering estuaries for short periods in some locations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange-spotted trevally</span> Species of fish

The orange-spotted trevally, Carangoides bajad is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is fairly common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from Madagascar in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs. The species has characteristic orange-yellow spots on its sides, although counts of fin rays and scutes are needed to distinguish it from related species with similar colouring. Orange-spotted trevallies are powerful predators, taking a variety of small fish, nekton, and crustaceans, and reach sexual maturity around 25 cm long. It is a moderately large fish, reaching a maximum known length of 55 cm. The species is occasionally taken by fishermen throughout its range, and is generally considered to be bycatch. The exception to this is in the southern Persian Gulf, where it makes up a large proportion of the fishery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bludger (fish)</span> Species of fish

The bludger, also known as the bludger trevally, nakedbreast trevally or Bleeker's jackfish, is a widespread species of large marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The bludger inhabits the tropical and subtropical regions of the Indo-west Pacific Ocean, distributed from South Africa in the west to Japan and New Caledonia in the east. It is a large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 90 cm, and is very similar to the yellowspotted trevally, Carangoides fulvoguttatus, but can be separated by the complete absence of breast scales and a number of other anatomical features. The species inhabits moderately deep offshore coral and rocky reefs, where it preys on small crustaceans and fish. The reproductive biology of the species is poorly known, but it appears to move to more tropical waters to spawn. The bludger is of intermediate importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line and various netting methods. It is of some value to anglers also, considered a good gamefish, but generally regarded as poor eating due to its soft oily flesh, which is used as bait by many anglers. The name ‘bludger’ is said to either refer to the blunt head of the species, or the destination of the fish when caught by professional fishermen who treat the fish as discard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrimp scad</span> Species of fish

The shrimp scad, is a species of widespread tropical marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The shrimp scad is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical western Indian Ocean and areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, including Japan and Australia to the north and south. The species is commonly found on inshore reefs and sandy substrates. It has the common body profile of a scad, and may be difficult to differentiate from others in the genus Alepes. It is one of the larger scads, growing to 40 cm, but often is encountered at much smaller sizes. The shrimp scad often forms large schools, and is carnivorous, consuming a variety of crustaceans and small fish. It is of moderate importance to fisheries throughout its range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malabar trevally</span> Species of fish

The Malabar trevally, also known as the Malabar jack, Malabar kingfish or nakedshield kingfish, is a species of large inshore marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. It is distributed throughout the Indian and west Pacific Oceans from South Africa in the west to Japan and Australia in the east, inhabiting reefs and sandy bays on the continental shelf. The Malabar trevally is similar to many of the other species in the genus Carangoides, with the number of gill rakers and the grey-brown colour of the tongue being the diagnostic features. The Malabar trevally is a predator, taking a variety of small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. The species is of minor economic importance throughout its range, caught by a variety of net and handline methods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellowtail scad</span> Species of fish

The yellowtail scad, is an abundant species of small inshore marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The species is widespread in the Indo-Pacific region from east Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, extending north to Japan and south to Australia. The yellowtail scad is the only member of the monotypic genus Atule and is distinguished from similar species by a well-developed adipose eyelid and finlet-like extensions of the last rays of the dorsal and anal fins. It inhabits coastal areas such as bays and coral reefs, preying on small fishes and crustaceans. Spawning has been well studied in Hawaii, where fish enter bays to spawn, releasing up to 161,000 eggs each between March and October. The yellowtail scad is an important component of fisheries throughout its range, taken by a number of netting and hook-and-line methods. It is a prized food fish in some regions and is cooked or preserved by a variety of methods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longfin trevally</span> Species of fish

The longfin trevally, also known as the longfin kingfish, longfin cavalla or armed trevally, is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from South Africa in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs and bays. The species is easily distinguished by its elongate dorsal and anal fin lobes and filamentous dorsal rays, as well as its scaleless breast. Longfin trevally are pelagic predators, taking a variety of small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans, and reach sexual maturity at around 21 cm. The species has a maximum known length of 57 cm and weight of 3.5 kg. The longfin trevally has a very complex taxonomic history which is closely intertwined with another currently valid species, Carangoides ciliarius, which may yet prove to be synonymous. Longfin trevally are of minor importance to fisheries throughout their range and are considered good table fish, and are occasionally taken by anglers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coastal trevally</span> Species of fish

The coastal trevally, also known as the onion trevally, Japanese trevally or bluefin kingfish, is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans, from South Africa in the west to Japan and New Caledonia in the east, reaching as far south as Australia. The species is found on deep coastal reefs, both in schools and as solitary individuals, where they prey on small midwater organisms including crustaceans, small fish and cephalopods. The species is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries throughout its range by a number of fishing methods and is of little commercial value, but is considered to be a good table fish. A mistype in the original volume in which Eduard Rüppell named the species led to the combination Carangoides caeruleopinnatus, which has incorrectly spread through the literature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green jack</span> Species of fish

The green jack, also known as the horse jack, is an abundant species of coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the American coastline from Santa Cruz Island off California in the north to Peru in the south, as well as a number of islands including the Galapagos and recently, Hawaii. The green jack is distinguished from other similar carangid species by a number of features including gill raker and lateral line scale counts, and the presence of an adipose eyelid. It is a moderately large species, growing to at least 55 cm in length and 2.81 kg, although unconfirmed reports suggest a much larger maximum size. It lives in a wide range of continental shelf environments including estuaries, bays, reefs and offshore seamounts, living both pelagically and demersally. The green jack is a predatory species, preying on a variety of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods, as well as zooplankton. Most fish are sexually mature by the time they attain 38 cm, with spawning occurring between May and October. The species is of high importance to fisheries throughout its range, caught by pelagic trawls, a variety of netting methods and hook and line. The green jack is also of interest to anglers, taken by bait and lures, although is considered to only be fair in eating quality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue trevally</span> Species of fish

The blue trevally, also known as the banded trevally, barred trevally, Ferdau's trevally or Forskaal's jackfish, is a common, widespread species of pelagic marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The blue trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific and central Pacific regions, ranging from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a recorded maximum length of 70 cm, with the number of rays in the second dorsal fin and the colouring serving as diagnostic features of the species. The species inhabits waters to depths of 60 m, generally inhabiting reefs, beaches, lagoons, and areas with sandy substrates. It is a predatory fish, taking other fish, prawns, crabs, and molluscs, and very little is known of the species' reproductive biology. The blue trevally is of varying importance to fisheries throughout its range, with some regions having high catches of the fish. It is considered to be a gamefish, and is sought after for its excellent eating qualities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellowspotted trevally</span> Species of fish

The yellowspotted trevally, also known as the yellowspotted kingfish, goldspotted trevally, tarrum, or yellowspot, is a widespread species of large inshore marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The yellowspotted trevally inhabits the tropical and subtropical waters of the western Indo-Pacific region, from South Africa in the west to Japan and Australia in the east. The species is known to grow to a maximum length of at least 1.2 m, and is distinguished by gill raker and fin morphology, as well as the distinctive golden spots which give the fish its name. The yellowspotted trevally generally prefers inshore rocky and coral reefs, but is occasionally found over deep offshore sand banks to a depth of 100 m. It is a predatory fish, taking fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, and shows diet partitioning with other trevallies in studies conducted in Australian waters. Reproduction is poorly studied, although observational evidence suggests spawning occurs in aggregations, probably during summer in South Africa. It is generally of minor importance to commercial fisheries throughout its range, but is considered an excellent sportfish by anglers and spearfishermen, and a good table fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bumpnose trevally</span> Species of fish

The bumpnose trevally, also known as the bumpnose kingfish or onion kingfish, is a species of relatively small inshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The bumpnose trevally is fairly common in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Japan and Samoa in the east. It is a small species by carangid standards, reaching a maximum known length of 32 cm, and can be distinguished from the similarly shaped Carangoides armatus by a distinct 'bump' on the snout, which gives the fish its common name. The species inhabits coastal waters, often living along bays and beaches, where it takes shrimp, small crabs, and juvenile fish as prey. The bumpnose trevally is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line, trawls, and seine nets. It is also of minor importance to anglers, taken by baits from beaches and piers, and is considered a modest table fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duskyshoulder trevally</span> Species of fish

The duskyshoulder trevally or epaulet trevally, is a species of small inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. It is distributed through the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans, ranging from eastern India to northern Australia and Taiwan. It is relatively small by carangid standards, reaching only 27 cm maximum length, and can be distinguished by the large, black blotches on its shoulders. The duskyshoulder trevally is an inshore fish living in waters less than 50 m deep, over sandy substrates in bays and on the continental shelf. It is a predatory fish, taking demersal fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods, with nothing known of its reproductive habits. It is of little value to fisheries, often taken as bycatch in prawn trawling operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blacktip trevally</span> Species of fish

The blacktip trevally, also known as the blacktip kingfish or yellowtail kingfish, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The blacktip trevally is distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical Indian and West Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji, Japan and northern Australia in the east. It inhabits coastal waters throughout its range, preferring moderately deep clear waters over rocky and coral reefs. The blacktip trevally is easily distinguished by its yellow fins and a dark upper caudal fin lobe which gives the species its common name, as well as a host of other anatomical features. The species is known to reach a maximum size of 1 m. It is a benthopelagic predator, commonly forming small shoals where it takes a variety of fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans as prey. Little is known of reproduction in the species, and spawning is assumed to take place in more tropical regions of its range, with juveniles known to inhabit bays and large estuaries. Blacktip trevally are often caught using hook and line and various nets in commercial fisheries although don't make up a large part of the market. They are also popular with anglers due to their fighting ability and decent table qualities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brassy trevally</span> Species of fish

The brassy trevally, Caranx papuensis is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tille trevally</span> Species of fish

The tille trevally, also known as the tille kingfish, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The tille trevally is distributed through the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji, Japan and Australia in the east. The species is best distinguished by its rounded, strongly convex anterior profile, with other detailed anatomical features also useful. The tille trevally reaches a maximum length of 80 cm and a weight of 7.2 kg. It is predominantly an inshore species, inhabiting coastal reef and lagoon environments, although has been recorded on deep offshore seamounts. It is a predatory fish, taking various species of fish and crustaceans as prey, with little known of its reproductive cycle. It is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line, gill nets and purse seines. The tille trevally is also considered a good game fish, and an excellent table fish. The species acquired its scientific and common names from a local name used by Pondicherry fishermen, koton tille, which Georges Cuvier then used when he named the species in 1833.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longrakered trevally</span> Species of fish

The longrakered trevally, also known as the cale cale trevally and heavyjawed kingfish, is a species of marine fish in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae. The longrakered trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans, from Mozambique and Madagascar in the west, to Japan and northern Australia in the east. A large species growing to a recorded length of 1 m, the longrakered trevally is distinguished by is protruding lower jaw, elongated gill rakers and lack of villiform teeth on its tongue. It is an inshore species, restricted to coastal and estuarine regions, where it preys on fishes and crustaceans. Little is known of the species reproductive cycle or growth. The longrakered trevally is of minor importance to fisheries and is often taken as bycatch in finfish and prawn trawls, as well as by recreational fishermen.

References

  1. ↑ Williams, I. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Gnathanodon speciosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T20432145A115379718. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20432145A46664099.en . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  2. ↑ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 380–387. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6.
  3. ↑ Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. (2007). Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. p. 1150. ISBN   978-0-643-09334-8.
  4. ↑ Forsskål, P.S. (1775). Niebuh, C (ed.). Descriptiones Animalium Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium (in Latin). ex officina Mölleri. pp. 54–56. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  5. 1 2 California Academy of Sciences: Ichthyology (September 2009). "Catalog of Fishes". CAS. Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  6. ↑ Fricke, Ronald (May 2000). "Invalid neotypes". Copeia. 2000 (2): 639–640. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0640:ENAN]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR   1448230.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 van der Elst, Rudy; Peter Borchert (1994). A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. New Holland Publishers. p. 142. ISBN   1-86825-394-5.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Gnathanodon speciosus" in FishBase . January 2011 version.
  9. ↑ Gushiken, S. (1986). "Phylogenetic Relationships of the Perciform Genera of the Family Carangidae". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 34 (4): 443–461. ISSN   0021-5090.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Gunn, John S. (1990). "A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters". Records of the Australian Museum Supplement. 12: 1–78. doi: 10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92 .
  11. ↑ Hutchins, B.; Swainston, R. (1986). Sea Fishes of Southern Australia: Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Melbourne: Swainston Publishing. p. 187. ISBN   1-86252-661-3.
  12. 1 2 3 Randall, John E. (1995). Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 183. ISBN   0-8248-1808-3.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Lin, Pai-Lei; Shao, Kwang-Tsao (1999). "A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 38 (1): 33–68. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  14. 1 2 Allen, G.R.; D.R. Robertson (1994). Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific . University of Hawaii Press. p.  332. ISBN   0-8248-1675-7.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Smith-Vaniz, W. (1999). "Carangidae" (PDF). In Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome: FAO. pp. 2659–2757. ISBN   92-5-104301-9 . Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  16. ↑ Travers, M.J.; Potter, I.C.; Clarke, K.R.; Newman, S.J.; Hutchins, J.B. (2010). "The inshore fish faunas over soft substrates and reefs on the tropical west coast of Australia differ and change with latitude and bioregion". Journal of Biogeography. 37 (1): 148–169. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02183.x.
  17. ↑ Blaber, S.J.M.; Cyrus, D.P. (1983). "The biology of Carangidae (Teleostei) in Natal estuaries". Journal of Fish Biology. 22 (2): 173–188. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb04738.x.
  18. 1 2 Gonzalez-Acosta, A.F.; De la Cruz-Aguero, G.; De la Cruz-Aguero, J.; Ruiz-Campos, G. (2001). "Unusual occurrence of Gnathanodon speciosus (Teleostei: Carangidae) in a mangrove swamp habitat of Baja California sur, Mexico". Oceanides. 16 (2): 143–144. ISSN   1560-8433.
  19. ↑ Pepperel, J. (2010). Fishes of the Open Ocean: A Natural History and Illustrated Guide . University Of Chicago Press. p.  272. ISBN   978-0-226-65539-0.
  20. ↑ Honebrink, Randy R. (2000). A Review of the Biology of the Family Carangidae, with Emphasis on Species Found in Hawaiian Waters (PDF). Division of Aquatic Resources Technical Report, 20-01. Honolulu: Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. p. 17. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  21. ↑ Goodson, G.; Weisgerber, P.J. (1988). Fishes of the Pacific Coast: Alaska to Peru, including the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press. p. 267. ISBN   978-0-8047-1385-6.
  22. 1 2 Heemstra, P.C.; Heemstra, E. (2004). Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa . NISC Pty Ltd. pp.  488. ISBN   9781920033019.
  23. ↑ Yamagishi, H. (1981). "Studies of the conditioned reflex in a schooling fish the golden trevally Caranx speciosus and appearance of aggressive behaviour upon conditioning". Zoological Magazine (Tokyo). 90 (2): 182–188.
  24. ↑ Venmathi Maran, B.A.; Seng, L.T.; Ohtsuka, S.; Nagasawa, K. (2009). "Records of Caligus (Crustacea: Copepoda: Caligidae) from marine fish cultured in floating cages in Malaysia with a redescription of the male of Caligus longipedis Bassett-Smith, 1898" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 48 (6): 797–807. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  25. ↑ Bray, R.A.; Cribb, T.H. (2006). "Stephanostomum talakitok n. sp (Digenea : Acanthocolpidae) from the golden trevalley, Gnathanodon speciosus (Perciformes : Carangidae), from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1104: 59–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1104.1.5 . Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  26. ↑ Moravec, F.; Justine, J.L. (2007). "Redescription of Metabronema magnum (Nematoda : Cystidicolidae), a swimbladder parasite of the carangid fish Gnathanodon speciosus off New Caledonia". Folia Parasitologica. 54 (4): 293–300. doi: 10.14411/fp.2007.038 . PMID   18303771.
  27. ↑ Watson, W.; Leis, J.M. (1974). "Ichthyoplankton of Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: A one-year study of the fish eggs and larvae". University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program Technical Reports. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-75-01.
  28. 1 2 3 Grandcourt, E.M.; T.Z. Al Abdessalaam; F. Francis; A. Al Shamsi (2004). "Population biology and assessment of representatives of the family Carangidae Carangoides bajad and Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskal, 1775), in the Southern Arabian Gulf". Fisheries Research. 69 (3): 331–341. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.06.008.
  29. ↑ Potts, D.T. (1997). Before the Emirates: an Archaeological and Historical Account of Developments in the Region c. 5000 BC to 676 AD in Perspectives on the United Arab Emirates (PDF). pp. 28–69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  30. ↑ Johannes, E.J. (1981). Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and Marine Lore in the Palau District of Micronesia. University of California Press. pp.  245. ISBN   978-0520080874.
  31. 1 2 Fisheries and Agricultural Organisation. "Global Production Statistics 1950-2010". Golden trevally. FAO. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
  32. ↑ Department of Fisheries (2011). Fletcher, W.J.; Santoro, K. (eds.). "State of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Report" (PDF). State of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Report. 2010/11: 328. ISSN   1838-4161 . Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  33. ↑ Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. "Coastal Habitat Resources Information System". The State of Queensland. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  34. 1 2 Feng, F.; L.C. Lo; G. Lin; Z.Y. Zhu; G.H. Yue (2005). "Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in a marine food fish species, golden trevally Gnathanodon specious". Molecular Ecology Notes. 5 (4): 760–761. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01055.x.
  35. ↑ Lucas, J.S.; Southgate, P.C. (2012). Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants. John Wiley & Sons. p. 612. ISBN   978-1405188586.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Prokop, F. (2006). Australian Fish Guide. AFN. p. 288. ISBN   9781865131078.
  37. 1 2 Blanksby, K. (2010). Fishing Guide to Western Australia. AFN. p. 136. ISBN   9781865131689.
  38. ↑ Cooper, S. (2007). Fishing Techniques: Salt and Fresh Water. AFN. p. 135. ISBN   9781865131061.
  39. ↑ Hay, T.; A. Mikolajczyk; C. Julius; M. Phelan (2006). "Edibility Characteristics of Fish Species from NT Waters" (PDF). Fishnote. 19: 1–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  40. ↑ Mackay, B.; Chua, F. (2000). "Aquaculture of tropical marine ornamental fishes at underwater World Singapore". Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique. 20 (1): 391–394. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.