Gorontaloan people

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Gorontaloan people
Gorontalese / Hulondalo / Hulonthalo / Hulontalo
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een Alfur vrouw uit Gorontalo Noord-Celebes TMnr 10005743.jpg
A Gorontalo woman, 1913.
Total population
1,251,494 (2010 Census) [1]
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia :
Flag of Gorontalo.png  Gorontalo 925,626
Flag of North Sulawesi.svg  North Sulawesi 187,163
Flag of Central Sulawesi.png  Central Sulawesi 105,151
Languages
Gorontalo • Indonesian
Religion
Predominantly Islam Minority Catholicism and Protestantism
Related ethnic groups

Gorontaloan or Hulandalo people are the native people of the northern part of Sulawesi. They are the most populous ethnicity in the Minahasa Peninsula. The Gorontaloans are predominantly Muslim. [2] Their native language is Gorontaloan. The Gorontaloans have traditionally been concentrated in the provinces of Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, and the northern part of Central Sulawesi.

Contents

Etymology

The name Gorontalo probably derives from much terms, such as: [3]

Gorontaloans sometime refer themselves as Hulandalo or Hulantalo, a well-known term in Gorontalo and North Sulawesi, which usually refer to the region of Gorontalo or the native people from Gorontalo.

The Gorontaloan people also have a family kinship system called Pohala'a. This system is a heritage of the kingdoms that had previously established in Gorontalo. There are five pohala'a in Gorontalo, namely Gorontalo, Limboto, Suwawa, Bualemo and Atinggola; where the Gorontalo pohala'a is the most prominent among the pohala'as. [4] [5]

History

A group of men from Gorontalo in a prahu, circa 1895-1905. COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een groep mannen uit Gorontalo in een prauw TMnr 60037661.jpg
A group of men from Gorontalo in a prahu, circa 1895-1905.

Origins

The origins of the Gorontaloan people is uncertain. Based on the physical attributes of the Gorontaloan people, the Gorontaloan people are categorized as part of the Mongoloid race, with the possibility of mixing with other ethnic groups several centuries ago. As a result the Gorontaloan people currently has diverse physical postures, and different shades of skin color from yellow to dark brown. Variety of hair types also exist among them from straight to wavy and curly hair. There are two Southeast Asian migration theories, with the first theory states that the population of Southeast Asian originally came from the east, and then inhabited in Sulawesi. While the second theory explains that the human migration began from Taiwan and arrived in Sulawesi through the Philippines. [6] Linguistically, Gorontaloan people share the same origins with other Austronesian people of the Philippine Islands and North Sulawesi islands. [7]

There is a Gorontaloan legend that tells a story that they are the descendants of Hulontalangi, or the people that came from the skies and reside on Mount Tilongkabila, Bone Bolango Regency. The name Hulontalangi then became Hulontalo and Gorontalo. [8]

Pre-historic period

According to legend, the first Gorontaloan kingdom emerged at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Gorontalo is believed to have inhabited by humans since prehistoric times. The Oluhuta site in Bone Bolango Regency is an archaeology site which provides information about the tombs of previous communities that were estimated to have lived around 2000–4000 years ago. [9] [10]

Gorontaloan kingdoms

The establishment of the Gorontalo region have been estimated to formed 400 years ago. Gorontalo is one of the places that are recognized for the spreading of Islam in East Indonesia besides Ternate and Bone state. By 1525, when the Portuguese arrived at North Sulawesi, Islam had already been widely spread among them during the rule of King Amay; with the Gorontaloan lands divided between the Muslim states of Gorontalo, Limboto, Suwawa, Boalemo and Atinggola. [11] Gorontalo then developed to become the center of education and trade in North Sulawesi. The city of the Gorontalo Kingdom first began in Hulawa village beside the Bolango River. Before the arrival of the Europeans, the kingdoms in Gorontalo have already adhered to a family bonding system called pohala'a, which is still found today. [4]

Dutch East India Company period

Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the Gorontalo kingdoms were under the influence of the Ternate Sultanate. Gorontalo came under the administrative region of the Dutch East India Company with the formation of Gorontalo Regency as a result of a treaty between Governor Ternate Robertus Patbrugge and the Gorontalo king. [4]

During the Dutch East Indies period, Gorontaloan people began to emigrate out of Gorontalo region in the 18th century; to other regions such as Ternate, Ambon Island, Buol Island, Banggai Island and Minahasa Regency, in order to avoid the forced labor system that was enforced by the Dutch East Indies government in Gorontalo at that time. [12]

There were military-political alliance, which by the end of the 19th century they were fully colonized by the Dutch East Indies. In 1950 Gorontalo as a part of State of East Indonesia rejoined Indonesia.

Formation of Gorontalo province

Before Gorontalo became a province of its own, the Gorontalo region was part of the North Sulawesi Province with a regency status. However on 5 December 2000, in accordance to Article 38 Year 2000, Gorontalo Regency became a separate province with the name Gorontalo Province. The Ministry of Home Affairs at that time, Soerjadi Soedirdja officiate the Gorontalo Province and appointed Tursandi Alwi as the governor. A year later, Fadel Muhammad was elected as the first governor of Gorontalo Province. [13]

Language

The Gorontalo language is a member of the Austronesian language family. Apart from Gorontalo, there are several languages that are similar which are considered by linguists as Gorontaloan dialects, including Suwawa, Atinggola, Limboto, Kwandang, Tilamuta, and Sumawata. [14] Gorontalo is widely used in contemporary society due to the influence of the Gorontalo Kingdom that was once established in the region. Atinggola is used by the Atinggola community situated on the northern coast of Gorontalo. [15]

Today, Gorontalo itself have gone through assimilation with Manado Malay, which is also widely spoken by Gorontaloans. In terms of linguistics, Gorontalo is related to other languages from North Sulawesi and the Philippines. [14] Gorontalo along with Mongondow are classified by linguists as being part of the Gorontalo–Mongondow languages, which are part of the wider Philippine languages grouping. [16] The Philippine languages, which are linguistically close to Gorontalo, include Tagalog, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Bikol, and Waray. [17] [18] Today, Gorontalo is more often written using the Latin alphabet; however, the use of Gorontaloan as a written language is limited. In schools for education, the media, and official documents, Indonesian is more used.

Religion

Most Gorontaloans claim adherence to the Islamic faith. [19] [20] By the early 16th century, most Gorontaloan adopted Islam via Ternate influence. [21] There are numerous traditional customs of the Gorontaloan people that contain Islamic influences. Only a small minority of Gorontaloan people practice other religions, such as Protestantism Christianity and Catholicism Christianity.

Customs are regarded as an honor, norms and even as a guideline to implementing governance for the Gorontaloan community. This is attributed to the expression of "Adat Bersendi Sara" and "Sara Bersendi Kitabullah". [22] The meaning of these sayings is that customs (adat) are implemented based on rules (sara), while these rules must be based on the Islamic holy book, the Quran. [4] [23] Therefore it is understood that the lives of the Gorontaloan people are full of religious values and noble values. [24]

During the end of Ramadan, the people conducted Tombbilotohe; a cultural celebration with oil lamps, [25] which is lit around mosques and settlements.

Culture

A circumcision event of the Gorontalo people during the Dutch East Indies. COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Besnijdenisfeest te Gorontalo Manado Noord-Celebes TMnr 10002921.jpg
A circumcision event of the Gorontalo people during the Dutch East Indies.

The Gorontaloan community have a high social sense, so much so that there is hardly any conflict among themselves. A tight knitted kinship system is always preserved by the Gorontaloan community, as exemplified in the Pohala'a family bond system. [26] [27] Mutual cooperation or huyula tradition is preserved in the daily lives of the community, and every issues will be solved through discussion. [28] [29] [30]

Gorontaloan people have a philosophy of life, namely, batanga pomaya, nyawa podungalo, harata potom bulu meaning, "the body is to defend the homeland, faithful to the end, wealth brings social problems" and lo iya lo ta uwa, ta uwa loloiya, boodila polucia hi lawo which means, "a leader is full of authority, but it's not arbitrary". [31] [32] [33]

Traditional attires are multicolored, with each of the colors represent its symbolic aspect. Gorontaloan people are also famous for their developed musical culture. [34]

Socio-economics

The main traditional occupation of the Gorontaloan people has long been agriculture. Gorontaloans plays an important part in forestry, agriculture and fishery industries. Crafting and livestock farms are secondary means of income.

In the past, there were large extensions of extended family who could carry out joint agricultural farming in mountainous region that requires a lot of soil cultivating work. The elderly father and mother are regarded as the main hosts, which is reflected in the Gorontalo language.[ citation needed ] It has not adopted a variety of intimate forms of addressing to parents and older relatives.

Architecture

The main type of Gorontaloan settlement are the villages. The traditional house is called Dulohupa, [35] consists of a frame structure built on stilts. It is built with choice timber and its roofing is made of straws. The house is then divided into several rooms. By the entrance are two staircases. In the past, Dulohupa is usually used to carry out discussions by the royal rulers. Traditional Dulohupa house can still be found in several sub-districts in Gorontalo. [36] [37]

Apart from Dulohupa, there is another traditional Gorontalo house called, Bandayo Poboide. However the existence of the Bandayo Poboide is almost extinct throughout the entire region of Gorontalo. One of the very few remaining Bandayo Poboide is situated in front of the Gorontalo Regent's office at Jenderal Sudirman Road, Limboto, Gorontalo. [38] [39]

Literature

Lumadu is a type of native Gorontalo oral literature in the form of brain exercising riddles and metaphors or parables. [40] Lumadu if often used by children for games, while metaphoric Lumadu is often used in conversations among adults with the purpose to show courtesy for others, to broaden the conversation with others and to bring value into the subject of the conversation.

Folk dance

One of the cultural art form of the Gorontaloan people is the Polopalo dance. This traditional dance is popular among the Gorontaloan community, and even as far as North Sulawesi region. [41] [42]

Local traditions

There are several traditional customs from the Gorontaloan community, among them:

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References

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