Punan Bah

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Punan Ba people
Punan people
Elderly Punan man.jpg
An elderly Punan man performing Bungan rites. Photo taken at Punan Sama village.
Total population
approx. 5,000
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia
Sarawak (Kapit and Bintulu Division)
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan
Languages
Punan Bah, Malay, Indonesian, English
Religion
Christianity and Animism
Related ethnic groups
Dayak people, Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan'

Punan Bah or Punan [1] is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia and in Kalimantan, Indonesia. [2] The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic Penan people. [3] [4] Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they have been living since time immemorial. They have other names including Mikuang Bungulan or Mikuang and Aveang Buan but those are used only ritually nowadays.

Contents

The Punan (or Punan Ba) have never been nomadic. In the old days,[ when? ] they based their living on a mixed economy – Swidden agriculture [5] with hill paddy as the main crop, supplemented by a range of tropical plants which include maniok, taro, sugar cane, tobacco, etc. Hunting, especially wild boar, fishing, and gathering of forest resources, [5] are the other important factors in their economy.

However, in the late 1980s, many Punan, notably the younger, more educated, gradually migrated to urban areas such as Bintulu, Sibu, Kuching and Kuala Lumpur in search of better living. However, they didn't abandon their longhouses altogether. Many would still return home, especially during major festivities such as Harvest Festival or Bungan festival as it is known among Punan.

Punan is a stratified society of 'laja' (aristocrats), 'panyen' (commoners), and 'lipen' (slaves). This determines their historical traditions that have been preserved. Just like most of the history of European Middle Ages is linked to and mainly concerned the various ruling monarchs, so are the historical and mythical traditions of Punan closely connected to their rulings aristocrats.

Relation to sub-ethnic Punans

Kelirieng or burial pole at Pandan, Bintulu. This kelirieng was erected for a Punan aristocrats at Pandan or Pedan as it is known to the Punan. Kelirieng is a uniquely Punan ancient burial custom which the other ethnics namely the Kejaman, Lahanan, Kayan later adopted (copied). Kelirieng burial pole (Pandan, Bintulu).jpg
Kelirieng or burial pole at Pandan, Bintulu. This kelirieng was erected for a Punan aristocrats at Pandan or Pedan as it is known to the Punan. Kelirieng is a uniquely Punan ancient burial custom which the other ethnics namely the Kejaman, Lahanan, Kayan later adopted (copied).

There is this common misunderstanding that all the so-called Punan on the island of Borneo are related and referring to the same tribe.[ citation needed ] In Sarawak, for example, there is the confusion between Punan and Penan. [4] On the other hand, throughout the island of Borneo, the term Punan often indiscriminately used referring to the then (unknown or yet to be classified) tribes as such as Punan Busang, Penihing, Sajau Hovongan, Uheng Kareho, Merah, Aput, Tubu, Bukat, Ukit, Habongkot, Penyawung as Punan. This heritage from colonial times still remain until today.

As a result, there are now more than 20 different tribes or ethnics with the name Punan that may be related or unrelated to one another in the island of Borneo. These tribes include:

Ethnic classification

Officially, as under the Sarawak Interpretation Ordinance, [8] Punan is group under Kajang together with Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan and Sihan.

Unofficially, they are also included in the politically coined term Orang Ulu – popularised by a political association known as Orang Ulu National Association or (OUNA). The association is a Kayan and Kenyah dominated association which they established in 1969.

Genetics

Schematic summary of population settlement in Insular Southeast Asia. Dispersals of ancestries associated with ancient Mainland Southeast Asian and ancestral Punan-related components (B) predating the coastal South Chinese, and hence Austronesian-related, ancestries. Schematic summary of population settlement in Insular Southeast Asia.jpg
Schematic summary of population settlement in Insular Southeast Asia. Dispersals of ancestries associated with ancient Mainland Southeast Asian and ancestral Punan-related components (B) predating the coastal South Chinese, and hence Austronesian-related, ancestries.

Research on Northeast Bornean Punan communities revealed them to display strong genetic ancestry connections to each other, and that they form an outgroup to other Austronesian-speaking groups. The results of a 2023 study "support long-term occupation of Borneo by Punan-related people" predating the arrival of other Austronesian-speakers from which they diverged earlier. [9]

Punan longhouses

Punan are mostly found around Bintulu, Sarawak. Punan peoples can only be found at Pandan, Jelalong and Kakus in Bintulu Division; along the Rajang River, their longhouses dotted areas spanning from Merit District to lower Belaga town.

The Punan are believed[ by whom? ] to be one of the earliest peoples to have settled in the central part of Borneo, the Rajang River and Balui areas together with the Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan. However, the mass migrations of Kayans, subsequently followed by the warfaring Ibans into Rejang and Balui areas approximately some 200 years ago, forced the Punan communities living in these areas retreating to Kakus and subsequently to Kemena basin.

As of 2006, there were more than 10 Punan settlements (longhouses) found along the Rejang, Kakus, Kemena and Jelalong river. These settlements (longhouses) are:

The total Punan population is estimated to be around 3000–5000 people.

Language

Bungan Gathering of Bungan followers at Punan Sama. Belaga Punan tribe. BGN.jpg
Bungan Gathering of Bungan followers at Punan Sama. Belaga Punan tribe.

Punan speak the Bah-Biau Punan language, one of the Punan languages. Although often confused with Penan, Punan is closer to the language spoken by the Sekapans and Kejamans.

Here are some words spoken in Punan:

1. Nu denge? - How are you?
2. Nu ngaro no? - What is your name?
3. Piro umun no? - How old are you?
4. Tupu koman si - Do you have your lunch/dinner/breakfast?

Religion and beliefs

Punan traditional religion was a form of animist known as "Besavik". The Brooke era saw the arrival of Christian missionaries, bringing education and modern medicine into Sarawak. But the Punan communities remain with their traditional religion of Besavik and subsequently adopting a cult religion - Bungan brought by Jok Apui, a Kenyah from Kalimantan. [11]

However, the late 1990s showed an increase in the number of Punan converting to Christianity. This is partly due to more and more Punan becoming educated and modernised. As of 2006, almost half of Punan are now Christian, leaving only the elderly, less educated still remain observing "Bungan" religion.

The Punan have a unique burial custom. In the early days they did not bury their aristocrats or lajar. Instead they built a pole known as kelirieng of 50-meter height to lay down their beloved leaders. In Sarawak it is estimated that there are fewer than 30 kelirieng left standing. The Punan still practise a secondary burial ceremony, whereby the dead body is kept at their longhouses for at least 3–7 days. This is partly to give more time for far-away relatives to pay their last respects to the deceased.

Current associations

There are two Punan associations in existence today:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kayan people (Borneo)</span> Ethnic group in Southeast Asia

Being an indigenous tribe in Borneo, the Kayan people are similar to their neighbours, the Kenyah tribe, with which they are grouped together with the Bahau people under the Apo Kayan people group. The Kayan people are categorised as a part of the Dayak people. They are distinct from, and not to be confused with, the Kayan people of Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penan people</span> Indigenous people of Borneo

The Penan are a nomadic indigenous people living in Sarawak and Brunei, although there is only one small community in Brunei; among those in Brunei half have been converted to Islam, even if only superficially. Penan are one of the last such peoples remaining as hunters and gatherers. The Penan are noted for their practice of 'molong' which means never taking more than necessary. Most Penan were nomadic hunter-gatherers until the post-World War II missionaries settled many of the Penan, mainly in the Ulu-Baram district but also in the Limbang district. They eat plants, which are also used as medicines, and animals and use the hides, skin, fur, and other parts for clothing and shelter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rajang River</span> River in Sarawak, Malaysia

The Rajang River is a river in Sarawak, northwestern Borneo, Malaysia. The river originates in the Iran Mountains, flows through Kapit, and then towards the South China Sea. At approximately 565 km long (351 mi), the river is the seventh-longest in Borneo and the longest in Malaysia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White Rajahs</span> British dynasty which founded and ruled the Raj of Sarawak (1841-1946)

The White Rajahs were a dynastic monarchy of the British Brooke family, who founded and ruled the Raj of Sarawak, located on the north west coast of the island of Borneo, from 1841 to 1946. The first ruler was Briton James Brooke. As a reward for helping the Sultanate of Brunei fight piracy and insurgency among the indigenous peoples, he was granted the province of Kuching, which was known as Sarawak Asal in 1841 and received independent kingdom status.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belaga District</span> Place

Belaga is a district in Kapit Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is located on the upper reaches of the Rajang River, some 120 kilometers northeast of Kapit and slightly less than 100 kilometers from the South China Sea coast near Bintulu. It is located within the Hulu Rajang parliamentary constituency.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orang Ulu</span> Group of Dayak peoples of Sarawak

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punan Sama</span> Village in Sarawak, Malaysia

Punan Sama is a small village (longhouse) situated along the Rajang River in Sarawak, Malaysia. The longhouse's previous name was "Lovuk Tepeleang". The majority of those inhabiting the longhouse are Punan, with a few Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan, as a result of inter marriage.

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References

  1. ↑ Nicolaisen, Ida. 1976. "Form and Function of Punan Ba Ethno-historical Tradition" in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
  2. ↑ Borrell, Brendan; Irwandi, Joshua (19 September 2023). "A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own - New genetic research confirms the oral history of a small group of nomadic people living in Indonesia's rainforest". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  3. ↑ Wendy Hutton (2000). Adventure Guides: East Malaysia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN   962-593-180-5.
  4. 1 2 Peter G. Sercombe & Bernard Sellato (2008). Beyond the Green Myth. NIAS Press. ISBN   978-87-7694-018-8.
  5. 1 2 Vandana Shiva (2014). Wendell Berry (ed.). The Vandana Shiva Reader. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN   978-0-8131-4699-7.
  6. ↑ Bernard Sellato (1994). Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN   08-248-1566-1.
  7. ↑ Bernard Sellato & Peter G. Sercombe (2008). Beyond the Green Myth: Borneo's Hunter-Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century. NIAS Press. p. 121. ISBN   978-87-769-4018-8.
  8. ↑ Article 161A, Clause 6 of the Malaysia Constitution of Malaysia Federal Constitution
  9. ↑ Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Barker, Graeme; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Jacobs, Guy S. (November 2023). "Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics". Cell Reports. 42 (11): 113346. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346 . ISSN   2211-1247.
  10. ↑ Punan Ba longhouse razed in fire
  11. ↑ Lake' Baling (2002). Jérôme Rousseau (ed.). The Old Kayan Religion and the Bungan Religious Reform. Institute of East Asian Studies, UNIMAS. ISBN   983-9257-23-4.
  12. ↑ Jonathan Chia (11 April 2013). "Independent body for natives urged". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  13. ↑ Severianus Endi (12 March 2010). "Nenek Renta Itu Berubah Jadi Kodok". Kompas. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
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