Grace Hopper College

Last updated
Grace Hopper College
Residential college
Yale University
The Coat of Arms of Grace Hopper College, Yale University.png
Coat of Arms of Grace Hopper College (Adopted 2017)
Location189 Elm Street
Coordinates 41°18′36″N72°55′38″W / 41.309974°N 72.927241°W / 41.309974; -72.927241
MottoUna imus in altum (Latin)
Motto in EnglishInto the deep heaven we go
Established1933 (as Calhoun College)
Named for Grace Murray Hopper
formerly, John C. Calhoun
Previous namesCalhoun College
Architect James Gamble Rogers
ColorsBlack, Navy Blue, Gold, Silver
Sister college Kirkland House, Harvard
Pembroke College, Oxford
King's College, Cambridge
Head Julia Adams [1]
DeanDavid Francis
Undergraduates425 (2013–2014)
MascotDolphin
Website gracehopper.yalecollege.yale.edu

Grace Hopper College is a residential college of Yale University, opened in 1933 as one of the original eight undergraduate residential colleges endowed by Edward Harkness. It was originally named Calhoun College after US Vice President John C. Calhoun, but renamed in 2017 in honor of computer scientist Grace Murray Hopper. [2] [3] [4] The building was designed by John Russell Pope.

Contents

From the 1960s onward, Calhoun's white supremacist beliefs and pro-slavery leadership [5] [6] [7] [8] had prompted calls to rename the college and remove its tributes to Calhoun. In 2016, the Yale Corporation chose to retain the Calhoun name, [9] [10] but in 2017 it reversed its decision and renamed the college after Hopper. [2] [3]

History

Before the college

Divinity Hall, demolished in 1931 to build the college, from New Haven Green Old Divinity School, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.jpg
Divinity Hall, demolished in 1931 to build the college, from New Haven Green

In 1641, John Brockston established a farm on the plot of land that is now Grace Hopper College. After the Revolutionary War an inn was constructed that would later become the meeting place of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. From 1863 until 1931 the land was home to the Yale Divinity School, which was housed in three buildings known as West Divinity Hall, Marquand Chapel, and East Divinity Hall. [11] After Yale President James Rowland Angell announced the residential college plan in 1930, the Divinity School campus was demolished and a new campus built at the top of Prospect Hill, where it currently stands.

Construction and early history

Arms of Calhoun College Calhoun College shield.png
Arms of Calhoun College

Although all the other Collegiate Gothic-style colleges at Yale were conceived by James Gamble Rogers, the commission for the new college at the corner of College and Elm Streets was given to John Russell Pope, a campus planner who concurrently designed the Payne Whitney Gymnasium. [12] The new dormitory was named Calhoun College.

Like all other residential colleges at their inception, the college had twenty-four-hour guard service and the gates were never locked. Jacket and tie was the necessary attire in the dining hall and meals were served at the table.

At first, it was considered an undesirable college because of its location at the corner of College and Elm, where trolleys frequently ran screeching around the corner. This perception changed under the popular Master Charles Schroeder, who once remarked that if the despicable trolley service were ever removed he would purchase a trolley car, put it in the courtyard, and hold a celebration to commemorate the event. The trolley system was indeed removed in 1949, and though a whole car proved unfeasible, Master Schroder secured the fare collecting machine from a trolley and made good on his promise to celebrate. Thus was born Trolley Night, a proud tradition of the college.

The coat of arms designed for Calhoun College combined the university arms, set atop the Calhoun arms (a saltire engrailed sable on a field argent). The college colors were black, navy blue, and gold.

College courtyard, Spring 2015. Calhoun college.jpg
College courtyard, Spring 2015.

Under the Yale College policy that let incoming students express a residential college preference, Calhoun developed a reputation for attracting athletic, upper-class elites until the policy ended with the class of 1958. [13]

Later events

The college from Elm Street Calhoun. JPM.jpg
The college from Elm Street
The College Street frontage Yale4912.JPG
The College Street frontage
College courtyard, Winter 2011. Calhoun College 2011. JPM.jpg
College courtyard, Winter 2011.

In 1989, Calhoun was the first residential college to be renovated. The renovations, mostly funded by alumnus Roger Horchow, were done quickly and over the summer to minimize disruption to student life, and by 2000, the physical plant began to show wear and tear again.

2005 saw the retirement of William and Betsy Sledge as Master and Associate Master. They were succeeded by Dr. Jonathan Holloway (PhD '95) and his wife Aisling Colón. In 2014, Holloway became the Dean of Yale College, the first African-American to hold that position. He was succeeded as Master by Julia Adams, Professor of Sociology and International and Area Studies. In the same year a limited window replacement was commissioned amid controversy over the college's exclusion from the most recent campus-wide renovation effort.

Stephen Lassonde stepped down as dean in June 2007 thus ending one of the longest tenures in the college's history. Within the Residential College system at Yale, deanships normally last only a few years, but Stephen Lassonde served as Calhoun Dean for fourteen years. [14] In late April 2007, he made the official announcement that he would be leaving the college to serve as Deputy Dean of the College at Brown University in nearby Providence, Rhode Island. He was succeeded by Leslie Woodard, who died unexpectedly at her home at the college in October 2013. [15] Until June 2007 Dean Woodard was the director of the undergraduate creative writing program at Columbia University. A published author of short stories, Dean Woodard also had a history in the performing arts; she was a professional dancer in the Dance Theater of Harlem for a decade.

In late June 2007 the college's mighty elm, which had provided shade since the college's foundation and also supported the college's famous tire swing, was felled. The tree was rotting from the ground up and was beginning to lean dangerously. Given the fact that the tree was actually taller than the college (itself a five- and six-story building in different places), the tree posed a real danger to the college structure and students.

The college was eventually fully renovated over the 2008-09 school-year.

Namesakes and Calhoun controversy

John C. Calhoun

John C. Calhoun grew up on a plantation in South Carolina. He entered Yale College in November 1802 [16] and lived in Union Hall, a dorm on Yale's Old Campus.[ citation needed ] His professors included Benjamin Silliman, and Yale Presidents Jeremiah Day and Timothy Dwight. [17] Calhoun was socially ostracized at Yale and wrote to his cousin that he found “a considerable prejudice here against both the southern states and students.” [18] He did well academically, was selected as a member of the Linonia literary society, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1804. [19] He was selected to give his commencement address, but was prevented from doing so by illness. [18]

Calhoun remained in Connecticut for several years to obtain a law degree from Litchfield Law School, then returned to South Carolina. After his student years, Calhoun never again had significant involvement in Yale and was never a benefactor. Calhoun's plantation estate later became the campus of Clemson University.

Elected to the United States Congress in 1810, he made his name as a War Hawk before the War of 1812, then became Secretary of War under President James Monroe. He was elected Vice President in 1825 and served two terms before resigning to fight for South Carolina's nullification of federal tariffs as a Senator. During his political career, Calhoun gained a reputation as a great rhetorician and intellectual. In addition to his advocacy of states' rights, Calhoun was a proponent of slaveholder rights and believed that slavery was justified by white supremacy. Inheriting his father's farm, Calhoun remained a slaveholder his entire life and profited from the cotton trade.[ citation needed ]

Naming of Calhoun College

Because of his political, military, and intellectual achievements, Calhoun was venerated as an illustrious Yale alumnus beginning in the mid-nineteenth century. He was the only Yale graduate to be elected to a federal executive office in the school's first two centuries, until the election of U.S. President William Howard Taft in 1909. A 1914 biography of Calhoun by Yale Secretary Anson Phelps Stokes details his accomplishments as an "eminent Yale man" without once mentioning his slaveholdings or pro-slavery leadership. [20]

Already holding some of Calhoun's papers, Yale offered its first commemoration of Calhoun during the construction of the Memorial Quadrangle in 1917. Statues of eight pre-20th century "Yale worthies" were placed on Harkness Tower, including an eight-foot statue of Calhoun. [21] Of these, only Calhoun and Jonathan Edwards were selected as namesakes of the eight original residential colleges when they were named around 1931.

Re-naming debates

A debate over the appropriateness of the college's name has waxed and waned, as John C. Calhoun's involvement in defending slavery has been reconsidered. In 1992, the graduating seniors commissioned a plaque noting the unfortunate reality of John C. Calhoun's legacy, but at the same time supported the notion that the college retain its name for historical purposes. [22] Around the same time, a pane of stained glass in the college's common room depicting a shackled black man kneeling before Calhoun was altered to depict Calhoun alone. [23]

After the June 2015 Charleston church shooting, radio commentators Colin McEnroe and Ray Hardman questioned whether the preservation of the college's name was an inappropriate legacy of white supremacy. [24] [25] The events, which instigated student protests and alumni petitions in the same year, [6] caused administrators to consider renaming the college. In their petition students argued that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. [6] [7] In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. [8] He described Calhoun as "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." [8] He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." [5] [26]

In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name would remain on the Yale residential college. [9] Salovey argued that it was preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." [9] "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." At the same time, Salovey announced that the title of “master” would be changed to “head of college” because of the title's freighted use by American slaveowners. [10] [27] [28]

Artistic depictions of antebellum slavery

Stained glass window panels in the college depicted images of slavery. One showed a black man in shackles kneeling before Calhoun. Temple University professor and co-founder of the Yale Black Alumni Network Chris Rabb advocated for that panel to be altered. [29] [30] The alterations replaced the black man with blank white pieces of glass. [31] The university had plans to change some additional stained glass windows in the dining hall in 2016, but, before that was done, Corey Menafee, an African-American dishwasher who worked there, knocked out the pane that showed black slaves harvesting cotton in the fields, because, as he related, he no longer wanted to be subjected to seeing the "racist, very degrading" image at his place of work, but also added: "There's always better ways of doing things like that than just destroying things." Menafee was initially arrested on felony and misdemeanor charges. [32] [33] Yale chose not to press charges which were then dropped and, after initially accepting Menafee's resignation, rehired him to work at a different location. [34]

Calhoun's name has been tied up in larger controversies about the associations of the colleges with slavery. A 2001 report revealed that at least seven of the colleges' namesakes were slave owners. [22] In 2009, a student group protested the connection by posting alternative names for slaveowner-named colleges near the college entrances. [35] Commenting for the Wall Street Journal , Roger Kimball pointed out that Yale's namesake, Elihu Yale, was a slave trader, and questioned how Yale can defend the name of the university against similar moral arguments. [36]

Renaming

Partly because of the controversy surrounding the 2016 decision not to rename Calhoun College, Yale put in place a policy on the potential renaming of buildings and other institutions around the university. One of the first items of business the consequent task force addressed was the renaming of Calhoun College, and in February 2017 it recommended to the Yale Corporation that the college's name be changed. [37] The Corporation accepted that recommendation, and voted at its February 2017 meeting to change the name of Calhoun to Grace Hopper College, effective July 1, 2017. [2]

The college's new namesake has a tie to Yale, having received her Ph.D. from there under the direction of Øystein Ore in 1934. [38]

The college's new arms, designed in 2017, were intended to represent Admiral Hopper's history, as well as to create a tie to the college's past. The heraldic dolphin represents both leadership and Hopper's career in the United States Navy. The rectangles and circles represent her contributions to mathematics and computer science. The scalloped (engrailed) bar is evocative of waves—and also incorporates a design element of the Calhoun College arms, which featured an engrailed saltire. [39]

Unique features

The courtyard used to have a popular tire swing, which stood in stark contrast to the Neo-Gothic architecture. In fall 1990, newly appointed master Turan Onat made it his first priority to remove the tire swing as he sought "to restore the courtyard to a grassier state." The seniors immediately reinstalled the swing overnight and Onat quickly reversed his policy.

The college used to be the only residential college with its own sauna. [40] The sauna was removed from Entryway B/C during the 2005–06 school year.[ citation needed ]

The College Council is a student governing organization that coordinates activities and social life for the residential college. Throughout the year, the Council organizes numerous activities including: Study Breaks, a dorm-wide dance, and Trolley Night, an annual dance party. [41]

Notable alumni

Masters/Heads of College and Deans

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grace Hopper</span> American computer scientist, mathematician, and US Navy admiral (1906–1992)

Grace Brewster Hopper was an American computer scientist, mathematician, and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and the FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yale University</span> Private university in New Haven, Connecticut

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John C. Calhoun</span> Vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832

John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina who held many important positions including being the seventh vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832. He adamantly defended slavery and sought to protect the interests of the white South. He began his political career as a nationalist, modernizer, and proponent of a strong national government and protective tariffs. In the late 1820s, his views changed radically, and he became a leading proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification, and opposition to high tariffs. He saw Northern acceptance of those policies as a condition of the South remaining in the Union. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 1860–1861. He was the first vice president to resign from the position, and the only one to do so until Spiro Agnew resigned in 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yale College</span> Undergraduate college of Yale University

Yale College is the undergraduate college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the original school of the university. Although other Yale schools were founded as early as 1810, all of Yale was officially known as Yale College until 1887, when its schools were confederated and the institution was renamed Yale University. It is ranked as one of the top colleges in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National University of Singapore</span> Public research university in Singapore

The National University of Singapore (NUS) is a national public research university in Singapore. Founded in 1905 as the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States Government Medical School, NUS is the oldest autonomous university in the country. It offers degree programmes in a wide range of disciplines at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, including in the sciences, medicine and dentistry, design and environment, law, arts and social sciences, engineering, business, computing, and music.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James W. C. Pennington</span> American abolitionist and writer (c. 1807–1870)

James William Charles Pennington was an American historican, abolitionist, orator, minister, writer, and social organizer active globally. Pennington is the first known Black student to attend Yale University. He was ordained as a minister in the Congregational Church, later also serving in Presbyterian churches for congregations in Hartford, Connecticut; and New York. After the Civil War, he served congregations in Natchez, Mississippi; Portland, Maine; and Jacksonville, Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trumbull College</span>

Trumbull College is one of fourteen undergraduate residential colleges of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. The college is named for Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut from 1769 to 1784 and advisor and friend to General George Washington. A Harvard College graduate, Trumbull was the only colonial governor to support the American Revolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yale Divinity School</span> Graduate school of Yale University

Yale Divinity School (YDS) is one of the twelve graduate and professional schools of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.

Charles Bartlett Johnson is an American billionaire businessman, with an estimated current net worth of around $6.1 billion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science</span> Engineering school in Connecticut, United States

The Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science is the engineering school of Yale University. When the first professor of civil engineering was hired in 1852, a Yale School of Engineering was established within the Yale Scientific School, and in 1932 the engineering faculty organized as a separate, constituent school of the university. The school currently offers undergraduate and graduate classes and degrees in electrical engineering, chemical engineering, computer science, applied physics, environmental engineering, biomedical engineering, and mechanical engineering and materials science.

Peter Salovey is an American social psychologist and current president of Yale University. He previously served as Yale's provost, dean of Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and dean of Yale College. Salovey is one of the early pioneers in emotional intelligence.

Anthony Townsend Kronman is a Sterling Professor at Yale Law School specializing in contracts, bankruptcy, jurisprudence, social theory, and professional responsibility. He was the dean of Yale Law School from 1994 to 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Residential colleges of Yale University</span> Undergraduate housing system at Yale University

Yale University has a system of fourteen residential colleges with which all Yale undergraduate students and many faculty are affiliated. Inaugurated in 1933, the college system is considered the defining feature of undergraduate life at Yale College, and the residential colleges serve as the residence halls and social hubs for most undergraduates. Construction and programming for eight of the original ten colleges were funded by educational philanthropist Edward S. Harkness. Yale was, along with Harvard, one of the first universities in the United States to establish a residential college system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yale-NUS College</span> Liberal arts college in Singapore

Yale-NUS College is a liberal arts college in Singapore. Established in 2011 as a collaboration between Yale University and the National University of Singapore, it is the first liberal arts college in Singapore and one of the first few in Asia. With an average acceptance rate of 5.2%, it is among the most selective institutions in the world. Yale-NUS was the first institution outside New Haven, Connecticut that Yale University had developed in its 300-year history, making Yale the first American Ivy League school to establish a college bearing its name in Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jonathan Holloway (historian)</span> American historian

Jonathan Scott Holloway is an American historian and academic administrator who is the 21st president of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Franklin College</span>

Benjamin Franklin College is a residential college for undergraduates of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut. It opened to students for the 2017 academic year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pauli Murray College</span>

Pauli Murray College is a residential college for undergraduates of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut. The college, which opened to students in fall of 2017, was designed by Robert A. M. Stern Architects. It is named for Pauli Murray, an American civil and women's rights activist, Christian minister, and a 1965 graduate of Yale Law School.

Colleton Preparatory Academy is a pre-kindergarten to 12th grade school in Walterboro, South Carolina, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavery at American colleges and universities</span> Historical investigation and controversy

The role of slavery at American colleges and universities has been a focus of historical investigation and controversy. Enslaved Africans labored to build institutions of higher learning in the United States, and the slave economy was involved in funding many universities. People, forced to labor and seen as less than human, were used to build academic buildings and residential halls. Though slavery has long been presented as a uniquely Southern institution, colleges and universities in Northern states benefited from the labor of slaves. The economics of slavery brought some slave owners great wealth, enabling them to become major donors to fledgling colleges. Many colleges founded in states with legalized slavery utilized enslaved people and benefited from the slavocracy. Slaves were also sold by university administrators to generate capital. In some parts of the nation it was also not uncommon for wealthy students to bring an enslaved person with them to college. Ending almost 250 years of slavocracy did not end white supremacy, structural racism, or other forms of oppression at American colleges and the legacy of slavery still persists in many establishments.

References

  1. ↑ "Head Julia Adams & Associate Head Hans van Dijk". Grace Hopper College. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 "Yale to change Calhoun College's name to honor Grace Murray Hopper". YaleNews. February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  3. 1 2 Hamid, Zainab (February 11, 2017). "Calhoun College to be Renamed for Grace Hopper GRD '34". Yale Daily News. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Welcome | Grace Hopper College". gracehopper.yalecollege.yale.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  5. 1 2 Calhoun, John C. (February 6, 1837), Slavery a Positive Good , retrieved April 30, 2016
  6. 1 2 3 "To the Yale Administration", Yale students, 2015, retrieved April 30, 2016
  7. 1 2 Caplan, Lincoln (October 5, 2015), "The White-Supremacist Lineage of a Yale College: The elite university still honors the South Carolina senator best known for praising the morality of slavery", The Atlantic, retrieved April 30, 2016
  8. 1 2 3 "Freshman Address, Yale College Class of 2019: Launching a Difficult Conversation". president.yale.edu. August 29, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth (April 30, 2016), "At Yale, a Right That Doesn't Outweigh a Wrong", The New York Times, New Haven, retrieved April 30, 2016
  10. 1 2 "Yale University will keep college named for John C. Calhoun despite protests". Fox News. April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  11. ↑ "Before Calhoun College: The Old Yale Divinity School". Road to Parnassus. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  12. ↑ Bedford, Steven (1998). John Russell Popoe: Architect of Empire . New York: Random House. pp.  166–168. ISBN   9780847820863.
  13. ↑ Kelley, Brooks Mather (1974). Yale: A History . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 448. ISBN   978-0-300-01636-9. OCLC   810552.
  14. ↑ Yale Alumni Magazine: Milestones Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ "Calhoun dean, Leslie Woodard, dies at 53". Yale Daily News. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  16. ↑ Niven 1993, pp. 16.
  17. ↑ Niven 1993, pp. 16–20.
  18. 1 2 Williams, R. Owen (2005). "Honoring the Dishonorable: Calhoun College at Yale University". Yale MacMillan Center. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  19. ↑ Niven 1993, pp. 17, 20.
  20. ↑ Sotkes, Anson Phelps (1914). Memorials of Eminent Yale Men. Vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 196–205.
  21. ↑ Yamasaki, Tritia. "The Character of Harkness Tower". Yale University Guild of Carillonneurs. Yale University. Archived from the original on 9 November 2000. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  22. 1 2 Dugdale, Antony; Fueser, J.J.; Celso de Castro Alves, J. (2001). "Yale, Slavery, and Abolition" . Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  23. ↑ Bass, Carole. "What's in a name? Looking for answers at Calhoun College". Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  24. ↑ Hardman, Ray (23 June 2015). "Yale's Calhoun College: History Lesson or Institutional Racism?". WNPR. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  25. ↑ McEnroe, Colin (24 June 2015). "The Ivy League's "Confederate flag" problem: Why is a Yale college still named after John C. Calhoun?". Salon. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  26. ↑ Stack, Liam (November 8, 2015), "Yale's Halloween Advice Stokes a Racially Charged Debate", The New York Times, retrieved April 30, 2016
  27. ↑ Remnick, Noah (28 April 2016). "Yale Defies Calls to Rename Calhoun College". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  28. ↑ Salovey, Peter (28 April 2016). "Yale retains Calhoun College's name, selects names for two new residential colleges, and changes title of 'master' in the residential colleges". Yale News. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  29. ↑ "Yale Worker Who Smashed Slavery Window Wants Job Back". Hartford Courant. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  30. ↑ "Yale Grapples With Ties to Slavery in Debate Over a College's Name". The New York Times. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  31. ↑ Hardman, Ray (23 June 2015). "Yale's Calhoun College: History Lesson or Institutional Racism?". wnpr.org. Connecticut Public Radio . Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  32. ↑ Zamudio-Suaréz, Fernanda (11 July 2016). "Yale Worker Purposely Breaks Stained-Glass Window Over 'Racist' Imagery". The Chronicle of Higher Education blog. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  33. ↑ "Dining hall worker loses job after smashing Calhoun windowpane". yaledailynews.com. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  34. ↑ Ed Stannard (July 26, 2016). "Criminal charges against Yale worker who broke window effectively dismissed". New Haven Register. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  35. ↑ Wang, Rachel (14 October 2009). "Anonymous campaign 'renames' colleges with slave past". The Yale Daily News. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  36. ↑ Kimball, Roger (8 August 2016). "The College Formerly Known as Yale". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  37. ↑ Hamid, Zainab; Yaffe-Bellany, David (2 February 2017). "University task force recommends renaming of Calhoun". yaledailynews.com. Yale Daily News. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  38. ↑ "Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992)". nwhm.org. National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on September 1, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
  39. ↑ "The Coat of Arms". Grace Hopper College (Yale University). Yale University. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  40. ↑ Shinzong Lee, Yale Daily News, 30 June 2002. Retrieved 12 Feb 2017.
  41. ↑ "Calhoun College Council". Yale University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  42. ↑ Andy Newman; Vivian Wang (September 3, 2017). "Calhoun Who? Yale Drops Name of Slavery Advocate for Computer Pioneer". The New York Times . Retrieved 2019-11-02.
  43. ↑ "Scholastic Prizes". Yale Bulletin & Calendar. Vol. 26, no. 33. Yale Office of Public Affairs & Communications. 1998. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.

Bibliography

  • Niven, John (1993). John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union (2nd ed.). Louisiana State University Press. ISBN   9780807118580.

Further reading

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Grace Hopper College, Yale at Wikimedia Commons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.