Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine

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Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine
Awarded forThe best semi-professional magazine devoted primarily to science fiction or fantasy
Presented byWorld Science Fiction Society
First awarded1984
Most recent winner Uncanny Magazine (edited by Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Monte Lin, Meg Elison, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky)
Website thehugoawards.org
Stephen H. Segal accepting the 2009 Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine for Weird Tales SHS accepting Hugo Wiki.jpg
Stephen H. Segal accepting the 2009 Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine for Weird Tales
Julia Rios and Michi Trota accepting the 2017 Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine for Uncanny Magazine Julia Rios and Michi Trota, for Uncanny Magazine at the Hugo Award Ceremoy at Worldcon in Helsinki.jpg
Julia Rios and Michi Trota accepting the 2017 Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine for Uncanny Magazine

The Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine is given each year to a periodical publication related to science fiction or fantasy that meets several criteria having to do with the number of issues published and who, if anyone, receives payment. [1] The award was first presented in 1984, and has been given annually since, though the qualifying criteria have changed. Awards were once also given out for professional magazines in the professional magazine category, and are still awarded for fan magazines in the fanzine category.

Contents

In addition to the regular Hugo awards, beginning in 1996 Retrospective Hugo Awards, or "Retro Hugos", have been available to be awarded for years 50, 75, or 100 years prior in which no awards were given. [2] To date, Retro Hugo awards have been awarded for 1939, 1941, 1943–1946, 1951, and 1954, but for each of those years, the Semiprozine category failed to receive enough nominating votes to form a ballot. [3]

At the 2008 business meeting, an amendment to the World Science Fiction Society's Constitution was passed that would have removed the Semiprozine category. The vote to ratify this amendment was held the following year; the ratification failed and the category remained. Instead, a committee was formed to recommend improvements to the category and related categories. [4]

History of winners and nominees

During the 41 nomination years, 40 magazines have been nominated. Of these, only 9 magazines run by 31 editors have won. Locus won 22 times and was nominated every year until a rules change in 2012 made it ineligible for the category. Uncanny Magazine has won 7 times out of 9 nominations, including 5 times in a row in 2016–2020, while Science Fiction Chronicle, Clarkesworld Magazine , and Lightspeed are the only other magazines to win more than once, with 2 awards out of 18 nominations, 3 out of 4, and 2 out of 5, respectively. Ansible has won 1 out of 7 nominations, Interzone has won 1 out of 28, FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction has each won 1 out of 6 nominations, and Weird Tales won 1 out of 4. As editor of Locus Charles N. Brown won 21 of 27 nominations, though he shared 5 of those awards with Kirsten Gong-Wong, 3 with Liza Groen Trombi and 2 with Jennifer A. Hall; as Locus editor Liza Groen Trombi won 1 shared with Kirsten Gong-Wong. Uncanny's awards were primarily earned by a team of 5 people, Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Erika Ensign, and Steven Schapansky. The sole editor for Chronicle's awards was Andrew I. Porter, while David Pringle earned Interzone's, and Ann VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal were the editors for Weird Tales's victory. Lightspeed's wins were under John Joseph Adams, Rich Horton, and Stefan Rudnicki, with Wendy N. Wagner and Christie Yant added for the second win, while David Langford was the editor when Ansible was awarded. Clarkesworld Magazine's winning years were under Neil Clarke, Sean Wallace, and Kate Baker, with 2 of the three also under Cheryl Morgan and the other under Jason Heller. FIYAH's win was under Troy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, Eboni Dunbar, Brandon O'Brien, Brent Lambert, and L. D. Lewis. The New York Review of Science Fiction has received the most number of nominations without ever winning at 22, under the helm of David G. Hartwell, Kathryn Cramer, Kevin J. Maroney, and 8 other editors.

The Hugo Award nomination process

Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon). The selection process is defined in the World Science Fiction Society Constitution as instant-runoff voting among six nominees, or more in the case of a tie. The works on the ballot are the ones nominated by members that year, ranked according to a complex algorithm, with no limit on the number of works that can be nominated. The 1953 through 1956 and 1958 awards did not include any recognition of runner-up magazines, but since 1959 all six candidates were recorded. [2] Initial nominations are made by members in the first months of each year, while voters vote on the ballot of six nominations in the middle of the year, with exact timing varying from year to year. [5] Prior to 2017, the final ballot consisted of five works; it was changed that year to six, with each initial nominator limited to five nominations. [6] [7]

Winners and nominees

In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was first published. Each date links to the "year in literature" article corresponding with when the work was eligible. Entries with a yellow background won the award for that year; those with a gray background are the other nominees on the short-list. Note that Thrust was renamed to Quantum and was nominated under both names; no other magazine has been nominated under multiple names. [8]

  *   Winners and joint winners

Winners and nominees
YearWorkEditor(s)Ref.
1984 Locus * Charles N. Brown [9]
Fantasy Review Robert A. Collins [9]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [9]
Science Fiction Review Richard E. Geis [9]
Whispers Stuart David Schiff [9]
1985 Locus * Charles N. Brown [10]
Fantasy Review Robert A. Collins [10]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [10]
Science Fiction Review Richard E. Geis [10]
Whispers Stuart David Schiff [10]
1986 Locus * Charles N. Brown [11]
Fantasy Review Robert A. Collins [11]
Interzone Simon Ounsley and David Pringle [11]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [11]
Science Fiction Review Richard E. Geis [11]
1987 Locus * Charles N. Brown [12]
Fantasy Review Robert A. Collins [12]
Interzone Simon Ounsley and David Pringle [12]
Science Fiction Review Richard E. Geis [12]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [12]
1988 Locus * Charles N. Brown [13]
Aboriginal Science Fiction Charles C. Ryan [13]
Interzone Simon Ounsley and David Pringle [13]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [13]
ThrustDoug Fratz [13]
1989 Locus * Charles N. Brown [14]
Interzone David Pringle [14]
The New York Review of Science Fiction David G. Hartwell , Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Teresa Nielsen Hayden, Susan Palwick, and Kathryn Cramer [14]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [14]
ThrustDoug Fratz [14]
1990 Locus * Charles N. Brown [15]
Interzone David Pringle [15]
The New York Review of Science Fiction David G. Hartwell , Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Teresa Nielsen Hayden, Susan Palwick, and Kathryn Cramer [15]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [15]
ThrustDoug Fratz [15]
1991 Locus * Charles N. Brown [16]
Interzone David Pringle [16]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, and Gordon Van Gelder [16]
QuantumDoug Fratz [16]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [16]
1992 Locus * Charles N. Brown [17]
Interzone David Pringle [17]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, and Gordon Van Gelder [17]
Pulphouse: The Hardback Magazine Kristine Kathryn Rusch and Dean Wesley Smith [17]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [17]
1993 Science Fiction Chronicle* Andrew I. Porter [18]
Interzone David Pringle [18]
Locus Charles N. Brown [18]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, Ariel Haméon, and Tad Dembinski [18]
Pulphouse: The Hardback Magazine Dean Wesley Smith and Jonathan E. Bond [18]
1994 Science Fiction Chronicle* Andrew I. Porter [19]
Interzone David Pringle [19]
Locus Charles N. Brown [19]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, Ariel Haméon, and Tad Dembinski [19]
Pulphouse: The Hardback Magazine Dean Wesley Smith and Jonathan E. Bond [19]
Tomorrow Speculative Fiction Algis Budrys [19]
1995 Interzone * David Pringle [20]
Locus Charles N. Brown [20]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, Ariel Haméon, and Tad Dembinski [20]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [20]
Tomorrow Speculative Fiction Algis Budrys [20]
1996 Locus * Charles N. Brown [21]
Crank!Bryan Cholfin [21]
Interzone David Pringle [21]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, Ariel Haméon, and Tad Dembinski [21]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [21]
1997 Locus * Charles N. Brown [22]
Interzone David Pringle [22]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , Tad Dembinski, Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [22]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [22]
Speculations Kent Brewster [22]
1998 Locus * Charles N. Brown [23]
Interzone David Pringle [23]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [23]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [23]
Speculations Kent Brewster [23]
1999 Locus * Charles N. Brown [24]
Interzone David Pringle [24]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [24]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [24]
Speculations Kent Brewster [24]
2000 Locus * Charles N. Brown [25]
Interzone David Pringle [25]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [25]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [25]
Speculations Kent Brewster [25]
2001 Locus * Charles N. Brown [26]
Interzone David Pringle [26]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [26]
Science Fiction Chronicle Andrew I. Porter [26]
Speculations Denise Lee and Susan Fry [26]
2002 Locus * Charles N. Brown [27]
Absolute Magnitude Warren Lapine [27]
Interzone David Pringle [27]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [27]
Speculations Susan Fry and Kent Brewster [27]
2003 Locus * Charles N. Brown , Jennifer A. Hall, and Kirsten Gong-Wong [28]
Ansible David Langford [28]
Interzone David Pringle [28]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [28]
Speculations Kent Brewster [28]
2004 Locus * Charles N. Brown , Jennifer A. Hall, and Kirsten Gong-Wong [29]
Ansible David Langford [29]
Interzone David Pringle [29]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [29]
Third AlternativeAndy Cox [29]
2005 Ansible* David Langford [30]
Interzone David Pringle and Andy Cox [30]
Locus Charles N. Brown , Jennifer A. Hall, and Kirsten Gong-Wong [30]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [30]
Third AlternativeAndy Cox [30]
2006 Locus * Charles N. Brown , Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [31]
Ansible David Langford [31]
Emerald City Cheryl Morgan [31]
Interzone Andy Cox [31]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [31]
2007 Locus * Charles N. Brown , Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [32]
Ansible David Langford [32]
Interzone Andy Cox [32]
Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet Kelly Link and Gavin Grant [32]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [32]
2008 Locus * Charles N. Brown , Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [33]
Ansible David Langford [33]
Helix SF William Sanders and Lawrence Watt-Evans [33]
Interzone Andy Cox [33]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , Kristine Dikeman, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [33]
2009 Weird Tales * Ann VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal [34]
Clarkesworld Magazine Neil Clarke , Nick Mamatas, and Sean Wallace [34]
Interzone Andy Cox [34]
Locus Charles N. Brown , Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [34]
The New York Review of Science Fiction Kathryn Cramer , Kristine Dikeman, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [34]
2010 Clarkesworld Magazine * Neil Clarke , Sean Wallace, and Cheryl Morgan [35]
Ansible David Langford [35]
Interzone Andy Cox [35]
Locus Charles N. Brown , Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [35]
Weird Tales Ann VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal [35]
2011 Clarkesworld Magazine * Neil Clarke , Sean Wallace, and Cheryl Morgan; podcast directed by Kate Baker [36]
Interzone Andy Cox [36]
Lightspeed John Joseph Adams [36]
Locus Liza Groen Trombi and Kirsten Gong-Wong [36]
Weird Tales Ann VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal [36]
2012 Locus *Liza Groen Trombi and Kirsten Gong-Wong [37]
Apex Magazine Catherynne M. Valente , Lynne M. Thomas, and Jason Sizemore [37]
Interzone Andy Cox [37]
Lightspeed John Joseph Adams [37]
The New York Review of Science Fiction David G. Hartwell , Kevin J. Maroney, Kris Dikeman, and Avram Grumer [37]
2013 Clarkesworld Magazine * Neil Clarke , Jason Heller, Sean Wallace, and Kate Baker [38]
Apex Magazine Lynne M. Thomas , Jason Sizemore, and Michael Damian Thomas [38]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [38]
Lightspeed John Joseph Adams and Stefan Rudnicki [38]
Strange Horizons Niall Harrison , Jed Hartman, Lee Mandelo, An Owomoyela, Julia Rios, Abigail Nussbaum, AJ Odasso, Sonya Taaffe, Dave Nagdeman, and Rebecca Cross [38]
2014 Lightspeed * John Joseph Adams , Rich Horton and Stefan Rudnicki [39]
Apex Magazine Lynne M. Thomas , Jason Sizemore, and Michael Damian Thomas [39]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [39]
Interzone Andy Cox [39]
Strange Horizons Niall Harrison , Lee Mandelo, An Owomoyela, Julia Rios, Abigail Nussbaum, AJ Odasso, Sonya Taaffe, Rebecca Cross, Anaea Lay, and Shane Garvin [39]
2015 Lightspeed * John Joseph Adams , Stefan Rudnicki, Rich Horton, Wendy N. Wagner, and Christie Yant [40]
Abyss & Apex Magazine Wendy S. Delmater [40]
Andromeda Spaceways Inflight Magazine David Kernot and Sue Bursztynski [40]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [40]
Strange Horizons Niall Harrison [40]
2016 Uncanny Magazine * Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [41]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [41]
Daily Science Fiction Michele-Lee Barasso and Jonathan Laden [41]
Sci Phi Journal Jason Rennie [41]
Strange Horizons Catherine Krahe, Julia Rios, AJ Odasso, Vanessa Rose Phin, and Maureen Kincaid Speller [41]
2017 Uncanny Magazine * Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Julia Rios, Erika Ensign, and Steven Schapansky [42]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [42]
Cirsova Heroic Fantasy and Science Fiction MagazineP. Alexander [42]
GigaNotoSaurusRashida J. Smith [42]
Strange Horizons Niall Harrison , Catherine Krahe, Vajra Chandrasekera, Vanessa Rose Phin, Li Chua, Aishwarya Subramanian, Tim Moore, and Anaea Lay [42]
The Book SmugglersAna Grilo and Thea James [42]
2018 Uncanny Magazine * Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Julia Rios, Erika Ensign, and Steven Schapansky [43]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [43]
The Book SmugglersAna Grilo and Thea James [43]
Escape Pod Mur Lafferty , S. B. Divya, Norm Sherman, and Benjamin C. Kinney [43]
Fireside MagazineBrian White, Julia Rios, Elsa Sjunneson-Henry, Mikki Kendall, and Pablo Defendini [43]
Strange Horizons Kate Dollarhyde, Gautam Bhatia, AJ Odasso, Lila Garrott, Heather McDougal, Ciro Faienza, Tahlia Day, and Vanessa Rose Phin [43]
2019 Uncanny Magazine * Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky, Elsa Sjunneson-Henry, and Dominik Parisien [44]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [44]
Fireside Magazine Julia Rios , Elsa Sjunneson-Henry, Chelle Parker, Meg Frank, Tanya DePass, Brian White, and Pablo Defendini [44]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction Troy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, L. D. Lewis, Brandon O'Brien, Kaleb Russell, Danny Lore, and Brent Lambert [44]
Shimmer Magazine Beth Wodzinski and E. Catherine Tobler [44]
Strange Horizons Jane Crowley, Kate Dollarhyde, Vanessa Rose Phin, Vajra Chandrasekera, Romie Stott, Maureen Kincaid Speller [44]
2020 Uncanny Magazine * Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [45]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [45]
Escape Pod Mur Lafferty , S. B. Divya, Benjamin C. Kinney, Adam Pracht, Summer Brooks, Tina Connolly, Alasdair Stuart [45]
Fireside Magazine Julia Rios , Elsa Sjunneson, Chelle Parker, Meg Frank, Pablo Defendini, Brian White [45]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction Troy L. Wiggins, Eboni Dunbar, Brent Lambert, L. D. Lewis, Danny Lore, Brandon O'Brien and Kaleb Russell [45]
Strange Horizons Vanessa Rose Phin, Catherine Krahe, AJ Odasso, Dan Hartland, Joyce Chng, Dante Luiz [45]
2021 FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction *Troy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, Eboni Dunbar, Brandon O'Brien, Brent Lambert, L. D. Lewis [46]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [46]
Escape Pod Mur Lafferty , S. B. Divya, Benjamin C. Kinney, Adam Pracht, Summer Brooks, Tina Connolly, Alasdair Stuart [46]
PodCastle C. L. Clark, Jen R. Albert, Setsu Uzumé, Peter Adrian Behravesh [46]
Uncanny Magazine Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Elsa Sjunneson, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [46]
Strange Horizons Vanessa Rose Phin et al. [46]
2022 Uncanny Magazine * Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Elsa Sjunneson, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [47]
Beneath Ceaseless Skies Scott H. Andrews [47]
Escape Pod S. B. Divya , Mur Lafferty, Valerie Valdes, et al. [47]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction Troy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, et al. [47]
PodCastle Jen R. Albert, C. L. Clark, Shingai Njeri Kagunda, Eleanor R. Wood, et al. [47]
Strange Horizons The Strange Horizons Editorial Collective [47]
2023 Uncanny Magazine * Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Monte Lin, Meg Elison, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [48]
Escape Pod Mur Lafferty , Valerie Valdes, Benjamin C. Kinney, Premee Mohamed, Tina Connolly, Summer Brooks, Adam Pracht [48]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction The FIYAH team [48]
khōréōTeam khōréō [48]
PodCastle Shingai Njeri Kagunda, Eleanor R. Wood, Sofia Barker, Matt Dovey, Peter Adrian Behravesh, Devin Martin, Eric Valdes [48]
Strange Horizons The Strange Horizons Editorial Team [48]
2024 Escape Pod Mur Lafferty , Valerie Valdes, Benjamin C. Kinney, Premee Mohamed, Kevin Wabaunsee, Tina Connolly, Alasdair Stuart, Summer Brooks, Adam Pracht, Escape Pod team [49]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction DaVaun Sanders, B. Sharise Moore, L. D. Lewis, Christian Ivey, Rebecca McGee, Kerine Wint, Joshua Morley, Emmalia Harrington, Genine Tyson, Tonya R. Moore, Nelson Rolon [49]
GigaNotoSaurusLaShawn M. Wanak, Mia Tsai, Edgard Wentz, GNS Slushreaders Team [49]
khōréōAleksandra Hill et al. [49]
Strange Horizons The Strange Horizons Editorial Collective [49]
Uncanny Magazine Lynne M. Thomas , Michael Damian Thomas, Monte Lin, Meg Elison, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [49]

Notes

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    The Hugo Award for Best Series is one of the Hugo Awards given each year for science fiction or fantasy stories published or translated into English during the previous calendar year. The award is available for series of science fiction or fantasy stories consisting of at least 3 published works totaling at least 240,000 words, with at least one work released or translated into English during the previous calendar year. A losing finalist becomes eligible again with the publication of at least two new works totaling at least 240,000 words.

    The Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book is an award given annually to a book published for young adult readers in the field of science fiction or fantasy. The name of the award was chosen because a lodestar is "a star that guides or leads, especially in navigation, where it is the sole reliable source of light—the star that leads those in uncharted waters to safety". The nomination and selection process is administered by the World Science Fiction Society (WSFS), and the award is presented at the Hugo Award ceremony at the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, although it is not itself a Hugo Award.

    The Hugo Award for Best Game or Interactive Work is one of the Hugo Awards given each year for science fiction or fantasy works released in the previous calendar year. The game award is given out to video games, tabletop games, and other interactive works; non-interactive audiovisual works receive awards in the dramatic presentation category. The Hugo Awards have been described as "a fine showcase for speculative fiction", and "the best known literary award for science fiction writing".

    References

    1. ↑ "Rules of the World Science Fiction Society". Archived from the original on 2022-02-06. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
    2. 1 2 "The Hugo Awards: FAQ". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
    3. ↑ "The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Retro Hugo Awards". Locus . Oakland, California: Locus. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
    4. ↑ "2009 WSFS Business Meeting". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
    5. ↑ "The Hugo Awards: Introduction". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
    6. ↑ "Worldcon 75: 2017 Hugo report #2" (PDF). Worldcon 75. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2017-08-15.
    7. ↑ "The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Hugo Awards". Locus . Oakland, California: Locus. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
    8. ↑ Fratz, Doug (Spring 1993). "The Twenty-Year Spree: A Personal History of Thrust/Quantum". Quantum (43). Doug Fratz: 51–56. ISSN   0198-6686.
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