Index of criminology articles

Last updated

Articles related to criminology and law enforcement.

Contents

A

acquittaladdictionage of consentage of criminal responsibilityaging offenderallocutealloplastic adaptationAmerican Academy of Forensic Sciencesanimal abuseanimus nocendianomie theoryanswer (law)anthropometryantisocial behaviour orderantisocial personality disorderarsonASBOasocial personalityassaultassault causing bodily harmassault occasioning actual bodily harmasset forfeitureautomatismautoplastic adaptationautopsy

B

ballisticsbattered child syndromebattered woman syndromebatterybehavior theoryJeremy BenthamAlphonse Bertillonbinge drinkingbiosocial criminologyblackmailblunt force traumabodily harmbody cavity searchborn criminalbreaking and enteringBritish Society of Criminology - Zebulon Reed Brockwaybroken windows thesisburglary

C

cannibalismcapital punishmentcarjackingcase lawcauses and correlates of crimeceleritychain of custodychemical castrationchild abusechild neglectchild sexual abusechronic mentally ill offendercivil lawclandestine abuseclassical school of criminologyclosed-circuit televisioncohort analysiscommunity policingcommunity servicecompulsive gamblingcomputational criminologycomputer abusecomputer bulletin boardcomputer crimecomputer forensicscomputer-related crimeconflict perspectiveconsensual crimeconsensus model (criminal justice)conspiracyconstitutive criminologycontact rapistconviction ratecoronercorporal punishmentcorrectional psychologycounterfeitingCPTEDcrimecrime against humanitycrime indexcrime mappingcrime of passioncrime ratecrime statisticscriminal anthropologycriminal homicidecriminal insanitycriminal justicecriminal justice systemcriminal lawcriminal negligencecriminal recordcriminal tattooscriminal threateningcriminalisticscriminalizationcriminaloidcriminologycriminology of placecritical criminologyculture conflictcycle of violence

D

dangerous drugdangerousness [ disambiguation needed ]date-rape drugDaubert Standarddeath penaltydeconstructionist theoriesdecriminalizationdefense of justificationdefensible spacedetectivedeterrencedeterrence strategydeviancedifferential associationdomestic violencedouble jeopardydramaturgical perspectivedrug possessiondrug-defined crimedrug-related crimedrunk drivingDUIDurham rule

E

ecological theoryelder abuseembezzlementenforcement discretionenvironmental crimeenvironmental criminologyespionageethnic successionevidence collectionexileexpert witnessexternal validityextortion

F

family violencefear of crimefederal inmatefederal interest computerfelonyfeminist criminologyfentanylEnrico FerriFifth Amendment rights of witnessesfinefingerprintfirst degree murderfocal concernforcible rapeforensic accountingforensic anthropologyforensic ballisticsforensic engineeringforensic entomologyforensic evidenceforensic geneticsforensic odontologyforensic palynologyforensic pathologyforensic psychiatryforensic psychologyforensic scienceforensic toxicologyforgeryWillie Francisfraudfrustration-aggression theory

G

gamma hydroxybutyrategender-politics modelgeneral deterrencegenocidegeographic profilinggrand jurygrave robbinggrievous bodily harmguiltguilty but mentally illgun control

H

habitual offender statutehackerharm reductionhate crimehedonistic calculusheroinhome invasionhomelessnesshomicidehonour culturehonour killinghouse arresthuman rightshybrid offence

I

identity theftillegal gamblingillegitimate opportunity structureimprisonmentincapacitationinchoate offenseindictable offenceindividual rights advocateinfraction in limine insanity defenseinstitutionalizationintegrated theory of criminologyinteractionist perspectivesinterdictioninternal validityinternational crime (disambiguation)invisible evidenceirresistible impulse testisobutyl nitrite

J

just desertsjustice

K

kidnappingkleptomaniakriminalpolitik

L

labeling (criminology)lacerationlarcenylarceny-theftLaw Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) – law enforcement in the United Kingdomlaw enforcement in the United Statesleft realismlegal immunitylibellife course theoriesliquor lawsLocard's exchange principleCesare Lombrosolootingluminol

M

Jesus Malverdemanslaughtermanslaughter in English lawmass murdermass surveillanceM'Naghten RulesMDMAMeadow's lawmedia influence theorymedroxyprogesterone acetate treatmentmens reamethylenedioxymethamphetaminemisdemeanormodus operandiMonozygotic twinsmoral enterprisemoral entrepreneurmotivemoral panicMunchausen's syndrome by proxymurdermurder in English law

N

narcoticnarcotic abuse theorynarcotraficonational crime victimization surveyneedle exchangenegligent homicideneoclassical criminologyNIBRSnurturant strategy

O

occupational crimeoffender profilingOJJDPoperant behaviorOperation Spanneropportunity structureorganised crimeorganized crimeostracism

P

panopticonparaffin testparticipatory justicepeacemaking criminologypenal couplepenile plethysmographypenitentiarypenologyperfect crimeperjurypharmaceutical diversionphenobarbitalphenomenological criminologypimpingpiracyplea bargainplea of temporary insanitypolicepolice corruptionpolice misconductpolice riotpolice statepolice surgeonpolygraphPortland Sevenpositivismpositivist school of criminologypost-crime victimizationpost-mortem examinationpostmortem lividitypostal fraudpostmodern criminologypowercontrol theoryAlma Preinkertprimary devianceprimary researchprisonprison cellprisons in the United StatesProhibitionprosecutor's fallacyprostitutionprotection/avoidance strategypsychiatric criminologypsychiatric theories of criminologypsychoactive substancepsychoanalytic criminologypsychological profilingpsychological theoriespsychopathPublic criminologyPublic humiliation - public order crimepunishmentpure researchpyromania

Q

qualitative methodquestioned document examination

R

racial profilingracially motivated crimeracketeeringradical criminologyraperealist criminologyrecidivismrecidivism ratereciprocal obligationreintegrative shamingremandremorsereplicabilityresearch designrestitutionrestraining orderrevolving door syndromerewardrigor mortisriotrobberyrohypnolroutine activities theory

S

second degree murdersecondary deviancesecondary researchsecondary victimizationsecurities fraudsentenceserial killersex offendersexual assaultsexual crimesexual harassmentshaken baby syndromeshameshopliftingsimple assaultslandersmugglingsocial controlsocial control theorysocial disorganizationsocial epidemiologysocial justicesocial ostracismsocial policysodomy lawsomatotypingspecific deterrencespeed (drug)spousal abusespree killingstalkingstarlight tourstatutory lawstrain theorystreet fightingstreet gangTheodore Streleskistrict liability crimessubcultural theorysuicide pactsummary convictionsummary offencesupermalesuperpredators (disambiguation)Edwin H. Sutherland

T

target hardeningtax evasiontechniques of neutralizationterminal ballisticsterrorismtests of significancetheftthreat analysisthree strikes lawthug life (concept)torturetotal institutiontoxicologytrace evidencetransient evidencetransylvanian hypothesistreasontrespass

U

uni-causaluniform crime reportuniversal jurisdictionusuryutilitarianismuxoricide

V

vandalismverbal abuseverstehenvictim impact statementvictim-precipitated homicidevictim-pronenessvictim-witness assistance programvictimization ratevictimless crimevictimogenesisvictimologyviolenceviolent crimeVOCAvoluntary euthanasiaJuan Vucetich

W

war crimeWar on Drugsweapon possessionwhite-collar crimewitness intimidation

Y

yakuzayoung offender

Z

zero tolerance

Related Research Articles

In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term crime does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition, though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state. Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victimology</span> Study of victimization

Victimology is the study of victimization, including the psychological effects on victims, the relationship between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system—that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials—and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to criminal justice:

Crime statistics refer to systematic, quantitative results about crime, as opposed to crime news or anecdotes. Notably, crime statistics can be the result of two rather different processes:

A violent crime, violent felony, crime of violence or crime of a violent nature is a crime in which an offender or perpetrator uses or threatens to use harmful force upon a victim. This entails both crimes in which the violent act is the objective, such as murder, assault, rape and assassination, as well as crimes in which violence is used as a method of coercion or show of force, such as robbery, extortion and terrorism. Violent crimes may, or may not, be committed with weapons. Depending on the jurisdiction, violent crimes may be regarded with varying severities from homicide to harassment. There have been many theories regarding heat being the cause of an increase in violent crime. Theorists claim that violent crime is persistent during the summer due to the heat, further causing people to become aggressive and commit more violent crime.

Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological psychology, is the study of the views, thoughts, intentions, actions and reactions of criminals and suspects. It is a subfield of criminology and applied psychology.

In the United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century. Crime rates vary significantly between racial groups; however, academic research indicates that the over-representation of some racial minorities in the criminal justice system can in part be explained by socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, exposure to poor neighborhoods, poor access to public and early education, and exposure to harmful chemicals and pollution. Racial housing segregation has also been linked to racial disparities in crime rates, as blacks have historically and to the present been prevented from moving into prosperous low-crime areas through actions of the government and private actors. Various explanations within criminology have been proposed for racial disparities in crime rates, including conflict theory, strain theory, general strain theory, social disorganization theory, macrostructural opportunity theory, social control theory, and subcultural theory.

Sex differences in crime are differences between men and women as the perpetrators or victims of crime. Such studies may belong to fields such as criminology, sociobiology, or feminist studies. Despite the difficulty of interpreting them, crime statistics may provide a way to investigate such a relationship from a gender differences perspective. An observable difference in crime rates between men and women might be due to social and cultural factors, crimes going unreported, or to biological factors for example, testosterone or sociobiological theories). The nature or motive of the crime itself may also require consideration as a factor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime in Australia</span> Australian police information

Crime in Australia is managed by various law enforcement bodies, the federal and state-based criminal justice systems and state-based correctional services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public-order crime</span> Type of crime; running contrary to social order

In criminology, public-order crime is defined by Siegel (2004) as "crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently", i.e., it is behaviour that has been labelled criminal because it is contrary to shared norms, social values, and customs. Robertson (1989:123) maintains a crime is nothing more than "an act that contravenes a law". Generally speaking, deviancy is criminalized when it is too disruptive and has proved uncontrollable through informal sanctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Classical school (criminology)</span> School of thought in criminology

In criminology, the classical school usually refers to the 18th-century work during the Enlightenment by the utilitarian and social-contract philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. Their interests lay in the system of criminal justice and penology and indirectly through the proposition that "man is a calculating animal," in the causes of criminal behavior. The classical school of thought was premised on the idea that people have free will in making decisions, and that punishment can be a deterrent for crime, so long as the punishment is proportional, fits the crime, and is carried out promptly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neo-classical school (criminology)</span>

In criminology, the Neo-Classical School continues the traditions of the Classical School within the framework of Right Realism. Hence, the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria remains a relevant social philosophy in policy term for using punishment as a deterrent through law enforcement, the courts, and imprisonment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feminist school of criminology</span> School of criminology

The feminist school of criminology is a school of criminology developed in the late 1960s and into the 1970s as a reaction to the general disregard and discrimination of women in the traditional study of crime. It is the view of the feminist school of criminology that a majority of criminological theories were developed through studies on male subjects and focused on male criminality, and that criminologists often would "add women and stir" rather than develop separate theories on female criminality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deterrence (penology)</span> Use of punishment as a threat to deter people from offending

Deterrence in relation to criminal offending is the idea or theory that the threat of punishment will deter people from committing crime and reduce the probability and/or level of offending in society. It is one of five objectives that punishment is thought to achieve; the other four objectives are denunciation, incapacitation, retribution and rehabilitation.

Crime has been recorded in the United States since its founding and has fluctuated significantly over time, with a sharp rise after 1900 and reaching a broad bulging peak between the 1970s and early 1990s. After 1992, crime rates have generally trended downwards each year, with the exceptions of a slight increase in property crimes in 2001 and increases in violent crimes in 2005-2006, 2014-2016 and 2020-2021. While official federal crime data beginning in 2021 has a wide margin of error due to the incomplete adoption of the National Incident-Based Reporting System by government agencies, federal data for 2020-2021 and limited data from select U.S. cities collected by the nonpartisan Council on Criminal Justice showed significantly elevated rates of homicide and motor vehicle theft in 2020-2022. Although overall crime rates have fallen far below the peak of crime seen in the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the homicide rate in the U.S. has remained high, relative to other "high income"/developed nations, with eight major U.S. cities ranked among the 50 cities with the highest homicide rate in the world in 2022. The aggregate cost of crime in the United States is significant, with an estimated value of $4.9 trillion reported in 2021. Data from the first half of 2023, from government and private sector sources show that the murder rate has dropped, as much as 12% in as many as 90 cities across the United States. The drop in homicide rates is not uniform across the country however, with some cities such as Memphis, TN, showing an uptick in murder rates.

Victimisation is the state or process of being victimised or becoming a victim. The field that studies the process, rates, incidence, effects, and prevalence of victimisation is called victimology.

Lawrence W. Sherman is an American experimental criminologist and police educator who is the founder of evidence-based policing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criminology</span> Study of crime and criminal actions/behavior

Criminology is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behaviour. Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists, political scientists, economists, legal sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, social workers, biologists, social anthropologists, scholars of law and jurisprudence, as well as the processes that define administration of justice and the criminal justice system.

The feminist pathways perspective is a feminist perspective of criminology which suggests victimization throughout the life course is a key risk factor for women's entry into offending.

The National Network for Safe Communities (NNSC) is a research center at City University of New York John Jay College of Criminal Justice. The NNSC works with communities to reduce violence, minimize arrest and incarceration, and increase trust between law enforcement and the public. Working in partnership with cities around the country the NNSC provides advising on implementing evidence-based violence reduction strategies. Additionally, the NNSC provides guidance on how to build trust between law enforcement and the communities it serves, facilitates connections between practitioners within and across jurisdictions, and serves as a resource for knowledge about violence prevention and reduction strategies.