Italians in the United Kingdom

Last updated

British Italians
Italo-britannici (Italian)
Counties of the UK Italian 2021.svg
Distribution of Italian citizens in England, Wales & Northern Ireland by local authority.
Total population
c.280,000 (by birth) [1]
c.500,000 (by ancestry) [2]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups
Italians, Italian Scots, Welsh Italians, Genoese in Gibraltar, Italian Americans, Italian Australians, Italian Canadians, Italian New Zealanders, Italian South Africans, Italians, Italian Belgians, Italian Finns, Italian French, Italian Germans, Italian Romanians, Italian Spaniards, Italian Swedes, Italian Swiss, Corfiot Italians, Genoese in Gibraltar, Italians of Crimea, Italians of Odesa

Italians in the United Kingdom, also known as British Italians (Italian : italo-britannici) [3] or colloquially Britalians, [4] are citizens and / or residents of the United Kingdom who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to the United Kingdom during the Italian diaspora. The phrase may refer to someone born in the United Kingdom of Italian descent, someone who has emigrated from Italy to the United Kingdom, or someone born elsewhere (e.g. the United States), who is of Italian descent and has migrated to the UK. More specific terms used to describe Italians in the United Kingdom include: Italian English, Italian Scots, and Italian Welsh.

Contents

History

Roman Britain

The Romans from Italy were the first recorded Italians to settle in the British Isles, along with other people from various parts of the Roman Empire. They came as far back as 55 and 54 BC when Julius Caesar (initially landing in Deal) led expeditionary campaigns in the south-east of England, [5] and then again in AD 43 when Emperor Claudius invaded and subsequently conquered the British islands. Historian Theodore Mommsen calculated that in the five centuries of Roman presence in the British isles, more than 50,000 Roman soldiers (mainly from The Balkans) moved to live permanently in Roman Britain. [6]

Middle Ages

Lombard Street, London Lombard Street, EC3 - geograph.org.uk - 1094108.jpg
Lombard Street, London

Continuous contact with Rome and the Catholic world was initially restricted to the Celtic Christian, Brittonic-speaking portions of Britain where trading activities continued with the Mediterranean and Italy, continuing into the seventh century as non-Christian Anglo-Saxon kingdoms began to coalesce into England. Initially, the stable Anglo-British kingdoms of Wessex and then Northumbria followed the practices of Celtic Christianity, however powerful figures such as Alfred the Great, who had been anointed by the Pope in Rome, tended toward Roman Catholicism, especially after the Synod of Whitby, drawing merchants, men of culture, artisans, and educated Catholic clerics from the Latin West including Italy.

After the conquest of Anglo-Saxon England in 1066, the first recorded Italian communities in England began from the merchants and sailors living in Southampton. The famous 'Lombard Street' in London took its name from the small but powerful community from northern Italy, living there as bankers and merchants after the year 1000. [7]

Medieval Italian craftsmanship at Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey Henry3.jpg
Medieval Italian craftsmanship at Westminster Abbey

The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey showed significant Italian artistic influence in the construction of the so-called 'Cosmati' Pavement completed in 1245, and a unique example of the style unknown outside of Italy, the work of highly skilled team of Italian craftsmen led by a Roman named Ordoricus. [8] In 1303, Edward I negotiated an agreement with the Lombard merchant community that secured custom duties and certain rights and privileges. [9] The revenues from the customs duty were handled by the Riccardi, a group of bankers from Lucca in Italy. [10] This was in return for their service as money lenders to the crown, which helped finance the Welsh Wars. When the war with France broke out, the French king confiscated the Riccardi's assets, and the bank went bankrupt. [11] After this, the Frescobaldi of Florence took over the role as money lenders to the English crown. [12]

As bankers, the Frescobaldi financed ventures for numerous members of European royal families, notably their financial conquest of England, which Fernand Braudel has signalled as the greatest achievement of the Florentine firms, "not only in holding the purse-strings of the kings of England, but also in controlling sales of English wool which was vital to continental workshops and in particular to the Arte della Lana of Florence." [13]

15th to 18th centuries

According to historian Michael Wayatt, there was "a small but influential community" of Italians "that took shape in England in the 15th century, initially consisting of ecclesiastics, renaissance humanists, merchants, bankers, and artists." [14]

Historian Alwyn Ruddock claimed to have found evidence that the navigator Giovanni Caboto ('John Cabot') who discovered North America in 1497, received backing from the Italian community in London for his voyage to North America. In particular, she suggested he found a patron in the form of Fr. Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis, an Augustinian friar, who was also the deputy to the papal tax collector Adriano Castellesi. Ruddock suggested that it was Carbonariis, who certainly accompanied Cabot's 1498 expedition, and who was on good terms with the King, who introduced the explorer to Henry VII for the discovery expedition. Beyond this, Ruddock claimed that Cabot received a loan from an Italian banking house in London 'to go and discover new lands'. [15]

In the aftermath of the English Reformation, amongst other religious refugees from the European continent, many Italian Protestants found Tudor England to be a hospitable haven, and brought with them cultural Italian ties. The fifteenth century also saw the birth of a pivotal Italo-Englishman in the form of John Florio, a famed language teacher, lexicographer, and translator. The Titus family is another significant group that settled in England in the time of the Renaissance. Notable was also Alberico Gentili's contribution to the fields of international law, who was a tutor of Elizabeth I and a regius professor of Oxford University.

The arts flourished under the Hanoverian dynasty, and this attracted many more Italian artisans, artists, and musicians to Britain. All of this developed in the United Kingdom a moderate Italophilia during the late Italian Renaissance. For example, in the 1790s, many Italians with skills of instrument making and glass blowing came over from Italy, France, and Holland to make and sell barometers. By 1840, they dominated the industry in England. [16]

From Napoleon Bonaparte to World War I

The Napoleonic wars left northern Italy with a destroyed agriculture, and consequently many farmers were forced to emigrate: a few thousand moved to the British isles in the first half of the nineteenth century. [17]

From the 1820s to 1851... accounts for 4000 Italian immigrants in England, with 50% of them living in London. The regional origins of most were the valleys around Como, and Lucca. The people from Como were skilled artisans, making barometers and other precision instruments. People from Lucca specialised in plaster figure making. By the 1870s, the main regional origins of Italian emigration to Britain were the valleys of Parma in the north, and the Liri valley, half way between Rome and Naples. A railway network had been started by this time, and this helped the people from the Liri valley to migrate to the North of Italy, and then on to Britain. The people from Parma were predominantly organ grinders, while the Neapolitans from the Liri valley (now under Lazio) made ice cream...... the occupational structure of the immigrants, up to the 1870s, remained 'substantially the same'. After this date, all itinerant employment crossed regional demarcations.... The centre of the Italian community in Britain throughout the 19th Century, and indeed to the present day, is 'Little Italy', situated in a part of London called Clerkenwell..... description of its existence then, from an 1854 print, is of a "warren of streets around Hatton Garden". Dickens' Oliver Twist and Gustave Dore's prints of London at that time fill in the images. As numbers increased and competition grew fiercer, so Italians spread to the north of England, Wales, and Scotland. They were never in great numbers in the northern cities. For example, the Italian Consul General in Liverpool, in 1891, is quoted as saying that the majority of the 80–100 Italians in the city were organ grinders and street sellers of ice-cream and plaster statues. And that the 500–600 Italians in Manchester included mostly Terrazzo specialists, plasterers, and modellers working on the prestigious, new town hall. While in Sheffield, 100–150 Italians made cutlery..... of the 1000 or so Italians in Wales at the end of the 19th century, a third of them worked as seamen on British ships, a third worked in jobs that serviced shipping, such as ships chandlers, seamen's lodgings etc., and most of the rest worked in the coal mines. In 1861,.... there were 119 Italians in Scotland, the majority of them in Glasgow. By 1901, the Italian population was 4051. By this time, the Italian communities were becoming more affluent. The Italian Scottish community was "…almost all engaged in small food shops – either ice cream shops or fish restaurants." [18]

St Peter's Italian Church in London St Peters Italian Church.jpg
St Peter's Italian Church in London

Giuseppe Mazzini lived in London for some years, and promoted the construction of the Italian church of St. Peter in the 'Little Italy' of Clerkenwell (a London neighbourhood) [19] The Italian-style basilica was inaugurated in 1863, and was the main place of reunion for the growing Italian community of London. The Risorgimento hero Mazzini also created an Italian school for poor people, active from November 1841, at Greville Street in London. [20]

By the time World War I started, the Italian community was well established in London and other areas of the British Isles (there were nearly 20,000 Italians in the United Kingdom in 1915). All Italian born subjects living in Britain at the time of WW1 were regarded as 'aliens', and forced to register with their local police station. Permission had to be given by the police if a person wanted to travel more than 5 miles (8 kilometres) from their homes. [21]

Second World War

When Second World War came, the Italians in Great Britain had built a respected community for themselves. But the announcement of Benito Mussolini's decision to side with Adolf Hitler's Germany in 1940 had a devastating effect. By order of Parliament, all aliens were to be interned. Although there were few active fascists, the majority had lived in the country peacefully for many years, and had even fought side by side with British-born soldiers during the First World War.

This anti-Italian feeling led to a night of nationwide riots against the Italian communities on 11 June 1940. The Italians were now seen as a national security threat, linked to the feared British Union of Fascists, and Winston Churchill told the police to "collar the lot!" Thousands of Italian men between the ages of 17 and 60 were arrested after his speech. [22]

In one of these transportations, a tragedy occurred: the sinking of the ocean liner Arandora Star on 2 July 1940 resulted in the loss of over 700 lives, including 446 British-Italians being deported as undesirable. [23] Italians comprised almost half of the ship's 1564 passengers; the rest were British soldiers, and Jewish refugees. [23] Sailing for Canada from Liverpool, the unescorted Arandora Star was torpedoed by the German submarine U-47 and sank within 30 minutes. [23] One historian describes it as the "most tragic event in the history of the [British] Italian community... no other Italian community in the world has suffered such a blow." [24] On 19 July, the Home Secretary, wrote a letter to Lord Halifax, the Foreign Secretary, in which he made it clear that he realised mistakes had been made in selecting Italians for the Arandora Star. [25] Lord Snell was charged with conducting a government inquiry into the tragedy. He recognised that the method of selecting 'dangerous' Italians was not satisfactory, and the result was that among those earmarked for deportation were a number of non-fascists and people whose sympathies lay with Britain. [26]

Since 1945

'Little Italy' in Clerkenwell, London ClerkenwellGreenC-composite.jpg
'Little Italy' in Clerkenwell, London

In the 1950s, Italian immigration started again to some areas of Great Britain; such as Manchester, [27] Bedford, and Peterborough, even if in relatively limited numbers. It was made mainly from Lazio. But in the 1960s, it tapered off, and practically stopped in the 1970s. However, in the later years of the UK's membership of the European Union, the UK became the most favoured destination for Italian migrants. [28]

The region of the country containing the most Italian Britons is London, where over 50,000 people of Italian birth lived in 2009. [29] Other concentrations of Italians are in Manchester, where 25,000 Italians live [30] and Bedford, where there are approximately 14,000 people of Italian origin. [31] [32]

The high concentration of Italian immigrants in Bedford, along with Peterborough, is mainly as a result of labour recruitment in the 1950s by the London Brick Company and the Marston Valley Brick Company in the southern Italian regions of Puglia and Campania. By 1960, approximately 7,500 Italian men were employed by London Brick in Bedford, and a further 3,000 in Peterborough. [33] In 1962, the Scalabrini Fathers, who first arrived in Peterborough in 1956, purchased an old school and converted it into a church named after the patron saint of workers San Giuseppe. By 1991, over 3,000  christenings of second-generation Italians had been carried out there. [34]

In 2007, there were 82 Italian associations in Great Britain. [35]

A new ethnic minority group, nicknamed the Bangla-Italo, consisting of Bangladeshi Italians formed around London, Leicester and Manchester. [36] [37] [38] [39]

British companies founded by Italians

Demographics

White Italian population pyramid in 2021 (in England and Wales) White Italian population pyramid 2021.svg
White Italian population pyramid in 2021 (in England and Wales)

Population

There is no definitive number of Italians in the UK.

According to the 2021 UK Census, there were 276,669 Italian-born residents in England and Wales. [1] However, the same source registers 368,738 Italian passport holders resident in England and Wales, [1] and this statistic excludes Italians that also hold a British passport. A study commissioned by the Italian Consulate in London [40] estimated 466,100 Italians registered as British residents in December 2021. A review article by the community interest company (CIC) I3Italy estimated around 500,000 Italians in the UK at the end of 2021. [41]

Previously, the 2011 UK Census recorded 131,195 Italian-born residents in England, 3,424 in Wales, [42] 6,048 in Scotland, [43] and 538 in Northern Ireland. [44] The 2001 Census recorded a total of 107,244  Italian-born people resident in the United Kingdom. [45] Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimates put the equivalent figure for 2015 at 162,000 [46] and 233,000 in 2019. [47] In 2016, the Italian consulate in London estimated that 600,000 Italians were resident in the UK. [48] Instead, in the UK, there are around 500,000 British people of Italian ancestry. [2]

An increase in the numbers of the Bangladeshi Italians in the UK have been witnessed since pre-Brexit. [36] [37] [38] [39]

As of June 2022, 509,100 (594,390 applications, of which 85,290 were made by repeated applicants) [49] Italians registered under the UK's EU Settlement Scheme, successfully receiving pre-settled or settled status to remain in the United Kingdom. This figure has several limitations: [41] first of all, it excludes Italians that came to the UK with a visa after Brexit. Further, it includes Italians that have left the UK: indeed, people that leave the UK after obtaining the status do not lose it before several years have passed. Finally, Italian citizens who also hold British citizenship did not need to register for the EU Settlement Scheme, so several people are missing from this statistic. According to the 2011 Census, Italian is the first language of 92,241 people in England and Wales. [50]

For the period 2015 to 2016, 12,135 Italian students were studying in British universities. This was the third-highest figure amongst EU countries, and ninth globally. [51]

Distribution

Italians and British-born people of Italian descent reside across the entire UK. Furthermore, unlike many ethnic groups in the country, there are substantial numbers of Italians outside England. Locations with significant Italian populations include London, where the 2011 Census recorded 62,050 Italian-born residents, [42] Manchester with an estimated 25,000 people of Italian ethnicity, [30] Bedford with an estimated 14,000 ethnic Italians, [31] [32] and Glasgow, which is home to the vast majority of the estimated 35,000+ Italian Scots. [52]

Little Italies

Notable individuals

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demography of the United Kingdom</span>

The population of the United Kingdom was estimated at over 67.0 million in 2020. It is the 21st most populated country in the world and has a population density of 270 people per square kilometre, with England having significantly greater density than Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Almost a third of the population lives in south east England, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 9 million in the capital city, London, whose population density is just over 5,200 per square kilometre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Italy</span> Ethnic enclave populated by Italians

Little Italy is the catch-all name for an ethnic enclave populated primarily by Italians or people of Italian ancestry, usually in an urban neighborhood. The concept of "Little Italy" holds many different aspects of the Italian culture. There are shops selling Italian goods as well as Italian restaurants lining the streets. A "Little Italy" strives essentially to have a version of the country of Italy placed in the middle of a large non-Italian city. This sort of enclave is often the result of periods of Italian immigration, during which people of the same culture settled or were ostracized and segregated together in certain areas. As cities modernized and grew, these areas became known for their ethnic associations, and ethnic neighborhoods like "Little Italy" blossomed, becoming the areas they are today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demography of Wales</span>

Demographics of Wales include the numbers in population, place of birth, age, ethnicity, religion, and number of marriages in Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish people in Great Britain</span> Irish population movement to Britain

Irish people in Great Britain or British Irish are immigrants from the island of Ireland living in Great Britain as well as their British-born descendants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2001 United Kingdom census</span> Nationwide census in the United Kingdom in 2001

A nationwide census, known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th UK census and recorded a resident population of 58,789,194.

British Americans usually refers to Americans whose ancestral origin originates wholly or partly in the United Kingdom. It is primarily a demographic or historical research category for people who have at least partial descent from peoples of Great Britain and the modern United Kingdom, i.e. English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Scotch-Irish, Orcadian, Manx, Cornish Americans and those from the Channel Islands.

British Jews are British citizens who are Jewish. The number of people who identified as Jews in the United Kingdom rose by just under 4% between 2001 and 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demography of Sheffield</span>

The latest (2021) population estimate for the City of Sheffield is 554,401 residents. This represents an increase of about 17,000 people since the last census in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)</span> Ethnicity category

Mixed is an ethnic group category that was first introduced by the United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics for the 2001 Census. Colloquially, it refers to British citizens or residents whose parents are of two or more races or ethnic backgrounds. The Mixed or Multiple ethnic group in England and Wales numbered 1.7 million in the 2021 census, 2.9% of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portuguese in the United Kingdom</span>

Portuguese in the United Kingdom are citizens or residents of the UK who are connected to the country of Portugal by birth, descent or citizenship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demography of Greater Manchester</span>

The demography of Greater Manchester is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of its ten metropolitan boroughs, each of the Greater Manchester electoral wards, the NUTS3 statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester, the 15 civil parishes in Greater Manchester, and for all of Greater Manchester as a whole; the latter of which had a population of 2,682,500 at the 2011 UK census. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater Manchester Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup.

Ukrainians in the United Kingdom consist mainly of British citizens of Ukrainian descent.

Koreans in the United Kingdom include Korean-born migrants to the United Kingdom and their British-born descendants tracing ancestries from North Korea and South Korea.

British Iraqis are British citizens who originate from Iraq.

Kenyan migration to the United Kingdom has been occurring for many decades. As a result, many people in the UK were born in Kenya, or have Kenyan ancestry. Many Kenyan people who migrated to the UK are of South Asian extraction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serbs in the United Kingdom</span>

British Serbs or Serbs in the United Kingdom are Serbs and people of Serbian ancestry in the United Kingdom.

Trinidadian and Tobagonian British people are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in Trinidad and Tobago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nepalese in the United Kingdom</span> Nepali diaspora in United Kingdom, Ethnic group

According to ONS estimates in 2019 there were 76,000 Nepalese-born people in the United Kingdom.

Algerians in the United Kingdom are residents of the UK with ancestry from Algeria. They include Algerian-born immigrants and their British-born descendants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White Gypsy or Irish Traveller</span> Ethnicity classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census

White Gypsy or Irish Traveller is an ethnicity classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census. In the 2011 census, the White Gypsy or Irish Traveller population was 63,193 or about 0.1 per cent of the total population of the country. The ethnicity category may encompass populace from the distinct ethnic groups of Romanichal Travellers or Irish Travellers, and their respective related subgroupings, who identify as, or are perceived to be, white people in the United Kingdom.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "International migration, England and Wales". www.ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Storie mobili" (in Italian). p. 83. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  3. Colpi (1992)
  4. Palmer (1981)
  5. "History Today" . Retrieved 6 October 2014.[ dead link ]
  6. Collins, Nick (22 February 2013). "One million Brits 'descended from Romans'". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  7. King, R. (1977). "Italian Migration to Great Britain". Geography . 62 (3): 176–186. JSTOR   40568731.
  8. "Cosmati Pavement". Westminster-Abbey.org.
  9. Brown (1989) , pp. 65–66
  10. Prestwich (1972) , pp. 99–100
  11. Brown (1989) , pp. 80–81
  12. Prestwich (1972) , p. 403
  13. Braudel (1982) , p. 392f
  14. Wyatt, Michael (December 2005). The Italian Encounter with Tudor England: A Cultural Politics of Translation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-84896-1.
  15. Jones, Evan T. (May 2008). "Alwyn Ruddock: 'John Cabot and the Discovery of America'". Historical Research. 81 (212): 224–254. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2281.2007.00422.x .
  16. Nicholas, Goodison (1977). English barometers 1680-1860 : a history of domestic barometers and their makers and retailers (Rev. and enl. ed.). Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN   978-0902028524.
  17. Saunders, Rod (18 December 2014). "Italian migration to nineteenth century Britain: why and where". anglo-italianfhs.org.uk. Anglo-Italian Family History Society. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  18. Sponza (1988)
  19. Construction of St Peter Italian church in London . Retrieved 7 March 2017.[ dead link ]
  20. Verdecchia, Enrico (1 October 2010). Londra dei cospiratori. L'esilio londinese dei padri del Risorgimento (in Italian). Marco Tropea Editore. ISBN   9788855801133.
  21. C.A. Volante: Identities and Perceptions: Gender, Generation and Ethnicity in the Italian Quarter, Birmingham, c1891-1938 PhD thesis, 2001.
  22. Moffat, Alistair (2013). The British: A Genetic Journey. Edinburgh, Scotland: Birlinn Limited. p. 217. ISBN   978-0-85790-567-3 via Google Books.
  23. 1 2 3 Cesarani & Kushner (1993) , pp. 176–178
  24. Colpi (1991) , pp. 115–124
  25. Foreign Office File FO 916 2581 folio 548
  26. Foreign Office File FO 371 25210
  27. "Italians in Manchester". Manchester.com. Root 101 Limited. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  28. "Italiani all'estero, nel 2016 emigrati in 124mila: il 39% ha tra i 18 e i 34 anni. Regno Unito meta preferita" (in Italian). 17 October 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  29. "Italy". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  30. 1 2 Green, David (29 November 2003). "Italians revolt over church closure". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News . Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  31. 1 2 "Bedford's Italian question". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC . Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  32. 1 2 "May the best team win". Bedfordshire on Sunday. Local World. 24 June 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  33. Colpi (1991) , p. 149
  34. Colpi (1991) , p. 235
  35. "Gli Italiani in Gran Bretagna (Abstract)" [The Italians in Great Britain (Abstract)](PDF) (in Italian). Italian Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  36. 1 2 "La migrazione secondaria: il caso degli italo-bengalesi" . Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  37. 1 2 Gostoli, Ylenia. "Italian Bangladeshis in UK: Ethnic minority fears Brexit impact". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  38. 1 2 "Meet London's newest ethnic minority: Italian Bengalis". The Independent. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  39. 1 2 Goglia, Francesco (3 September 2021). "Italian-Bangladeshis in London: Onward Migration and Its Effects on Their Linguistic Repertoire". Languages. 6 (3): 121. doi: 10.3390/languages6030121 .
  40. ""La presenza Italiana in Inghilterra e Galles" II edizione dello studio statistico". conslondra.esteri.it. Consolato Generale d'Italia Londra. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  41. 1 2 "Quanti italiani in Inghilterra?". www.i3italy.org. I3Italy. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  42. 1 2 "2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales on National Identity, Passports Held and Country of Birth". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original (XLS) on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  43. "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). ScotlandsCensus.gov.uk. National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  44. "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original (XLS) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  45. "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original (XLS) on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
  46. "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2015 to December 2015". Office for National Statistics. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals .
  47. "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2019 to December 2019". Office for National Statistics. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals .
  48. Marchese, Francesca (28 November 2016). "Could UK's Italians rock referendum vote?". BBC News . Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  49. "EU Settlement Scheme quarterly statistics, June 2022". GOV.UK . 27 September 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  50. Gopal, Deepthi; Matras, Yaron (October 2013). "What languages are spoken in England and Wales?" (PDF). ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  51. "International student statistics: UK higher education". UK Council for International Student Affairs. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  52. "Family portrait: the Scots-Italians 1890-1940 map viewer - Italians resident in Scotland in the 1930s". Map images - National Library of Scotland. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023.
  53. Little Italy. Camden Local Studios and Archives Centre. 3 March 2024. pp. 1–60. ISBN   9781900846219.
  54. "envenuti to Ancoats Little Italy, Manchester, England, UK". Manchester's Ancoats Little Italy.
  55. "Liverpool's Italian families". Liverpool's Italian Families.
  56. "Little Italy - the Italian Quarter". billdargue.jimdofree.com.
  57. "Italians in Bedford". The Guardian. 23 January 2006.
  58. "Lee Valley little Sicily". Great British Life. 3 March 2015.
  59. "Italian immigrants in Scotland". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC Bitesize.

Bibliography