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Expulsion of Japanese settlers from Manchuria (1946)
The Japanese settlers in Manchuria were the Japanese immigrants who came to Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War and settled in zones of Japanese interests (mostly in larger cities).
“With the help of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be in peace.” (1935)
After the Japanese occupation (1931) and establishment of Manchukuo, huge crowds of Japanese agricultural pioneers settled in Manchuria. The first wave of the migration was a five-year trial emigration plan. Many had been young, land-poor farmers in Japan that were recruited by the Patriotic Youth Brigade to colonize new settlements in Manchukuo.[1] The Manchukuo government had seized great portions of these land through "price manipulation, coerced sales and forced evictions". Some Japanese settlers gained so much land that they could not farm it themselves and had to hire Chinese or Korean laborers for help, or even lease some of it back to its former Chinese owners, leading to uneasy, sometimes hostile relations between the groups.[1] These mass migration programs continued until the end of World War II.[2][3][4][5] By 1945, more than a million Japanese lived in Manchuria.
On August 10, 1945, one day after the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, the Japanese Army evacuated many families of officers and soldiers. On the retreat from Manchuria, bridges were destroyed and telegraph lines were cut. As many Japanese settlers became stranded in Manchuria, mass suicides were rampant.[6]
Summary
From 1938 to 1942, the Japanese government facilitated the settlement of 200,000 young farmers as well as 20,000 immigrant families, to Manchuria. Katō Kanji was responsible for overseeing these migrations, and the Manchurian Colonial Company (満洲拓殖公社, manshū takushoku kousha) managed settling Japanese people into the country. Settlement continued until about the middle of 1945, when it was stopped due to the Japanese loss of control of the Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea.
The Shōwa financial crisis and first waves of settlement
The idea of encouraging mass migration to Manchuria was conceived by Katō Kanji, among others, who wished to help agricultural communities in mainland Japan who were suffering from the Shōwa financial crisis by assisting their migration into mainland China; simultaneously establishing a Japanese military presence via the stationing of Tondenhei troops in the area with the purpose of counteracting Soviet influence in the region. In 1936 the proposal, met with strong opposition, resulted in the preliminary settling of an average of 3,000 people over the course of five years.[7]
February 26 incident and larger waves of settlement
Due to the February 26 incident, a failed coup d'état against the imperial Japanese government orchestrated in 1936 by a group of young Imperial Japanese Army officers, the Japanese military grew to exert greater control over the civilian government. The assassination of Minister of Finance, Takahashi Korekiyo, also contributed to weakening opposition of settlement projects in Manchuria. On the 11th of August 1936, the Twenty Year Plan for the Migration of One Million Families (二十カ年百万戸送出計画) was formulated based on the Manchurian Agricultural Settlement Plan for One Million Families (二十カ年百万戸送出計画) prepared two months earlier.[7]
In 1937, the Volunteer Army of Youth to Cultivate Manchuria (満蒙開拓青少年義勇軍) were mobilized following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The following year, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in cooperation with the Ministry of Colonial Affairs initiated the Bunson Immigration (分村移民) plan. The plan detailed the distinction of "necessary farmers" and "excess farmers," and the relocation of any farmers deemed "excessive" into Manchuria and inner Mongolia. The Basic Outline of Manchurian Colonial Policy (満洲開拓政策基本要綱), which detailed policies regarding the immigration of Japanese citizens to Manchuria, was bilaterally announced and swiftly implemented in 1939 by the Japanese and Manchurian governments. These actions by the Japanese government in this time frame to encourage Japanese settlement of Manchuria heavily contributed to the 1937 to 1941 period of larger waves of settlement, and resulted in the settlement of an average of 35,000 individuals to Manchuria per year.[7]
The Second Sino-Japanese War and period of decrease in settlement
As a result of the extent of the Second Sino-Japanese War, there was a significant decrease in the agricultural labor force of mainland Japan and a sharp fall in those willing to immigrate to Manchuria. Despite this, the national push for immigration to Manchuria remained steady. The Japanese government assigned immigration quotas to prefectures, which in turn then each divided the quotas between sub-divisions of their respective prefecture.
Settlement
In securing land for Japanese settlers, extant rural villages and lands being cultivated by local farmers were designated as no man's lands due to the apparent worsening bandit situation. Local farmers were forcibly relocated to newly constructed settlements and the vacated lands were bought out at a low price by the Manchurian Colonial Company who then settled Japanese immigrants into the lands. Approximately 20 million hectares of land was appropriated for Japanese settlers, or about 14.3% of the total area of Manchuria at the time. The Japanese government attempted to keep state investment into the acquisition of immigrant land as low as possible. In March 1934, the chief of staff of the Kwantung Army published the Guidelines for the Acquisition of Emigrant Land in North-East Jilin Province (吉林省東北部移民地買収実施要項) which set the standard price of less productive land at 2 Yen per hectare, and limited the price of more productive, fertile land at 20 Yen per hectare, ranging at about 8-40% of the market value of such lands at the time. Such price-fixing was not limited to Jilin Province but also occurred throughout Manchuria.
1 2 Spector, Ronald H. (2007). In the ruins of empire: the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia (1sted.). New York. pp.28–29. ISBN9780375509155.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
↑ Sandra Wilson, “The ‘New Paradise’: Japanese Emigration to Manchuria in the 1930s and 1940s”, The International History Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1995, pp. 249-286.
↑ Sandra Wilson, “The ‘New Paradise’: Japanese Emigration to Manchuria in the 1930s and 1940s”, The International History Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1995, pp. 274.
↑ South Manchurian Railway Company, Fifth Report on Progress in Manchuria to 1936, South Manchurian Railway Company, Dairen, 1936 and Sixth Report on Progress in Manchuria to 1939, South Manchurian Railway Company, Dairen, 1939. p. 120.
1 2 3 Kishi, Toshihiko; Matsumura, Fuminori; Matsuhige, Mitsuhiro (2012). 二〇世紀満洲歴史事典 (Encyclopedia of 20th century Manchurian history) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. ISBN9784642014694.
Literature
Louise Young, “Colonizing Manchuria, The Making of an Imperial Myth”, in Stephen Vlastos (ed.), Mirror of Modernity, Invented Traditions of Modern Japan, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1998, pp.95–109.
Ronald Suleski, “Northeast China Under Japanese Control, The Role of the Manchurian Youth Corps., 1934-1945”,Modern China, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1981, pp.351–377.
Manchuria is a term that refers to a region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China, and historically parts of the modern-day Russian Far East, often referred to as Outer Manchuria. Its definition may refer to varying geographical extents as follows: the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning but broadly also including the eastern Inner Mongolian prefectures of Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Tongliao, and Chifeng, collectively known as Northeast China; the aforementioned regions plus the homelands of ancient Jurchen and their descendant Manchus ceded to the Russian Empire by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty during the Amur Annexation of 1858–1860, which include present-day Primorsky Krai, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai, the eastern edge of Zabaykalsky Krai, and Amur Oblast, collectively known as the Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria.
Manchukuo was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China that existed from 1932 until its dissolution in 1945. It was ostensibly founded as a republic, its territory consisting of the lands seized in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria; it was later declared to be a constitutional monarchy in 1934, though very little changed in the actual functioning of government. Manchukuo received limited diplomatic recognition, mostly from states aligned with the Axis powers, with its existence widely seen as illegitimate.
Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin Province in China. Lying in the center of the Songliao Plain, Changchun is administered as a sub-provincial city, comprising 7 districts, 1 county and 3 county-level cities. According to the 2020 census of China, Changchun had a total population of 9,066,906 under its jurisdiction. The city's metro area, comprising 5 districts and 1 development area, had a population of 5,019,477 in 2020, as the Shuangyang and Jiutai districts are not urbanized yet. It is one of the biggest cities in Northeast China, along with Shenyang, Dalian and Harbin.
The South Manchuria Railway, officially The South Manchuria Railway Company, Ltd., Mantetsu or Mantie for short, was a large National Policy Company of the Empire of Japan whose primary function was the operation of railways on the Dalian–Fengtian (Mukden)–Changchun corridor in northeastern China, as well as on several branch lines.
The Kwantung Leased Territory was a leased territory of the Empire of Japan in the Liaodong Peninsula from 1905 to 1945.
Jiandao or Chientao, known in Korean as Gando or Kando, is a historical border region along the north bank of the Tumen River in Jilin Province, Northeast China that has a high population of ethnic Koreans. The word "Jiandao", literally "Middle Island", originally referred to a shoal in Tumen River between today's Chuankou Village, Kaishantun in Longjing, Jilin, China and Chongsŏng, Onsong County in North Korea. The island was an important landmark for immigrants from the Korean Peninsula looking for settlements across the river. As the number of immigrants increased, the area covered by the name "Jiandao" gradually changed to reflect the areas of Korean settlement.
Manchukuo was a constitutional monarchy in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, the region being the historical homeland of the Manchus who founded the Qing dynasty of China. In 1931, it was seized by Imperial Japan following the Mukden Incident and in 1932, a puppet government was created. This was abolished in 1945 after the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II.
This article looks at the economies of Manchukuo and Mengjiang, in the period 1931-1945. The effective Japanese annexation of 1931 led to a colonial system. Japan invested in heavy industry, and to a lesser extent, agriculture.
Hakuyō Fuchikami was one of the most prominent Japanese photographers in the first half of the 20th century.
Norihiro Yasue was an Imperial Japanese Army colonel who played a crucial role in the so-called Fugu Plan, in which Jews were rescued from Europe and brought to Japanese-occupied territories during World War II. He was known as one of Japan's "Jewish experts", along with Captain Koreshige Inuzuka.
The National anthem of Manchukuo was one of the many national symbols of independence and sovereignty created to foster a sense of legitimacy for Manchukuo in both an effort to secure international diplomatic recognition and to foster a sense of nationalism among its inhabitants.
The flag of the Empire of Manchuria had a yellow field with four horizontal stripes of different colours in the upper-left corner. The colours of the flag were based on the colours on the Five Races Under One Union flags used by the Beiyang government, the Empire of China, and by the Fengtian clique. The flag was first established in Announcement of National Flag on 1 March 1932.
Chuang Guandong is descriptive of the rush of Han people into Manchuria, mainly from the Shandong Peninsula and Zhili, during the hundred-year period beginning in the last half of the 19th century. During the first two centuries of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, this part of China, the traditional homeland of the ruling Manchus, was, with few exceptions, closed to settlement by Han civilians, with only certain Manchu bannermen, Mongol bannermen, and Han bannermen allowed in. The Manchuria/Northeast China area now has an overwhelmingly Han population.
Dōwa Automotive Industries Co Ltd was a Manchukuo-based manufacturer of automobiles, trucks and armored cars. Its head office was in Mukden, the largest city of Manchukuo.
The Kwantung Army was a general army of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1919 to 1945.
Urzhin Garmaevich Garmaev was a White Army officer, lieutenant general of the Japanese controlled Manchukuo Imperial Army and general of Japanese Imperial Army. The headmaster of the Xing'an Military School.
The East Manchuria Railway was a railway company in Manchukuo headquartered in Hunchun, Jilin Province. Its mainline ran from Hunyung in Korea on the South Manchuria Railway's (Mantetsu) North Chosen East Line to Panshi on the Manchukuo National Railway's Fenghai Line via Hunchun. From the mainline there were branchlines to Gangouzi and to Dongmiaoling.
The Manchukuo National Railway was the state-owned national railway company of Manchukuo. Generally called the "國線", it was controlled by the Manchukuo Ministry of Transportation and had its lines primarily in the central and northern parts of the country. In local newspapers it was simply referred to as "國鉄". It was built, operated and managed by the South Manchuria Railway, a state-owned national railway company of the Empire of Japan, of which the Kwantung Army frequently intervened in its affairs.
The Boy Scouts of Manchukuo was a Scouting association of Manchukuo. The Japanese military seized Manchuria in 1931, created the puppet government of Manchukuo in 1932, and controlled it until 1945. The Manchukuo government also set up Japanese-style Scouting in schools, which included para-military training.
The Manshū Nichi-Nichi Shimbun was a Japanese-language newspaper owned by the South Manchuria Railway Company and printed from 3 November 1907 until Japan's defeat in the Second World War in 1945. Printed in Dairen, capital of the Japanese-controlled Kwantung Leased Territory, and from 1938 in Mukden, it was the most influential newspaper serving the growing Japanese settler population in northeastern China. In 1927, it merged with the rival Ryōtō Shimpō and was renamed the Manshū Nippō, before returning to its original name in 1935 following another merger with Dairen Shimbun, whereupon it gained a complete monopoly on Japanese-language news in what had become the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. In 1944, it briefly changed its name back to Manshū Nippō before going out of print in 1945 following Japan's defeat in the war and subsequent withdrawal from Manchuria.
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