The Yellow Turban Rebellion,alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion,was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in c. March 184 CE,during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 CE,it took 21 years for full suppression of resistant areas and emerging rebellions by 205 CE. The weakening of the imperial court and the rising political influence of ultra-autonomous regional military-governors,who helped suppress the rebellion,eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period.
Liu Bei,courtesy name Xuande (玄德),was a Chinese warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who later became the founding emperor of Shu Han,one of the Three Kingdoms of China. Although he was a distant relative of the Han imperial family,Liu Bei's father died when he was a child and left his family impoverished. To help his mother,he sold shoes and straw mats. When he reached the age of fifteen,his mother sent him to study under Lu Zhi. In his youth,Liu Bei was known as ambitious and charismatic. He gathered a militia army to fight the Yellow Turbans. Liu Bei fought bravely in many battles and grew famous for his exploits. Later,he participated in the coalition against Dong Zhuo,following this joined his childhood friend Gongsun Zan and fought under him against Yuan Shao.
Xiahou Yuan,courtesy name Miaocai,was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He is known for his exploits in western China in the 210s,during which he defeated Cao Cao's rivals Ma Chao and Han Sui in Liang Province and the surrounding areas,and forced several Di and Qiang tribal peoples into submission. He was killed in action at the Battle of Mount Dingjun while defending Hanzhong Commandery from attacks by a rival warlord Liu Bei. Xiahou Yuan's death was highly dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms,in which he was slain by Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong during a surprise raid.
Sima Yi,courtesy name Zhongda,was a Chinese military general,politician,and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Guo Huai,courtesy name Boji,was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty under the warlord Cao Cao as a subordinate of Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He. During the Three Kingdoms period,he served in Wei,the state established by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi,and lived through the reigns of four Wei emperors. From the 220s until his death in 255,he governed and defended Wei's western borders in Yong and Liang provinces. During this time,he resisted multiple invasions by Wei's rival state,Shu Han,and quelled some rebellions by local Qiang,Di and other non-Han Chinese tribes.
The Battle of Tong Pass,also known as the Battle of Weinan,was fought between the warlord Cao Cao and a coalition of forces from Guanxi between April and November 211 in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. The battle was initiated by Cao Cao's western expansion,which triggered uprisings in Guanxi. Cao Cao scored a decisive victory over the Guanxi coalition and established a hold of the Guanzhong region.
The Hanzhong Campaign was a military campaign launched by the warlord Liu Bei to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from his rival,Cao Cao. The campaign took place between December 217 and August 219 during the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period. Although Cao Cao's forces had settled in Hanzhong Commandery two years prior after the Battle of Yangping,they were worn out by an overall Fabian strategy employed by Liu Bei's forces,who used targeted attacks to capture strategic locations from the enemy. One of these attacks resulted in the death of Xiahou Yuan,one of Cao Cao's top generals,delivering a huge blow to the morale of Cao Cao's forces. Due to logistical and other issues,Cao Cao was eventually forced to abandon Hanzhong Commandery and order a retreat in June 219. Liu Bei emerged victorious in the campaign and occupied Hanzhong Commandery,after which he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" in August of that year.
Deng Yang,courtesy name Xuanmao,was an official of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Zhang Yang,courtesy name Zhishu,was a Chinese politician and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Originally from Yunzhong Commandery in the north,he eventually became the de facto ruler of Henei Commandery. Although threatened by powerful warlords such as Cao Cao and Yuan Shao,Zhang Yang still provided refuge for Emperor Xian of Han numerous times,eventually attaining the rank of Grand Marshal (大司馬).
Yangzhou,Yangchow or Yang Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China mentioned in historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu,Erya and Rites of Zhou.
Xuzhou as a historical toponym refers to varied area in different eras.
The Four Major Cases of the early Ming dynasty refer to the following mass executions and persecutions perpetrated by Zhu Yuanzhang at the start of the Ming dynasty:
Cao Biao,courtesy name Zhuhu,was an imperial prince of the Cao Wei state in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Wang Mi,courtesy name Zigu,was a Chinese bandit leader and military general of Han Zhao during the Western Jin dynasty. He participated in a rebellion led by Liu Bogen during the War of the Eight Princes but after it was quelled,he fled to Mount Zhangguang where he became a notorious outlaw and was given the nickname "Flying Leopard". After two years of banditry,he joined the Xiongnu king,Liu Yuan and his state of Han Zhao in 308. He became one of the state's most important commanders in their war against Jin,playing a crucial role in capturing Luoyang during the Disaster of Yongjia. However,Wang Mi's career was cut short after he was assassinated by his peer and rival Shi Le in 311.
Tao Huang,courtesy name Shiying,was a Chinese military general and politician in Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period and later for the Jin dynasty (266–420). Tao Huang was most notable for his administration of Jiaozhou for more than twenty years,during the Eastern Wu and Western Jin eras. He was also responsible for Wu's victory against Jin in Jiao between 268 and 271,one of the few major victories Wu had over Jin in the final years of the Three Kingdoms.
Deng Qiang was a Chinese military general of the Former Qin dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He came to prominence during the reign of Fu Sheng when he helped defeat and kill the Qiang warlord Yao Xiang,but for most of his career he would serve Sheng's successor,Fu Jian. He was a leading figure in the rise of Former Qin,along with Wang Meng,as he led Fu Jian's army to victory against Zhang Ping and Former Yan,stamped out corruption in the government and put down the rebellions of Fu Jian's relatives and Zhang Yu (張育). He and his peer Zhang Ci were known as the "Enemies of Ten Thousands (萬人敵)",a title previously held by the generals Guan Yu and Zhang Fei during the end of the Han dynasty.
Li Te,courtesy name Xuanxiu (玄休),posthumously King Jing of Chengdu (成都景王) and later Emperor Jing (景皇帝),was the spiritual founder of the Ba-Di-led Cheng Han dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Under the ruling Jin dynasty (266–420),he and many people from present-day Gansu sought refuge in Yizhou due to Qi Wannian's rebellion. In 300,he ousted the rebelling provincial Inspector,Zhao Xin,and established a strong presence in the region. He initially agreed to coexist with the new Inspector,Luo Shang,but due to conflicting interests,they eventually went to war with each other. Li Te had the upper hand early on,and in 303,he hinted at the formation of a new state. However,before he could do so,he was abruptly killed in an ambush by Jin forces. Regardless,his brother Li Liu and his son Li Xiong continued the war,with the latter finally forcing Luo Shang out from the provincial capital,Chengdu in 304. Li Xiong established the state of Cheng,and posthumously honoured his father as a king and later an emperor.
Cheng Xia was a Chinese minister of Later Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. His sister,Consort Cheng,was a wife of Shi Le and also the mother to the Crown Prince Shi Hong. Cheng Xia was thus given an important role in Shi Le's administration,although he was not very liked by Shi,as he lacked the qualities of Shi's favoured advisor Zhang Bin. Cheng Xia was a strong opposition to Shi Le's powerful nephew,Shi Hu,who he feared would usurp the throne once Shi Le passes. His attempts at diminishing Shi Hu's influence captured his scorn,and after he launched a coup in 333 following Shi Le's death,Shi Hu had Cheng Xia and his ally Xu Guang executed.
Qi Wannian,or Qiwannian,was an ethnic Di chieftain and rebel leader during the Western Jin dynasty of China. In 296,he became leader of a tribal uprising against Jin in Qinzhou and Yongzhou that lasted until 299. The rebellion raised concerns among some ministers regarding the tension between the Han and tribal people while also triggering a mass migration of refugees into present-day southern Gansu and Sichuan.
The Battle of Fancheng was a military offensive launched in 241 by the state of Eastern Wu against its rival state,Cao Wei,during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign was initiated by Wu's founding emperor,Sun Quan,two years after the death of the second Wei emperor,Cao Rui. The campaign ended with a decisive defeat for the Wu forces.
