Kazakh opposition

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The Kazakh opposition consists of groups and individuals in Kazakhstan seeking to challenge, from 1986 to 1991 [1] [2] the authorities of Soviet Kazakhstan, and since 1995, after the adoption of a new constitution and the transition from a parliamentary form of government to a presidential one, the leader country Nursultan Nazarbayev. [3] [4] [5] After, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. [6] [7] Part of Kazakh democracy movement. Supporters of the movement tend to call for a parliamentary democracy based on a Western model, with freedom of speech and political and religious pluralism.

Contents

History

1986 protests

In December 1986, well-known and long-time First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan Dinmukhamed Kunaev was dismissed from his post and was replaced by Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian which received discontent among the Kazakh public. Riots and clashes between protestors and police broke out on 17 December at the Brezhnev Square (now Republic Square) in Almaty and eventually spread to other parts in the city. As result, 168–200 people were killed and more than 200 were injured with large detentions taking place. [8]

In June 1989, Kolbin was replaced by ethnic Kazakh, Nursultan Nazarbayev, who previously served as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. After Nazarbayev's rise to power, Kazakhstan experienced in the rise of authoritarianism and corruption which faced opposition movements that were met with political repressions, eventually leading to a decline in civil activism and opposition in the country. [9]

Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan (2001)

On 17 November 2001, several known Kazakh officials and businessmen announced the creation of the Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan (QDT) where it revealed its policies of empowering parliament, direct elections for regional authorities, introducing election and judiciary reforms as well as granting more freedom to the media. [10]

A sanctioned rally by the QDT with a support by the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (QKP) was held in Almaty on 20 January 2002. The QDT called for a referendum on the need to continue democratic reforms, stronger role for the Parliament in control of the government and Prosecutor General's Office, direct elections of äkıms and the development of local government. An estimated 2000–5000 people attended the demonstration. [11]

Zhanaozen 2011 massacre

Zhanaozen has been described as "a one-industry town ... centered on the ageing oilfield of Ozen". [12] In May 2011, workers from the Ozenmunaigas oil field went on strike for unpaid danger money, higher wages and better working conditions. [13] The strike was declared illegal by local courts and the state oil company fired nearly 1000 employees. [14] Some of the sacked workers then started a round-the-clock occupation of the town square in protest, demanding better union representation and recognition of workers' rights. The strike continued for months without official interference. [15] According to Radio Free Europe, the protest expanded, "with demonstrators furious over what they saw as a stranglehold on collective bargaining and labor rights by the government." [13] In mid-December, some workers in the square began calling for the right to form independent political parties free of the government's influence. [16] On 16 December, there were clashes between protesters and police who were attempting to evict them from the square in preparation for an Independence Day celebration. Activists claimed security officers opened fire on unarmed demonstrators. Authorities claimed that "bandits" infiltrated the protesters and began the riots first, producing video to support their version of events. [17] Eleven were killed, according to government officials, though opposition sources put the death toll in the dozens. [18]

2016 protests

The 2016 Protests against land reforms in Kazakhstan were a massive, unauthorized protests that were held in Kazakhstan against the new amendments to the Land Code, which began on 24 April 2016 in the city of Atyrau. Three days later, the rallies were held in the cities of Aktobe and Semey. [19] During the first three rallies, the authorities did not try to harshly suppress the protests, but tried to calm the protesters and offer other forms of dialogue. Only on May 21, the authorities thoroughly prepared to suppress any protests in all administrative centers of the republic. [20]

2019 election of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev

Protests broke out in the cities of Astana and Almaty on 9 June 2019. The protest itself was organized by a banned opposition group the Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan which is led by a former, now-exiled Kazakh banker Mukhtar Ablyazov. [21] The Ministry of Internal Affairs reported that in Nur-Sultan, the protesters used throwing stones, objects that came to hand, and used pepper spray, which caused three police officers to be injured. [22] According to official reports, the units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the police and the National Guard took measures to ensure public safety and law and order, the squares and streets were cleared of protesters by dispersal and detentions. [23] According to the statement of the First Deputy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Marat Kojaev, on 9 June, during the protests, about 500 people were detained among which were journalists. [24] [25] By 18 June, there were reports of the detainees of about 4,000 people in all cities of Kazakhstan. [26]

2022 January events

A series of mass protests that began in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 after a sudden sharp increase in liquefied gas prices following the lifting of a government-enforced price cap on 1 January. The protests began peacefully in the oil-producing city of Zhanaozen and quickly spread to other cities in the country, especially the nation's largest city Almaty, which saw its demonstrations turn into violent riots, fueled by rising dissatisfaction with the government and widespread poverty. [27] During the week-long violent unrest and crackdowns, 227 people were killed and over 9,900 were arrested, according to Kazakh officials. [28] [13]

Opposition parties and organisations

Opposition figures

Symbols

Kazakh opposition supporters do not have an established flag, unlike the Belarus opposition. They usually use the Kazakh national flag [40] [41] and are associated with the colour blue. [42] [43]

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References

  1. ↑ Putz, Catherine. "1986: Kazakhstan's Other Independence Anniversary". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  2. ↑ "Kazakstan – Reform and Nationalist Conflict". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  3. ↑ "KAZAKHSTAN". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  4. ↑ https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ "1998 Human Rights Report -".
  6. ↑ "Who Will Run Post-Nazarbayev Kazakhstan?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  7. ↑ "Kazakhstan election: Hundreds arrested in poll protests". BBC News. 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  8. ↑ Pannier, Bruce (2 February 2012). "20th Anniversary Of Zheltoqsan Protest Marked". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  9. ↑ Matthews, Austin S (2019-04-25). "What happens to Kazakhstan's Dictatorship now that its dictator has quit?" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  10. ↑ "The story of 'The Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan' opposition movement". Open Dialogue Foundation. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  11. ↑ "В Алматы прошел санкционированный митинг ДВК". www.caravan.kz (in Russian). 20 January 2002. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  12. ↑ "Thicker than oil". The Economist. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 "A Year After Deadly Riots, Zhanaozen Is Quiet But Angry". Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  14. ↑ Demytrie, Rayhan and Shodiyor Eshaev (15 May 2012). "Abuse claims swamp Kazakh oil riot trial". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Zhanaozen – NHC concerned with crack-down on independent voices one year after". Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  16. ↑ Kramer, Andrew (16 December 2011). "At Least 10 Die as Police Clash With Strikers in Kazakhstan". The New York Times. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  17. ↑ "Kazakh oil strike: 10 dead in Zhanaozen clashes". BBC News. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  18. ↑ "Kazakhstan curfew on oil town Zhanaozen after fatal clashes". BBC News. 17 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  19. ↑ Муканкызы, Макпал (27 April 2016). "Митинги по земельному вопросу в Актобе и Семее". Радио Азаттык.
  20. ↑ Heuer, Vera; Hierman, Brent (2022-02-02). "Manhandling and mediation: unpacking the repressive repertoire in Kazakhstan's 2016 anti-land reform protests". Asian Security. 18 (3): 239–256. doi:10.1080/14799855.2022.2034787. ISSN   1479-9855. S2CID   246498660.
  21. ↑ "Kazakhstan election: Hundreds arrested in poll protests". BBC News. 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  22. ↑ Смайыл, Мейирим (2019-06-09). "Трое полицейских пострадали на митинге в Нур-Султане". Tengrinews.kz (in Russian). Tengrinews. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  23. ↑ Габбасов, Тулеубек (2019-06-09). "Сотни сторонников ДВК вышли на площади в Нур-Султане и Алматы – МВД РК". total.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  24. ↑ "In Kazakhstan, 500 Detained After Protesting Election Seen as Shoo-In (Published 2019)". The New York Times . 2019-06-09. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  25. ↑ "Kazakhstan: Protests of presidential vote bring 500 arrests". AP NEWS. 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  26. ↑ "Number Of Kazakhs Detained In Postpresidential Election Protests Nears 4,000". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  27. ↑ Lillis, Joanna (3 January 2022). "Kazakhstan: Gas price hike fuels Zhanaozen protests". eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  28. ↑ "Russia-Led Military Alliance Completes Withdrawal From Kazakhstan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  29. ↑ "Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan (DVK) – The Diplomat". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  30. ↑ "Kazakhstan: Release Opposition Party Leader: Zhanbolat Mamay". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  31. ↑ ТОЙКЕН, Сания (2022-11-09). "Активисты в пятый раз подали документы в Минюст на регистрацию партии "Алга, Казахстан!"". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  32. ↑ Service, RFE/RL's Kazakh. "Kazakh Authorities Detain Activists In Apparent Bid To Halt Protests On Country's Independence Day". Radio Free Europe/Radio/Liberty. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  33. ↑ "Dozens Of Mothers Protest In Kazakhstan Demanding Government Support". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2019-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  34. ↑ "News". Kok.team. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  35. ↑ "Казахстанская феминистская инициатива "Феминита"". Казахстанская феминистская инициатива "Феминита" (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  36. ↑ Sorbello, Paolo (2021-11-30). "Kazakhstan's Poet, Political Dissident Aron Atabek Dies". The Diplomat . Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  37. ↑ "Kazakh Activists Demand Answers After Video Purportedly Shows Injuries To Aghadil's Body". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  38. ↑ "Abdel Mukhtarov 🏳️‍🌈🇰🇿 on Instagram: "For freedom. For equality. For love. For Kazakhstan 🇰🇿🏳️‍🌈 Photo credit to talented @narrtay"". Instagram. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  39. ↑ yana-yana (2022-06-30). "Абдель Мухтаров – об истории казахстанского флага на Pride parade". Harper`s BAZAAR Kazakhstan – женский журнал о моде и стиле. (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  40. ↑ Ранение в голову, кома, неспособность говорить. Где сейчас "державший флаг" на площади (in Russian), 12 February 2022, retrieved 2023-01-29
  41. ↑ Даримбет, Назира (2022-01-22). ""Мы его расстреляли!" История Берика Абишова – парня с флагом". respublika.kz.media (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  42. ↑ "Police Accost People Holding Blue Balloons In Kazakh Capital". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  43. ↑ Putz, Catherine. "Ablyazov's Balloons: Kazakh Opposition Co-opts the Color Blue". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
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