LGBT rights in Afghanistan | |
---|---|
Status | Illegal: Islamic law (sharīʿa) is applied (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan) |
Penalty | Maximum penalty of death (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan) |
Gender identity | No |
Military | No |
Discrimination protections | No |
Family rights | |
Recognition of relationships | No recognition of same-sex relationships |
Adoption | No |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. [1] [2] Afghan members of the LGBT community are forced to keep their gender identity and sexual orientation secret, in fear of violence and the death penalty. [1] [2] [3] The religious nature of the country has limited any opportunity for public discussion, with any mention of homosexuality and related terms deemed taboo. [2] [4]
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (which governed most of Afghanistan's territory until 2021) was vague in regards to homosexuality laws; although not directly illegal, it could be punished by unofficial Sharia courts or by related crimes, such as extramarital sex. [5]
The Penal Code of 1976 was reinstated after 2001, and it had several provisions that could have been applied to LGBT people.
This Penal Code was replaced by the Penal Code Of 2018. [6]
The Constitution stipulated that Afghanistan is an Islamic republic, so it was possible for LGBT people in Afghanistan to be charged with violating Sharia law.[ citation needed ] This could have happened happen in lieu of, or in addition to charges being brought under the penal code.[ citation needed ] Sharia law based punishment was more likely to occur in isolated, rural communities where private citizens and vigilant groups sought to punish anyone who does not follow strict Islamic morals.[ citation needed ]
In the cities, persons convicted of homosexuality were generally sentenced to prison. In 2004, an American advisor to the Afghanistan government was arrested and sentenced to a prison sentence for homosexual activities with an Afghan man. Other news reports also noted that other men have been imprisoned for engaging in such same-sex sexual behavior. [7]
The Taliban took over Afghanistan in 2021 after the previous government collapsed. Under their rule, LGBT recognition is against Islamic (sharīʿa) law and homosexuals are to be punished by death. [8] [9] [10] Unlike the previous republic government, the Taliban's state have openly, either directly or indirectly, killed LGBT members. [11]
Under its first rule in the 1990s the group criminalized all sexual relationships outside of the heterosexual marriage,[ citation needed ] and would often publicly execute men and women for committing fornication and adultery and for engaging in sodomy.[ citation needed ] Gay men were the victim of honor killings by family members. [12] The Taliban also killed gay men by having those accused of homosexual acts be placed into a pit and have a stone wall fall on them. [13] In 1994, the Taliban supreme leader, Mullah Omar, saved a boy from being sodomized by two feuding generals in Kandahar and when he was subsequently given control of the city he decreed that both violent and mutually consensual sodomy would be capital crimes. [14]
The Afghanistan Law of Marriages (1971) stipulated that a legal marriage must be between two Muslim adults of the opposite sex, and that it must meet the rules of Islamic law. [15] While the law did not explicitly address the issue of same-sex couples, Article 41 of the Marriage Law stipulated that where the law was silent on a particular issue, it was to be decided based on the principles of Islamic law.[ citation needed ] Hence, Afghanistan family law did not recognize same-sex marriages, civil unions or domestic partnerships. Likewise, the Afghanistan Law on Marriages, Weddings and Circumcision (1949) spoke of marriage as something between a Muslim man and woman and stated that marriages must follow Islamic law.[ citation needed ]
Article 430 stated that it shall be treated as "Instigation of Delinquency" if an adult promotes or assists in the act of minors (under 18) being involved in the act of adultery, homosexuality or prostitution.[ citation needed ]
Same-sex relationships and marriages are not recognized under the Taliban government. [16]
Gay men have reportedly been lured to their deaths both by the Taliban government and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: according to activists, national security officials would make fake profiles on social media sites and dupe them into meeting them, often killing and raping them. In 2021, the Taliban lured a gay man in Kabul into meeting them using social media, and proceeded to rape and beat him. [17] In 2022, the Taliban tortured and killed a 22-year-old gay medical student in Kabul. [18]
No law existed in Afghanistan to address discrimination or harassment on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. In response to foreign inquiries, the Afghan Social Democratic Party stated that it "favored an international effort to fight the AIDS-HIV pandemic, but that homosexuality and same-sex marriages are opposed by all great religions." No political party or interest group expressed support for LGBT rights.
Afghanistan law prohibited a political party, interest group or social club from advocating anything that is in opposition to Islamic morality. Absent a change in the law, it was unlikely that a political or social organization advocating LGBT rights would be permitted to exist and promote its viewpoints.
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
No protections exist for LGBT people in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. [19]
Afghanistan's population is over 99% Muslim, and the country's Constitution stipulates that Islam shall be the official religion.
When publicly discussed, homosexuality is often linked with prostitution and pedophilia and the level of awareness about sexual orientation or gender identity is limited. In 2011, Afghan news reporters interviewed men who had LGBT-pride symbols on their vehicles, to find out that the men were unaware of the meaning of the rainbow flags and stickers, thinking that it was just another western fad, and began quickly removing the rainbows to avoid being seen as an LGBT people or supporters of LGBT rights. [20]
The US Marine Corps' handbook for Operational Culture for Deploying Personnel from May 2009 stated that "homosexual behavior is relatively common, but taboo, in rural Afghanistan, because there are no other outlets for normal sexual energies.[ sic ]" [21]
In 2012, Nemat Sadat, a human rights activist and former professor of political science at the American University of Afghanistan, mobilized an LGBT movement [22] and on August 22, 2013, he became the first public figure [23] to come out as gay and campaign for LGBT rights, gender freedom, and sexual liberation. [24] Sadat is considered to have broken the taboos on cross-dressing and homosexuality in Afghanistan. [25]
While gay Afghans may have been assaulted by certain state officers, the government at the time was not actively persecuting the community, and gay people could openly socialize in safe places. This situation changed after the Taliban takeover of the country in August 2021; [26] CNN began corresponding with a 32-year-old gay man Christian Hazara who (as of October 2021) was hiding in a house's basement in Kabul with his younger brother to avoid capture by the Taliban. CNN confirmed the man's identity through human rights activists.[ citation needed ] The man, whom CNN named "Ahmed" for his safety, was seeking ways to escape the country. [27]
A survey revealed that the lives of LGBT people in Afghanistan have “dramatically worsened” under Taliban rule. The report by Human Rights Watch recorded nearly 60 cases of targeted violence against LGBT people, which highlighted cases of violence, gang-rape and death threats. [11]
Militia members generally do not have access to women, so boys are sometimes kidnapped to be humiliated and raped by adult men. [28] Other boys become prostitutes for adult men, regardless of their sexual orientation.[ citation needed ]
These men involved are sometimes called bacha bazi in Persian and seem to flourish in the big cities of Afghanistan, possibly due to poverty and the strict social taboos surrounding interaction between men and women. A law has been enacted prohibiting Afghan soldiers from having their "ashna" live with them. [29]
After the Taliban came to power in 1996, bacha bazi was banned along with homosexuality, both carrying the death penalty. The young victims were often charged rather than the perpetrators under the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. [30]
In 2007, reports stated that the practice of bacha bazi is still prevalent in parts of northern Afghanistan. This practice involves teenage boys being dressed in women's clothing and made to participate in dance competitions and engage in sexual acts. [31] US-backed Northern Alliance warlords have been notorious for kidnapping trafficking and raping young boys ever since the fall of the Taliban regime, using the pretext of bacha bazi, even though they bear little resemblance to the historical practice. [32] Neither the U.S. Department of Defense nor the Afghan government took action against these crimes, despite being aware of these practices. [32] While President Hamid Karzai signed an agreement to ban bacha bazi, it was rarely enforced [33] [34] and police officers were reportedly complicit in related crimes. [35]
Prior to 2003, little or no HIV-AIDS education or treatment existed. As of 2008, the official number of people living with HIV-AIDS is 504, although the actual number is suspected of being higher, possibly in the thousands. [36] Low literacy rates, weak infrastructure and traditional social mores make it difficult to introduce comprehensive public health education initiatives.[ citation needed ]
Thus far, the bulk of the available resources have focused on fighting drug addiction and, to a lesser extent, the commercial sex industry. [37] Yet, what little is reportedly being said about sexuality is in the promotion of abstinence-only sex education programs. [37]
In 2009, the first HIV-AIDS treatment center opened up in Kabul, with more clinics promised to open soon. Access to anti-retroviral drugs is, at best, limited and preventive initiatives often conflict with deep-rooted taboos. [38] Efforts are being made to educate local and religious leaders in the hopes that they can legitimize greater public education. [38]
Legally, Article 373 of the Afghanistan criminal code stipulated that a person that spreads a "dangerous disease" by accident shall be fined, but if the disease results in death or permanent disability the punishment shall be the same as if it were an accidental murder.[ citation needed ]
Article 32 of the Afghanistan Press Law Edict (2002) prohibits publications from promoting "incitement to depravity".[ citation needed ] Likewise Article 27(D) of the Afghanistan Postal Law (1973) prohibits the usage of the postal service to exchange material that is "repugnant to public decency and morals." These two provisions could be used to censor the distribution of materials advocating LGBT rights or the general topic of sexual orientation and gender identity issues.[ citation needed ]
In 2009, an Afghan man named Hamid Zaher published his memoir titled, It Is Your Enemy Who Is Dock-Tailed. In the book, Zaher talks about growing up gay in Afghanistan, and how he eventually had to leave his country to avoid anti-gay discrimination.[ citation needed ] Because the memoir deals with homosexuality and is critical of homophobia, it cannot be distributed in Afghanistan itself, and Zaher's family has cut off all contact with him.[ citation needed ]
In 2017, the U.S. State Department reported the following, concerning the status of LGBT rights in Afghanistan:
In 2020, the U.S. State Department reported the following:
Legality | Penalty |
Same-sex sexual activity | (Execution) |
Equal age of consent | |
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only | |
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services | |
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) | |
Same-sex marriages | |
Recognition of same-sex couples | |
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples | |
Joint adoption by same-sex couples | |
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military | |
Right to change legal gender | |
Conversion therapy made illegal | |
Access to IVF for lesbians | |
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples | |
MSMs allowed to donate blood |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Iran face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Sexual activity between members of the same sex is illegal and can be punishable by death, and people can legally change their assigned sex only through a sex reassignment surgery. Currently, Iran is the only country confirmed to execute gay people, though death penalty for homosexuality might be enacted in Afghanistan.
Bacha bāzī is a practice in which men buy and keep adolescent boys for entertainment and sex. It is a custom in Afghanistan, Pakistan and in historical Turkestan and often involves sexual slavery and child prostitution by older men of young adolescent males.
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