- Botanical illustration by Johann Georg Sturm (1796)
- Leaves with silvery white variegated markings growing in Jūrmala, Latvia
- Cluster of plants with yellow flowers and silvery white variegated leaves
- Plants with yellow flowers growing in Hungary
Yellow archangel | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Lamiaceae |
Genus: | Lamium |
Species: | L. galeobdolon |
Binomial name | |
Lamium galeobdolon | |
Synonyms [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] | |
Lamium galeobdolon
L. g. subsp. argentatum
L. g. subsp. flavidum
L. g. subsp. galeobdolon
L. g. subsp. montanum
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Lamium galeobdolon (gah-lay-OB-dough-lon), the yellow archangel, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to Europe and western Asia but it is widely introduced in North America and elsewhere. It is the only species in the genus Lamium with yellow flowers. Another common name for this species is golden dead-nettle. In New Zealand, it is called the aluminium plant or artillery plant. The common names archangel and dead-nettle have been in use for hundreds of years, dating back to at least the 16th century.
Lamium galeobdolon consists of four closely-related subspecies, one of which is the variegated yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum), an invasive subspecies in several European countries. Lamium galeobdolon is also invasive in New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, but in those countries the subspecies is unknown.
Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato is a large-leaved perennial plant with square stems growing from 15 to 60 cm (6 to 24 in) tall. The paired opposite leaves are stalked with toothed margins. The leaves may or may not have silvery markings (an important character used to distinguish subspecies). The inflorescence is a pseudo-whorl of 4–16 flowers (called a verticillaster) clustered around the axil of a leaf-pair. Each flower has bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic). The calyx is five-lobed and the corolla is yellow with a prominent hood. The flower’s lower lip has three lobes with the central lobe often streaked with orange. There are two short stamens and two long ones. A pair of fused carpels give rise to a four-chambered schizocarp. [7] [8]
Subspecies of Lamium galeobdolonsensu lato are the only taxa in the genus with yellow flowers. All of the subspecies are stoloniferous except subsp. flavidum. The invasive subsp. argentatum is readily distinguished by its silvery white variegated leaves. Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon and subsp. montanum can be difficult to distinguish but assuming the plant in question is in full flower, subsp. galeobdolon has a maximum of six (rarely seven) flowers per verticillaster while subsp. montanum averages ten flowers per verticillaster. [9]
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum is characterized by the lack of stolons, frequently branched fertile stems with upright flowering lateral shoots, and 10–16 small flowers per verticillaster. [7] [10] An identification key for the remaining taxa follows: [11]
Identification Key Lamium galeobdolonsensu lato in Central Europe | |
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Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum | |
1b. Leaves generally without silvery pattern (if present, then never forming two continuous flexuous bands along the midrib); apical teeth of bracts mostly narrower; flowers relatively smaller | 2 |
2a. The uppermost bracts ovate, generally less than twice as long as wide, with more-or-less equally distributed marginal teeth, apical tooth short and obtuse, lowermost bracts narrower or only slightly wider than the uppermost ones; the uppermost leaves shortly petiolate; verticillasters few-flowered (maximum number of flowers usually 4–7) | Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon |
2b. The uppermost bracts lanceolate, more than twice as long as wide, marginal teeth towards the apex more separated, apical tooth long and acute; lowermost bracts mostly distinctly wider than the uppermost ones; the uppermost leaves with longer petioles; maximum number of flowers in verticillasters generally 6–14 | Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum |
Other taxa in the group can have marked leaves but those of subsp. argentatum are distinctive: [12]
Permanent silvery pattern on leaf lamina in L. argentatum always forms two flexuous bands along the midrib, mostly not interrupted by the lateral veins. They are distinctive particularly from the late autumn to the early spring when a contrast brownish-maroon colouring develops on the abaxial side and extends to the midrib-zone of the upper leaf side. Although variegated leaves were frequently observed in all other taxa in our study, they never matched the description above. Silvery-grey markings constituted merely separate splashes or flecks (small-sized in L. montanum and L. flavidum, larger in L. galeobdolon), not merged into continuous bands. Thus, a combination of two distinct silvery flexuous bands together with a strong chocolate-maroon zone along the midrib in winter can be regarded as specific L. argentatum markers.
— Rosenbaumová, Plačková & Suda (2004)
In particular, a cultivar of subsp. flavidum known as 'Hermans Pride' has silver-spotted leaves, [13] but even though the markings are unlike those of subsp. argentatum, the two taxa are sometimes confused.
The base chromosome number of taxa in genus Lamium is x = 9. [14] Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum and subsp. galeobdolon are diploid (2n = 2x = 18) while subsp. argentatum and subsp. montanum are tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36). A few triploid individuals have been reported. [15] The triploids are thought to be natural hybrids between diploid subsp. galeobdolon and tetraploid subsp. argentatum. [16]
Lamium galeobdolon was first described as Galeopsis galeobdolon by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753. [17] Linnaeus himself placed Galeopsis galeobdolon in the genus Lamium in 1759, and therefore the correct name is Lamium galeobdolon(L.) L. [1] [18]
Most authorities with a global scope recognize four closely-related taxa, either as subspecies of Lamium galeobdolon, [2] [19] [20] or as full species in genus Lamium, [7] in which case the group of taxa is referred to as Lamium subgen. Galeobdolon. [21] Some authorities segregate the species into other genera (either Galeobdolon or Lamiastrum) but genus Lamium remains monophyletic in any case. [22]
Subpecies | Species complexes | ||
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Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum(Smejkal) J.Duvign. | Lamium argentatum(Smejkal) Henker ex G.H.Loos | Galeobdolon argentatumSmejkal | Lamiastrum argentatum(Smejkal) Soják |
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum(F.Herm.) Á.Löve & D.Löve | Lamium flavidumF.Herm. | Galeobdolon flavidum(F.Herm.) Holub | Lamiastrum flavidum(F.Herm.) Ehrend. |
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon | Lamium galeobdolon(L.) L. sensu stricto | Galeobdolon galeobdolon(L.) H.Karst. | Lamiastrum galeobdolon(L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek |
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum(Pers.) Hayek Basionym: Pollichia montanaPers. | Lamium montanum(Pers.) Hoffm. ex Kabath | Galeobdolon montanum(Pers.) Rchb. | Lamiastrum montanum(Pers.) Ehrend. |
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum was first described as Galeobdolon argentatum by the Czech botanist Miroslav Smejkal in 1975. [23] In a comprehensive and influential treatment of genus Lamium published in 1989, [24] the Dutch botanist Jacob Mennema reduced the species to forma and placed it in synonymy with Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon. Hence subsp. argentatum was neglected for a long time and its invasion history is poorly documented. [25]
Most North American authorities recognize a single taxon, referred to as either Lamium galeobdolon or Lamiastrum galeobdolon. Multiple taxa are not recognized in North America. [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] Authors that follow Mennema's taxonomy refer to either Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato or Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon. [31] [32] [33]
There are a number of closely related taxa that hybridize with L. galeobdolon and in some cases are not unequivocally accepted as distinct species but considered subspecies or varieties by many authors.[ citation needed ] Most well known among these is variegated yellow archangel (subsp. argentatum), whose leaves often have variegation, showing as silver patches arranged as a wide semicircle. This, and in particular its large-flowered and even stronger-marked cultivar 'Variegatum', is the taxon most often met with as a garden escapee.
Both the generic name Lamium and the specific name galeobdolon were used by Pliny the Elder in the first century AD. [34] The name galeobdolon has several possible origins. [35] It may come from the Latin words galeo meaning "to cover with a helmet" and dolon meaning "a fly's sting", or it may come from the Greek words galen meaning "weasel" and bdolos meaning "fetid smell". The latter interpretation is likely the source of the common name yellow weasel-snout. [36]
The common names archangel and dead-nettle have been in use for hundreds of years. In 1578, the Flemish physician and botanist Rembert Dodoens observed that "Dead nettell groweth every where". [37] The English herbalist John Gerard used the word "archangel" in 1633. [38] Gerard believed the dead-nettles were so-named because their leaves resembled those of the true nettles in the family Urticaceae. [39] The names "Arch-Angel" and "Dead Nettle" appear in the book The English Physitian (also known as the Complete Herbal) published by the English botanist and herbalist Nicholas Culpeper in 1652. Both Dodoens and Gerard believed the name "archangel" referred to members of genus Lamium with "clusters of hooded flowers at the nodes rising along the stems like a choir of robed figures". [40] Others believe the name refers to the wing-like shape of its paired opposite leaves. [35]
Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato is native to Europe, western Asia, and portions of the Middle East. It ranges northeast of Europe as far as the West Siberian Plain and southeast to Iran. [2] Lamium galeobdolon subsp. flavidum is native to the Alps, northern Italy, and the mountain ranges northeast of the Adriatic Sea. The remaining subspecies have a center of distribution in Central Europe. [10]
Lamium galeobdolonsensu lato is widely introduced in Europe, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, [2] [29] but authorities disagree about the distribution of introduced subspecies. As of April 2024 [update] , Plants of the World Online (POWO) claims that Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum has been introduced in Great Britain, Ireland, and Italy, [3] but since subsp. argentatum is reported to be introduced in the Netherlands and Switzerland, [41] [42] the list is incomplete. POWO also claims that Lamium galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon has been introduced in Madeira, New Zealand (both North Island and South Island), and the United States. [5] However, authoritative sources based in North America implicitly refer to Lamium galeobdolonsensu lato, [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] so POWO's claim is unsubstantiated. The list of U.S. states where Lamium galeobdolonsensu lato is said to occur varies dramatically depending on the source.
Lamium galeobdolon sensu lato (also known as Lamiastrum galeobdolon) has been widely introduced as a garden plant, especially in New Zealand, Canada, and the United States where it has escaped cultivation and become an invasive species. In New Zealand, it is listed by the 2020 National Pest Plant Accord and therefore banned from sale, propagation, and distribution throughout the country. [43] [44] [45] It is also listed by the Invasive Species Council of British Columbia in Canada. [46] In the U.S. state of Washington, it is listed as a Class B Noxious Weed and therefore banned from sale by state law. [47] [48] [49] It is also a B-listed Noxious Weed in the state of Oregon. [50]
The variegated yellow archangel (Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum) has become an invasive subspecies in several European countries. In the Netherlands, subspecies argentatum was introduced as an ornamental ground cover, and by 1985 it had become naturalized and recorded in more localities than the native subspecies galeobdolon. [41] It is also invasive in Britain where it spreads by stolons at the rate of 1–2 meters per growing season. [51] In Switzerland, subspecies argentatum tripled its occurrence in four decades (1980–2020) while exhibiting "a higher growth rate and regeneration capacity" than the native subspecies galeobdolon. [42]
Based on morphological characters, number of chromosomes, pattern of geographical distribution, and phytochemistry, early botanists hypothesized that the tetraploid subsp. montanum originated as a hybrid between the two diploid taxa, subsp. flavidum and subsp. galeobdolon. [52] However, more recent phylogenetic data suggests that subsp. montanum originated from subsp. flavidum alone. Similarly, there is conflicting evidence regarding the origins of the tetraploid subsp. argentatum suggesting that it may or may not have originated from subsp. galeobdolon alone. [53]
Urtica dioica, often known as common nettle, burn nettle, stinging nettle or nettle leaf, or just a nettle or stinger, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Urticaceae. Originally native to Europe, much of temperate Asia and western North Africa, it is now found worldwide. The species is divided into six subspecies, five of which have many hollow stinging hairs called trichomes on the leaves and stems, which act like hypodermic needles, injecting histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation upon contact.
Lamium (dead-nettles) is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, but several have become very successful weeds of crop fields and are now widely naturalised across much of the temperate world.
Lamium purpureum, known as red dead-nettle, purple dead-nettle, or purple archangel, is an annual herbaceous flowering plant native to Europe and Asia but it can also be found in North America as well.
Arisaema triphyllum, the Jack-in-the-pulpit, is a species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae. It is a member of the Arisaema triphyllum complex, a group of four or five closely related taxa in eastern North America. The specific name triphyllum means "three-leaved", a characteristic feature of the species, which is also referred to as Indian turnip, bog onion, and brown dragon.
Heracleum sphondylium, commonly known as hogweed or common hogweed, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, which includes fennel, cow parsley, ground elder and giant hogweed. It is native to most of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa, but is introduced in North America and elsewhere. Other common names include cow parsnip or eltrot. The flowers provide a great deal of nectar for pollinators.
Lamium album, commonly called white nettle or white dead-nettle, is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native throughout Europe and Asia, growing in a variety of habitats from open grassland to woodland, generally on moist, fertile soils.
Henbit may refer to:
Lamium maculatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native throughout Europe and temperate Asia.
Grevillea juniperina, commonly known as juniper- or juniper-leaf grevillea or prickly spider-flower, is a plant of the family Proteaceae native to eastern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland in Australia. Scottish botanist Robert Brown described the species in 1810, and seven subspecies are recognised. One subspecies, G. j. juniperina, is restricted to Western Sydney and environs and is threatened by loss of habitat and housing development.
Grevillea victoriae, also known as royal grevillea or mountain grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to mountainous regions of south-eastern continental Australia. It is an erect to spreading shrub with elliptic to lance-shaped leaves, and pendulous clusters of red to orange flowers.
Papaver alpinum, synonym Oreomecon alpina, the Alpine poppy or dwarf poppy, is a poppy found in the Alps. The circumscription of the species varies considerably. In some treatments, the species is one of a group of related species, and includes several subspecies, four of which are found in Austria. In other treatments, it includes species that have been treated as separate, and has at most one subspecies.
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Goodenia hederacea, commonly known as forest goodenia or ivy goodenia, is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a prostrate to ascending, perennial herb with linear to elliptic or round leaves, and racemes of yellow flowers.
Asterolasia asteriscophora, commonly known as lemon starbush, is a species of slender, erect shrub in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to southern continental Australia. It has woolly, star-shaped hairs on its young branches, variably-shaped leaves covered with brownish or whitish hairs on the underside, and yellow flowers with woolly brown, star-shaped hairs on the back.
Grevillea miqueliana is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to Victoria in Australia. It is an erect to spreading shrub with elliptic to egg-shaped leaves and clusters of red and orange or yellow flowers.
Phebalium glandulosum, commonly known as desert phebalium, is a species of shrub that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has glandular-warty stems covered with silvery to rust-coloured scales, wedge-shaped leaves that are scaly on the lower surface, and yellow flowers arranged in umbels on the ends of branchlets.
Cassia javanica, also known as Java cassia, pink shower, apple blossom tree and rainbow shower tree, is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae. Its origin is in Southeast Asia, but it has been extensively grown in tropical areas worldwide as a garden tree owing to its beautiful crimson and pink flower bunches.
Asterolasia rupestris is a species of erect shrub that is endemic to New South Wales. It has heart-shaped to triangular leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and densely covered with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are yellow and arranged singly or in groups of three to six in leaf axils or on the ends of branchlets, the back of the petals densely covered with rust-coloured, star-shaped hairs.
Alyssum montanum is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Brassicaceae. It is an evergreen, prostrate perennial with small, hairy, greyish leaves. It typically grows to 10-15 centimeters tall and 30-45 centimeters across. It produces tiny, yellow, fragrant flowers from May to July. These flowers are typically 4-6 centimeters across and borne in dense racemes.
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