Land art

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Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson from atop Rozel Point, Utah, in mid-April 2005 Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png
Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson from atop Rozel Point, Utah, in mid-April 2005
Time Landscape by Alan Sonfist, at LaGuardia and Houston Streets in Manhattan, 1965-present Timelandscapeweb.jpg
Time Landscape by Alan Sonfist, at LaGuardia and Houston Streets in Manhattan, 1965-present

Land art, variously known as Earth art, environmental art, and Earthworks, is an art movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, [1] largely associated with Great Britain and the United States [2] [3] [4] but that also includes examples from many countries. As a trend, "land art" expanded boundaries of art by the materials used and the siting of the works. The materials used were often the materials of the Earth, including the soil, rocks, vegetation, and water found on-site, and the sites of the works were often distant from population centers. Though sometimes fairly inaccessible, photo documentation was commonly brought back to the urban art gallery. [3] [5] [6]

Contents

Concerns of the art movement centered around rejection of the commercialization of art-making and enthusiasm with an emergent ecological movement. The art movement coincided with the popularity of the rejection of urban living and its counterpart, an enthusiasm for that which is rural. Included in these inclinations were spiritual yearnings concerning the planet Earth as home to humanity. [7] [8]

Form

Museum paper board left on the bank of the river for 4 days. By Jacek Tylicki, S.W. of Lund, Sweden, 473 X 354 mm. 1981 Tylicki Natural Art 506.jpg
Museum paper board left on the bank of the river for 4 days. By Jacek Tylicki, S.W. of Lund, Sweden, 473 X 354 mm. 1981
Bunjil, a geoglyph at the You Yangs, Lara, Australia, by Andrew Rogers. The creature has a wing span of 100 metres and 1500 tonnes of rock were used to construct it. You Yangs Bunjil geoglyph crop.JPG
Bunjil, a geoglyph at the You Yangs, Lara, Australia, by Andrew Rogers. The creature has a wing span of 100 metres and 1500 tonnes of rock were used to construct it.
Satellite view of Roden Crater, the site of an Earthwork in progress by James Turrell, outside Flagstaff, Arizona Roden.jpg
Satellite view of Roden Crater, the site of an Earthwork in progress by James Turrell, outside Flagstaff, Arizona
Meteorite by Milton Becerra in Ibirapuera Park, XVIII Biennial of Sao Paulo, Brazil (1985). Meteorite milton becerra.png
Meteorite by Milton Becerra in Ibirapuera Park, XVIII Biennial of São Paulo, Brazil (1985).
Side Effect XI, by Eberhard Bosslet, Tias, Lanzarote, (2008) Eberhard Bosslet Intervention Begleiterscheinung XI Era Lanzarote 2008.jpg
Side Effect XI, by Eberhard Bosslet, Tias, Lanzarote, (2008)
Grande Cretto, by Alberto Burri, Gibellina, (1984-1989) Cretto di Burri - Gibellina.JPG
Grande Cretto , by Alberto Burri, Gibellina, (1984–1989)
Star Axis, looking north toward the entrance to the Star Tunnel: By Charles Ross, New Mexico, (1971-in progress) Charles Ross StarAxis.jpg
Star Axis , looking north toward the entrance to the Star Tunnel: By Charles Ross, New Mexico, (1971–in progress)

The art form gained traction in the 1960s and 1970s as land art was not something that could easily be turned into a commodity, unlike the "mass produced cultural debris" of the time. [2] During this period, proponents of land art rejected the museum or gallery as the setting of artistic activity and developed monumental landscape projects which were beyond the reach of traditional transportable sculpture and the commercial art market, although photographic documentation was often presented in normal gallery spaces. Land art was inspired by minimal art and conceptual art but also by modern movements such as De Stijl, Cubism, minimalism and the work of Constantin Brâncuși and Joseph Beuys. [9] One of the first earthworks artists was Herbert Bayer, who created Grass Mound in Aspen, Colorado, in 1955. [10] [2]

Many of the artists associated with land art had been involved with minimal art and conceptual art. Isamu Noguchi's 1941 design for Contoured Playground in New York City is sometimes interpreted as an important early piece of land art even though the artist himself never called his work "land art" but simply "sculpture". His influence on contemporary land art, landscape architecture and environmental sculpture is evident in many works today. [9]

Alan Sonfist used an alternative approach to working with nature and culture by bringing historical nature and sustainable art back into New York City. His most inspirational work is Time Landscape, an indigenous forest he planted in New York City. [9] He created several other Time Landscapes around the world such as Circles of Time in Florence, Italy documenting the historical usage of the land, and at the deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum outside Boston. According to critic Barbara Rose, writing in Artforum in 1969, he had become disillusioned with the commodification and insularity of gallery bound art. In 1967, the art critic Grace Glueck writing in The New York Times declared the first Earthwork to be done by Douglas Leichter and Richard Saba at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. [11] The sudden appearance of land art in 1968 can be located as a response by a generation of artists mostly in their late twenties to the heightened political activism of the year and the emerging environmental and women's liberation movements.

One example of land art in the 20th century was a group exhibition called "Earthworks" created in 1968 at the Dwan Gallery in New York. [12] In February 1969, Willoughby Sharp curated the "Earth Art" exhibition at the Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The artists included were Walter De Maria, Jan Dibbets, Hans Haacke, Michael Heizer, Neil Jenney, Richard Long, David Medalla, Robert Morris, Dennis Oppenheim, Robert Smithson, and Gunther Uecker. The exhibition was directed by Thomas W. Leavitt. Gordon Matta-Clark, who lived in Ithaca at the time, was invited by Sharp to help the artists in "Earth Art" with the on-site execution of their works for the exhibition.

Perhaps the best known artist who worked in this genre was Robert Smithson whose 1968 essay "The Sedimentation of the Mind: Earth Projects" provided a critical framework for the movement as a reaction to the disengagement of Modernism from social issues as represented by the critic Clement Greenberg. [13] His best known piece, and probably the most famous piece of all land art, is the Spiral Jetty (1970), for which Smithson arranged rock, earth and algae so as to form a long (1500 ft) spiral-shape jetty protruding into Great Salt Lake in northern Utah, U.S. How much of the work, if any, is visible is dependent on the fluctuating water levels. Since its creation, the work has been completely covered, and then uncovered again, by water. A steward of the artwork in conjunction with the Dia Foundation, [14] the Utah Museum of Fine Arts regularly curates programming around the Spiral Jetty, including a "Family Backpacks" program. [15]

Smithson's Gravel Mirror with Cracks and Dust (1968) is an example of land art existing in a gallery space rather than in the natural environment. It consists of a pile of gravel by the side of a partially mirrored gallery wall. In its simplicity of form and concentration on the materials themselves, this and other pieces of land art have an affinity with minimalism. There is also a relationship to Arte Povera in the use of materials traditionally considered "unartistic" or "worthless". The Italian Germano Celant, founder of Arte Povera, was one of the first curators to promote land art. [16]

"Land artists" have tended to be American, [2] with other prominent artists in this field being Carl Andre, Alice Aycock, Walter De Maria, Hans Haacke, Michael Heizer, Nancy Holt, Peter Hutchinson, Ana Mendieta, Dennis Oppenheim, Andrew Rogers, Charles Ross, Alan Sonfist, and James Turrell. Turrell began work in 1972 on possibly the largest piece of land art thus far, reshaping the earth surrounding the extinct Roden Crater volcano in Arizona. Perhaps the most prominent non-American land artists are the British Chris Drury, Andy Goldsworthy, Richard Long and the Australian Andrew Rogers. [17] In 1973 Jacek Tylicki begins to lay out blank canvases or paper sheets in the natural environment for the nature to create art.

Some projects by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude (who are famous for wrapping monuments, buildings and landscapes in fabric) have also been considered land art by some, though the artists themselves consider this incorrect. [18] Joseph Beuys's concept of "social sculpture" influenced "land art", and his *7000 Eichen* project of 1982 to plant 7,000 Oak trees has many similarities to land art processes. Rogers' “Rhythms of Life” project is the largest contemporary land-art undertaking in the world, forming a chain of stone sculptures, or geoglyphs, around the globe – 12 sites – in disparate exotic locations (from below sea level and up to altitudes of 4,300 m/14,107 ft). Up to three geoglyphs (ranging in size up to 40,000 sq m/430,560 sq ft) are located in each site.

Land artists in America relied mostly on wealthy patrons and private foundations to fund their often costly projects. With the sudden economic downturn of the mid-1970s, funds from these sources largely stopped. With the death of Robert Smithson in a plane crash in 1973, the movement lost one of its most important figureheads and faded out. Charles Ross continues to work on the Star Axis project, which he began in 1971. [19] [20]

Michael Heizer in 2022 completed his work on City , and James Turrell continues to work on the Roden Crater project. In most respects, "land art" has become part of mainstream public art and in many cases the term "land art" is misused to label any kind of art in nature even though conceptually not related to the avant-garde works by the pioneers of land art.

The Earth art of the 1960s were sometimes reminiscent of much older land works, such as Stonehenge, the Pyramids, Native American mounds, the Nazca Lines in Peru, Carnac stones, and Native American burial grounds, and often evoked the spirituality of such archeological sites. [8] [3]

Contemporary land artists

See also

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References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Land art – Art Term". Tate.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Kastner, Jeffrey (June 23, 2010). Land and Environmental Art. Phaidon Press. p. 14. ISBN   9780714856438 – via Google Books.
  3. 1 2 3 Art in the modern era: A guide to styles, schools, & movements. Abrams, 2002. (U.S. edition of Styles, Schools and Movements, by Amy Dempsey) ISBN   978-0810941724
  4. ↑ "Earth Art Movement Overview". The Art Story.
  5. ↑ http://mymodernmet.com Unexpected Land Art Beautifully Formed in Nature.
  6. ↑ http://www.land-arts.com Land art.
  7. ↑ ArtSpeak, A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1945 to the Present, By Robert Atkins, Abbeville Press, 2013, ISBN   978-0-78921-150-7
  8. 1 2 "Land Art: Earthworks that Defined Postwar American Art". Art & Antiques Magazine. April 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 Udo Weilacher, Between Landscape Architecture and Land Art. Birkhäuser, 1999, Basel Berlin Boston 1999 ISBN   3-7643-6119-0
  10. ↑ "Grass Mound | AspenModern" . Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  11. ↑ Glueck, Grace (15 October 1967). "Roland Penrose, Picasso Persuader". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  12. ↑ "Leftmatrix". leftmatrix.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  13. ↑ Francis Frascina, Art, Politics and Dissent: Aspects of the Art Left in Sixties America, Manchester University Press, 1999, p. 142, ISBN   0719044693
  14. ↑ Arts, Utah Museum of Fine. "UMFA: Utah Museum of Fine Arts". Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-09-15.
  15. ↑ "Family Backpacks Archived 2016-10-18 at the Wayback Machine ". Utah Museum of Fine Arts. umfa.utah.org. July 30, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Observatoire du Land Art". obsart.blogspot.fr. 24 May 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
  17. ↑ "Monumental Land Art of the United States". seeleyart.com. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  18. ↑ Christo; Jeanne-Claude. "Common Errors". Christojeanneclaude.net. Archived from the original on 2003-02-08. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  19. ↑ Hass, Nancy. "What Happens When a Single Art Project Becomes a Decades-Long Obsession?," The New York Times, September 18, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  20. ↑ Beachy-Quick, Dan. "Cosmic Dancer: Dan Beachy-Quick on Charles Ross’s Star Axis," Artforum, October 28, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2022.

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