 |
 | This article needs additional citations for verification .(September 2022) |
| List of Chola kings and emperors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Cholas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interregnum (c. 200 – c. 848) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Medieval Cholas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Later Cholas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Related dynasties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chola society | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The legendary early Chola kings are recorded history of early Chola rulers of Sangam period in Tamil literature and Sangam literature. The other source of early Chola history is found in the inscriptions left by later Chola kings.
The genealogy of the Chola kings as found in Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings. It contain records of kings for whom no verifiable historic evidence survives. Many versions of this lineage exist. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as Periyapuranam , semi-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscriptions and left by medieval Cholas.
Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a strong evidentiary basis and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are identical. Some historians consider these lists as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer.
Typical hero and demi-gods found their place in the ancestry claimed by the later Cholas in the genealogies incorporated into the copper-plate charters and stone inscription of the tenth and eleventh centuries. The earliest version of this is found in the Kilbil Plates which give fifteen names before Chola including the genuinely historical ones of Karikala, Perunarkilli and Kocengannan. The Thiruvalangadu Plates swells this list to forty-four, and the Kanya Plates lists fifty-two.
The Cholas were looked upon as descended from the Solar dynasty. The Puranas speak of a Chola king, a supposed contemporary of the sage Agastya, whose devotion brought the river Kavery into existence.
The story of king Manu Needhi Cholan tells of how he sentenced his son to death for having accidentally killed a calf. He was called thus because he followed the rules of Manu; his real name is not mentioned and is thought to be "Ellalan" according to Maha vamsam who was attributed with a similar story. King Shibi rescued a dove from a hunter by giving his own flesh to the hungry and poor hunter and was also part of the legends. King Shivi was also called Sembiyan, a popular title assumed by a number of Chola kings.
The Chola kings of the Sangam period and the life of people contributed much to Tamil cultural wealth. The Sangam literature is full of legends about Chola kings. However, no evidentiary basis supports this list of Kings either by way of inscriptions or by way of literary evidence (even in Sangam literature). The dates of accession are approximate interpolation of the Chronological standpoints in Tamil history.
| Ruler | Reign |
|---|---|
| Eri Oliyan Vaendhi | c. 3020 BCE |
| Maandhuvaazhi | c. 2980 BCE |
| El Mei Nannan | c. 2945 BCE |
| Keezhai Kinjuvan | c. 2995 BCE |
| Vazhisai Nannan | c. 2865 BCE |
| Mei Kiyagusi Aerru | c. 2820 BCE |
| Aai Kuzhi Agusi Aerru | c. 2810 BCE |
| Thizhagan Maandhi | c. 2800 BCE |
| Maandhi Vaelan | c. 2770 BCE |
| Aai Adumban | c. 2725 BCE |
| Aai Nedun Jaet Chozha Thagaiyan | c. 2710 BCE |
| El Mei Agguvan "a.k.a" Keezh Nedu Mannan | c. 2680 BCE |
| Mudiko Mei Kaalaiyam Thagaiyan | c. 2650 BCE |
| Ilangok Keezh Kaalaiyan Thagaiyan "a.k.a." Ilangeezh Nannan — Kadamba lineage started by his brother Aai Keezh Nannan | c. 2645 BCE |
| Kaalaiyan Gudingyan | c. 2630 BCE |
| Nedun Gaalayan Dhagayan | c. 2615 BCE |
| Vaengai Nedu Vael Varaiyan | c. 2614 BCE |
| Vaet Kaal Kudingyan | c. 2600 BCE |
| Maei Ila Vael Varaiyan | c. 2590 BCE |
| Sibi Vendhi | c. 2580 BCE |
| Paru Bonji Chaamazhingyan | c. 2535 BCE |
| Vaeqratrtri Chembiya Chozhan | c. 2525 BCE |
| Saamazhi Chozhiya Vaelaan | c. 2515 BCE |
| Uthi Ven Gaalai Thagan | c. 2495 BCE |
| Nannan That Kaalai Thagan | c. 2475 BCE |
| Vel Vaen Mindi | c. 2445 BCE |
| Nedun Jembiyan | c. 2415 BCE |
| Nedu Nonji Vendhi | c. 2375 BCE |
| Maei Vael Paqratrtri | c. 2330 BCE |
| Aai Perun Thoan Nonji | c. 2315 BCE |
| Kudiko Pungi | c. 275 BCE |
| Perun Goep Poguvan | c. 2250 BCE |
| Koeth Thatrtri | c. 2195 BCE |
| Vadi Sembiyan | c. 2160 BCE |
| Aalam Poguvan | c. 2110 BCE |
| Nedun Jembiyan | c. 2085 BCE |
| Perum Paeyar Poguvan | c. 2056 BCE |
| Kadun Jembiyan | c. 2033 BCE |
| Nedun Kathan | c. 2015 BCE |
| Paru Nakkan | c. 1960 BCE |
| Vani Sembiyan | c. 1927 BCE |
| Udha Chira Mondhuvan | c. 1902 BCE |
| Perun Kaththan | c. 1875 BCE |
| Kadun Kandhalan | c. 1860 BCE |
| Nakka Monjuvan | c. 1799 BCE |
| Maarko Vael Maandhuvan Aaththikko | c. 1786 BCE |
| Musukunthan Vaendhi | c. 1753 BCE |
| Peru nakkan Thatrtri | c. 1723 BCE |
| Vaer Kaththan | c. 1703 BCE |
| Ambalaththu Irumundruvan | c. 1682 BCE |
| Kaari Mondhuvan | c. 1640 BCE |
| Vennakkan Thatrtri | c. 1615 BCE |
| Maarko Chunthuvan | c. 1565 BCE |
| Vaer Parunthoan Mundruvan | c. 1520 BCE |
| Udhan Kaththan | c. 1455 BCE |
| Kaariko Sunthuvan | c. 1440 BCE |
| Vendri Nungunan | c. 1396 BCE |
| Mondhuvan Vendhi | c. 1376 BCE |
| Kaandhaman | c. 1359 BCE |
| Mundruvan Vendhi | c. 1337 BCE |
| Kaandhaman | c. 1297 BCE |
| Monjuvan Vendhi | c. 1276 BCE |
| Ani Sembiyan | c. 1259 BCE |
| Nungunan Vendhi | c. 1245 BCE |
| Maarkop Perum Cenni | c. 1229 BCE |
| Monjuvan Nanvendhi | c. 1180 BCE |
| Kopperunar chenni | c. 1170 BCE |
| Monthuvan Jembiyan | c. 1145 BCE |
| Narchenni | c. 1105 BCE |
| Caet Chembiyan | c. 1095 BCE |
| Nakkar Chenni | c. 1060 BCE |
| Parun Jembiyan | c. 1045 BCE |
| Venjenni | c. 998 BCE |
| Musugunthan | c. 989 BCE |
| Maarkop Perun Jembiyan | c. 960 BCE |
| Nedunjenni | c. 935 BCE |
| Thatchembiyan | c. 915 BCE |
| Ambalaththu Iruvaer Chembiyan | c. 895 BCE |
| Kaariko Chenni | c. 865 BCE |
| Venvaer Chenni | c. 830 BCE |
| Kaandhaman | c. 788 BCE |
| Kaandhalan | c. 721 BCE |
| Caetchenni | c. 698 BCE |
| Vani Nungunan | c. 680 BCE |
| Mudhu Sembiyan Vendhi | c. 640 BCE |
| Peelan Jembiyach Chozhiyan | c. 615 BCE |
| Maeyan Gadungo | c. 590 BCE |
| Thiththan | c. 570 BCE |
| Perunar Killi Porvaiko | c. 515 BCE |
| Kadu Mundruvan | c. 496 BCE |
| Kopperunjozhan | c. 495 BCE |
| Narkilli Mudiththalai | c. 480 BCE |
| Thevvango Chozhan | c. 465 BCE |
| Naran Jembiyan | c. 455 BCE |
| Nakkam Peela Valavan | c. 440 BCE |
| Iniyan Rhevvan Jenni | c. 410 BCE |
| Varcembiyan | c. 395 BCE |
| Nedun Jembiyan | c. 386 BCE |
| Nakkan Aran Jozhan | c. 345 BCE |
| Ambalathu Irungoch Chenni | c. 330 BCE |
| Perunar Killi | c. 316 BCE |
| Kochaet Cenni | c. 286 BCE |
| Cerupazhi Erinda Ilanjaetcenni | c. 275 BCE |
| Nedungop Perunkilli | c. 220 BCE |
| Cenni Ellagan | c. 205 BCE |
| Perun Gilli | c. 165 BCE |
| Kopperun Jozhiyav Ilanjaetcenni | c. 140 BCE |
| Perunar Killi Mudiththalaiko | c. 120 BCE |
| Perumpoot Cenni | c. 100 BCE |
| Ilam Perunjenni | c. 100 BCE |
| Perungilli Vendhi "aka" Karikaalan I | c. 70 BCE |
| Nedumudi Killi | c. 35 BCE |
| Ilavanthigaipalli Thunjiya Maei Nalangilli Caet Cenni | c. 20 BCE |
| Aai Vaenalangilli | c. 15 BCE |
| Uruvapakraer Ilanjaetcenni | c. 10 - 16 CE |
| Kingdom ruled by a series of Uraiyur chieftains | c. 16 – 30 CE |
| Karikaalan II Peruvalaththaan | c. 31 CE |
| Vaer Paqradakkai Perunar Killi | c. 99 CE |
| Perun Thiru Mavalavan "aka" Turaapalli Thunjiya | c. 99 CE |
| Nalangilli | c. 111 CE |
| Perunarkilli "aka" Kula Mutrtraththu Thunjiya | c. 120 CE |
| Perunarkilli "aka" Irasasuya Vaetta | c. 143 CE |
| Vael Kadunkilli | c. 192 CE |
| Kochenganaan | c. 220 CE |
| Nalluruththiran | c. 245 CE |
The genealogy of the Chola family conveyed by the Thiruvalangadu copperplate grant consists of names that corroborate the historic authenticity of legends. [1]
The Tamil Sangams were assemblies of Tamil scholars and poets that, according to traditional Tamil accounts, occurred in the remote past. Scholars believe that these assemblies were originally known as kooṭam or "gathering," which was also a name for Madurai. Three assemblies are described. The legend has it that the first two were held in cities since "taken by the sea", and the third was held in the present-day city of Madurai.
Uttama was a Chola Emperor who ruled from 973 CE to 985 CE in present-day Tamil Nadu, India. According to Tiruvalangadu plates of Rajendra Chola, Madurantaka Uttama Chola's reign is placed after Aditya II. The latter may have been a co-regent of Parantaka II and seems to have died before he could formally ascend the throne. Uttama was the cousin of Parantaka II and was the son of the illustrious Sembiyan Mahadevi and Gandaraditya.
The Pandya dynasty, also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the three great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other two being the Cholas and the Cheras. Existing since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas'. The Pandyas ruled extensive territories, at times including regions of present-day South India and northern Sri Lanka through vassal states subject to Madurai.
The Pallava dynasty existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion of the Deccan, also known as Tondaimandalam. The dynasty rose to prominence after the downfall of the Satavahana dynasty, with whom they had formerly served as feudatories.
The Chera dynasty, IPA: [t͡ʃeːɾɐ], was one of the South dynasties in and before the Sangam period history of the state of Kerala and the Kongu Nadu region of Western Tamil Nadu in southern India. Together with the Tamil dynasties of Cholas of Uraiyur (Tiruchirappalli) and the Pandyas of Madurai, the early Cheras were known as one of the three major powers (muventar) of ancient Tamilakam in the early centuries of the Common Era. They are credited as the creators of land of Kerala as they have unified various regions of the western coast and western ghats to form the early Kerala empire.
The Chola dynasty was a Tamil thalassocratic empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in world history. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka of the Maurya Empire. As one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam, along with the Chera and Pandya, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territories until the 13th century CE. Despite these ancient origins, the rise of the Chola, as the "Chola Empire," only begins with the medieval Cholas in the mid-9th century CE.
Tamil copper-plate inscriptions are copper-plate records of grants of villages, plots of cultivable lands or other privileges to private individuals or public institutions by the members of the various South Indian royal dynasties. The study of these inscriptions has been especially important in reconstructing the history of Tamil Nadu. The grants range in date from the 10th century C.E. to the mid-19th century C.E. A large number of them belong to the pandyas, the Cholas. These plates are valuable epigraphically as they give us an insight into the social conditions of medieval South India; they also help us fill chronological gaps in the connected history of the ruling dynasties. For example, the Leyden grant of Parantaka Chola and those of Parakesari Uttama Chola are among the most important, although the most useful part, i.e., the genealogical section, of the latter's plates seems to have been lost.
Vijayalaya Chola was a king of South India who founded the imperial Chola Empire. He ruled over the region to the north of the river Kaveri.
Karikala was a Tamil Chola Emperor who ruled southern India. He is credited with the construction of the flood banks of the river Kaveri. He is recognised as the greatest of the Early Cholas.
Mushika dynasty, also spelled Mushaka, was a minor dynastic power that held sway over the region in and around Mount Ezhi (Ezhimala) in present-day North Malabar, Kerala, India. The country of the Mushikas, ruled by an ancient lineage of the Hehaya clan of the same name, appears in early historic (pre-Pallava) south India. Early Tamil poems contain several references to the exploits of Nannan of Ezhimalai. Nannan was known as a great enemy of the pre-Pallava Chera chieftains. The clan also had matrimonial alliances with the Chera, Pandya and Chola chieftains. The Kolathunadu (Kannur) Kingdom, which was the descendant of Mushika dynasty, at the peak of its power, reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.
The Cholas were a Tamil kingdom of the pre and post Sangam period. It was one of the three main kingdoms of South India. Their early capitals were Urayur or Tiruchirapalli and Kaveripattinam. Along with Pandyas and Cheras, Chola history goes back to the period when written records were scarce.
Nalankilli was one of the Tamil kings of Early Cholas of the Chola Dynasty mentioned in Sangam Literature. He is the son of Karikala Chola. Nalankilli is mentioned in context with a civil war between him and another Chola king Nedunkilli. We have no accurate details about this Chola. The only information known about him is from the fragmentary poems of Purananuru which belongs to ancient Sangam literature.
The Chola military was the combined armed forces of the Chola Empire organized during two separate Tamil golden ages, the Sangam Period and the Medieval Era. The Chola military fought dozens of wars, it also underwent numerous changes in structure, organization, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting Tamil traditions.
The region of Tamil Nadu in the southeast of modern India, shows evidence of having had continuous human habitation from 15,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE. Throughout its history, spanning the early Upper Paleolithic age to modern times, this region has coexisted with various external cultures.
There are literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic sources of ancient Tamil history. The foremost among these sources is the Sangam literature, generally dated to 5th century BCE to 3rd century CE. The poems in Sangam literature contain vivid descriptions of the different aspects of life and society in Tamilakam during this age; scholars agree that, for the most part, these are reliable accounts. Greek and Roman literature, around the dawn of the Christian era, give details of the maritime trade between Tamilakam and the Roman empire, including the names and locations of many ports on both coasts of the Tamil country. There are evidences as could be seen comparing standard forms of Sumerian literature and those recovered through present form of Tamil, for example the word for father in Sumerian transliteration is given as, "a-ia" that could easily be compared with Tamil word, "ayya". This also places ancient form of Tamil to early Sumerian period, say as ancient as 3500 BC.
Atiyamāṉ were a royal Velir dynasty. These king-chiefs ruled from their capital Tagadur from at least the 3rd century BCE. The royal house was one of the four kingdoms of Tamilakam, ruling parts of the Kongu Nadu. They were surrounded by the Cheras to the west and the Pandyas and Cholas to the east.
The Tondaiman family were Tamil rulers of the ancient Tondai Nadu (Tondaimandalam) division of Tamilakkam in South India. Their capital was at Kanchipuram.
Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan or Ilamtiraiyan was a ruler of Kanchipuram and a contemporary of the Early Chola king, Karikala. He is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Pallava dynasty. Ilandiraiyan is referred to in the literature of the Sangam period and is the hero of some of the poems in the Pathupattu. He was a poet himself and four of his songs are extant even today. He ruled from Tondaimandalam and was known as 'Tondaman'. According to historian S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar, the Pallavas were natives of Tondaimandalam and the name Pallava is identical with the word Tondaiyar.
The Three Crowned rulers, or the Three Glorified by Heaven, or World of the Three or The Tamil Kings, primarily known as Muvendar, refers to the triumvirate of Chera, Chola and Pandya who dominated the politics of the ancient Tamil country, Tamilakam, from their three Nadu (countries) of Chola Nadu, Pandya Nadu and Chera Nadu in southern India. They signalled a time of integration and political identity for the Tamil people. They frequently waged war against one another under a period of instability and between each other, held control over Greater Tamilakam from 6th century BCE to the 13th century.
Tamil dynasties are the kingdoms who ruled over present day Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Odisha. These include the Pallavas, the Pandyas, the Cholas and the Cheras.