Elections in the District of Columbia |
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The District of Columbia (a political division coterminous with Washington, D.C.) has had a system of direct voting since 1979, shortly after it gained home rule in 1973. Residents have the ability to place new legislation, or legislation recently passed by the city council, on the ballot for a popular vote. The district has three types of ballot measures that can be voted on in a general election: District Charter amendments, initiatives and referendums. In order to be placed on the ballot, supporters of a measure must gather signatures from registered voters. [1]
Since adopting this process, ballot measures have become a common part of the city's electoral system. As of 2022, [update] more than 150 different initiatives had been filed with the district, along with a significantly smaller number of referendums; of those, only 29 have met the required qualifications to be placed on the ballot. [2] [3] Ballot measures have been used to legalize politically contentious policies such as local term limits, abolition of the tipped minimum wage, [4] cannabis use, [5] and advancements in the District of Columbia statehood movement. [6]
Since the late 1800s, the residents of the District of Columbia, have campaigned for control over their own affairs. In a substantial leap forward, the United States Congress passed the District of Columbia Home Rule Act in 1973, which devolved some of its powers to the city. [7] Just a few years later in 1979, the newly formed city council passed the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall Procedures Act. [8] This act created a process of direct democracy in which residents could enact their own laws or repeal existing laws.
The prominence of ballot measures has allowed Washington, D.C., to lead the nation in social issues. In 2014, residents approved Initiative 71, which legalized cannabis for recreational use, making the district the third U.S. jurisdiction behind Colorado and Washington state. [5] The Entheogenic Plant and Fungus Policy Act of 2020 made the city the fourth U.S. jurisdiction to decriminalize entheogens. [9] In 2022, voters approved Initiative 82, which eliminates the tipped minimum wage over five years, after an earlier initiative ultimately failed. It joined eight states in abolishing the practice. [4]
Residents have also used ballot measures to expand their voting rights and (by extension) campaign for admitting the District of Columbia into the Union as the 51st state. An initiative in 1980 directed the D.C. government to begin the process of moving towards statehood due to the stalled and limited-in-scope voting rights amendment. [10] Voters made the Attorney General for the District of Columbia an elected office beginning in 2014. [11] An advisory referendum in 2016 showed that nearly 90 percent of residents support statehood, and it directed the D.C. Council to make formal statehood petitions to Congress. [6]
District Charter amendments are changes to the District of Columbia Home Rule Charter, the law that established the D.C. government and its authority. [12] They require a majority vote to pass the D.C. Council, a majority of voters to approve the amendment, and then are submitted to Congress for a 35-business day congressional review period. If Congress does not pass a resolution of disapproval, the amendment is adopted. [13]
There are two types of referendums in the District of Columbia:
The D.C. government has concluded that approved ballot measures become self-enacting –meaning the government does not need to take action, such as an approving signature or proclamation, for the measure to take effect. [16] However, many approved ballot measures have been invalidated by either the D.C. Council or Congress, much to the frustration of residents.
The Initiative, Referendum, and Recall Procedures Act gives the D.C. Council the power to reverse voter-approved initiatives, as it did in 2001 regarding term limits and in 2019 regarding the tipped minimum wage. [17] [18]
Congress has ultimate authority over the district, including its budget. As a result, members of Congress, who do not represent the district and are not accountable to them, often add little-noticed clauses and amendments to the budget in order to manipulate or block the implementation of the city's laws. [19] Two ballot measures were interfered with using this method:
Initiative 77 was threatened by an amendment written by Congressmen Mark Meadows and Gary Palmer to block it from taking effect. [22] The amendment did not appear in the final enacted budget bill; [23] it was instead repealed by the D.C. Council.
Year | Measure name | Description | Status | Yes votes | No votes | Ref. |
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1980 | Initiative 2 | An initiative to legalize some forms of gambling, including a lottery, bingo, raffles, and some sports betting [24] | Failed | 14,871 (39.23%) | 23,032 (60.77%) | [25] |
Initiative 3 | An initiative to begin the process of moving the District of Columbia to statehood [10] | Passed | 90,533 (59.7%) | 60,972 (40.2%) | [26] [27] | |
Initiative 6 | An initiative to legalize some forms of gambling for charitable purposes [26] | Passed | 104,899 (63.6%) | 59,833 (36.3%) | [26] [27] | |
1981 | Initiative 7 | An initiative to provide tuition tax credits for public education [28] | Failed | 8,904 (10.76%) | 73,829 (89.24%) | [29] |
1982 | Initiative 9 | An initiative to require a mandatory minimum prison sentence, without the opportunity for parole, for people convicted for some crimes [30] | Passed | 82,238 (72.25%) | 31,579 (27.75%) | [30] [31] |
Initiative 10 | An initiative supporting a nuclear freeze between the United States and the USSR [32] | Passed | 77,521 (69.91%) | 33,369 (30.09%) | [33] | |
1983 | Initiative 11 | An initiative to require the preservation of the historic Rhodes' Tavern and protect it from development [34] | Passed | 22,114 (59.68%) | 14,938 (40.32%) | [35] |
1984 | Initiative 17 | An initiative to guarantee a right to adequate overnight shelter for homeless people [30] | Passed; repealed [36] | 109,080 (72.12%) | 42,159 (27.88%) | [37] |
1985 | Referendum 1 | A referendum to maintain rent control provisions for some kinds of housing [30] | Passed | 22,920 (50.82%) | 22,183 (49.18%) | [38] |
1987 | Initiative 25 | An initiative stating that the funding of public education is a high priority and requiring the government adhere to a schedule of public hearings for public education funding [39] | Passed | 54,729 (77.14%) | 16,223 (22.86%) | [26] [40] |
Initiative 28 | An initiative to require beverage retailers provide a five-cent refund for all cans and bottles returned [30] | Failed | 42,574 (55.00%) | 34,834 (45.00%) | [41] | |
1990 | Referendum 5 | A referendum to guarantee a right to adequate overnight shelter for homeless people [42] | Failed | 60,734 (48.72%) | 63,913 (51.28%) | [43] |
1991 | Initiative 31 | An initiative to ban horse-drawn carriages from operating on public streets [44] | Failed | 19,429 (38.00%) | 31,403 (62.00%) | [45] |
Referendum 6 | A referendum to hold gun manufacturers liable when use of their weapons results in pain, death, or medical expenses [30] | Passed | 40,196 (77.00%) | 11,692 (23.00%) | [45] | |
1992 | Initiative 41 | An initiative to limit individual contributions for local elections [46] | Passed | 122,502 (64.70%) | 66,843 (35.30%) | [47] |
Initiative 43 | An initiative to authorize the death penalty for local inmates convicted of first-degree murder [30] | Failed | 66,303 (32.86%) | 135,465 (67.14%) | [47] | |
1993 | Initiative 37 | An initiative calling for the United States and former members of the USSR to denuclearize and direct funding towards human services [48] [49] | Passed | 41,702 (56.26%) | 32,422 (43.74%) | [50] |
1994 | Initiative 49 | An initiative limiting the mayor, councilmembers, and school board members to two consecutive terms [51] | Passed; repealed [17] | 83,865 (62.00%) | 52,116 (38.00%) | [52] |
1996 | Initiative 51 | An initiative to allow residents to challenge commercial property assessments [53] | Failed | 110,523 (80.00%) | 27,982 (20.00%) | [54] |
1998 | Initiative 59 | An initiative to legalize the possession, cultivation, and distribution of cannabis for medical reasons [55] | Passed; temporarily blocked [lower-alpha 1] | 75,536 (69.00%) | 34,621 (31.00%) | [58] |
2000 | Charter Amendment 3 | A charter amendment reducing the size of the State Board of Education from eleven members to nine members [30] | Passed | 20,511 (51.00%) | 19,668 (49.00%) | [59] |
2002 | Initiative 62 | An initiative to allow some nonviolent drug offenders to go through a treatment program rather than drug courts [60] | Passed | 86,162 (78.17%) | 24,063 (21.83%) | [61] |
2010 | Proposed Charter Amendment IV | A referendum to make the D.C. attorney general position an elected office [11] | Passed | 90,316 (75.78%) | 28,868 (24.22%) | [62] |
2013 | Proposed Charter Amendment VIII | A referendum to grant Washington, D.C., budget autonomy from the United States federal budget [63] | Passed | 46,788 (86.33%) | 7,411 (13.67%) | [64] |
2014 | Initiative 71 | An initiative to legalize the possession and cultivation of cannabis for personal use in small amounts [65] | Passed; partially blocked [21] | 115,050 (70.06%) | 49,168 (29.94%) | [66] |
2016 | Advisory Referendum B | A referendum approving a state constitution and encouraging the D.C. Council to petition Congress to admit the District of Columbia as the 51st state [67] | Passed | 244,134 (78.48%) | 40,779 (13.11%) | [68] |
2018 | Initiative 77 | An initiative to increase the minimum wage for tipped employees to the same level as non-tipped employees [69] | Passed; repealed [70] | 47,230 (55.74%) | 37,504 (44.26%) | [71] |
2020 | Initiative 81 | An initiative to require police to treat entheogenic plants and fungi as a lowest-priority offense, a form of effective decriminalization [72] | Passed | 214,685 (76.18%) | 67,140 (23.82%) | [73] |
2022 | Initiative 82 | An initiative to increase the minimum wage for tipped employees to the same level as non-tipped employees [74] | Passed | 132,925 (73.94%) | 46,861 (26.06%) | [75] |
In the politics of the United States, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens of many U.S. states to place legislation on the ballot for a referendum or popular vote, either enacting new legislation, or voting down existing legislation. Citizens, or an organization, might start an initiative to gather a predetermined number of signatures to qualify the measure for the ballot. The measure is placed on the ballot for the referendum, or actual vote.
District of Columbia home rule is the District of Columbia residents' ability to govern their local affairs. As the federal capital, the Constitution grants the United States Congress exclusive jurisdiction over the District in "all cases whatsoever".
Same-sex marriage has been legal in the District of Columbia since March 3, 2010. On December 18, 2009, Mayor Adrian Fenty signed a bill passed by the D.C. Council on December 15 legalizing same-sex marriage. Following the signing, the measure entered a mandatory congressional review of 30 work days. Marriage licenses became available on March 3, and marriages began on March 9, 2010. The District of Columbia was the first jurisdiction in the United States below the Mason–Dixon line to allow same-sex couples to marry.
The D.C. Statehood Green Party, known as the DC Statehood Party prior to 1999, is a green progressive political party in the District of Columbia. The party is the D.C. affiliate of the national Green Party but has traditionally elevated issues of District of Columbia statehood movement as its primary focus. Party members refer to the Statehood Green Party as the second most popular party in the District because, historically, STG candidates win the second highest vote totals in the city, ahead of the Republican Party but behind the Democratic Party. As of February 2023, there are approximately 4,140 voters registered in the Statehood Green Party, or 0.79% of registered voters in the city.
The District of Columbia holds general elections every two years to fill various D.C. government offices, including mayor, attorney general, members of the D.C. Council, members of the D.C. State Board of Education, and members of its Advisory Neighborhood Commissions. Special elections may be held to fill vacancies at other points in time. Additionally, citywide ballot measures may be proposed and voted on.
With the enactment of the 23rd amendment to the Constitution in 1961, the district has been permitted to participate in presidential elections. It is part of the "blue wall", having voted for all Democratic nominees since 1964.
The attorney general for the District of Columbia is the chief legal officer of the District of Columbia. While attorneys general previously were appointed by the mayor, District of Columbia voters approved a charter amendment in 2010 that made the office an elected position beginning in 2015.
David Grosso is an American attorney and politician. He is a former at-large member of the Council of the District of Columbia who lives in Brookland. A native Washingtonian, he graduated from Earlham College and Georgetown University Law Center. Grosso is a member of the D.C. Bar. Following the completion of his second term on the D.C. Council, he joined the law firm Arent Fox as a lobbyist.
Initiative 71 was a voter-approved ballot measure in Washington, D.C., that legalized the recreational use of cannabis. The short title of the initiative was "Legalization of Possession of Minimal Amounts of Marijuana for Personal Use Act of 2014". The measure was approved by 64.87% of voters on November 4, 2014 and went into full effect on February 26, 2015.
Initiative 59 was a 1998 ballot initiative in Washington, D.C., that sought to legalize medical cannabis. The short title of the initiative was "Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Treatment Initiative of 1998". Though the initiative passed with 69% of the vote in November 1998, its implementation was delayed by Congress's passage of the Barr Amendment, which prohibited DC from using its funds in support of the program. This Amendment delayed the start of the medical marijuana program until it was effectively overturned in 2009, with the first DC customer legally purchasing medical cannabis at a dispensary in the District in 2013.
The 2020 United States elections were held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. The Democratic Party's nominee, former vice president Joe Biden, defeated incumbent Republican president Donald Trump in the presidential election. Despite losing seats in the House of Representatives, Democrats retained control of the House and gained control of the Senate. As a result, the Democrats obtained a government trifecta, the first time since the elections in 2008 that the party gained unified control of Congress and the presidency. With Trump losing his bid for re-election, he became the first defeated incumbent president to have overseen his party lose the presidency and control of both the House and the Senate since Herbert Hoover in 1932. This was the first time since 1980 that either chamber of Congress flipped partisan control in a presidential year, and the first time Democrats did so since 1948.
A referendum on statehood for the District of Columbia was held on November 8, 2016. It was the first referendum on statehood to be held in the district. The District of Columbia was created following the passage of the Residence Act on July 9, 1790, which approved the creation of a national capital, the City of Washington on the Potomac River.
In Washington, D.C., cannabis is legal for both medical use and recreational use for possession, personal use, cultivation, transportation and gifting, and for retail sale once a regulatory system is implemented following an affirmative vote by the residents on a 2014 ballot initiative. The United States Congress exercises oversight over the government of the District of Columbia, preventing the local government from regulating cannabis sales like other jurisdictions with authority derived from a U.S. state.
Initiative 77 was a voter-approved ballot initiative in Washington, D.C., to phase out the special minimum wage for tipped employees as part of the national Fight for $15 campaign. In the June 2018 primary election, D.C. voters approved Initiative 77 by a margin of 56% to 44%; however, the D.C. Council repealed the initiative in October before it could enter into force. In 2022, a nearly identical Initiative 82 was approved for the November 8, 2022 election.
On November 8, 2022, Washington, D.C., held an election for its mayor. Incumbent Democrat Muriel Bowser was elected to a third term. The Republican nominee, Stacia Hall, received 2,368 votes in the primary, and independent candidate Rodney "Red" Grant garnered 4,700 signatures to gain ballot access. Both appeared on the general election ballot along with Libertarian Party candidate Dennis Sobin. D.C. Statehood Green Party nominee Corren Brown did not appear on the general election ballot.
On November 3, 2020, the District of Columbia held elections for several local and federal government offices. Its primary elections were held on June 2, 2020.
Initiative 81 was a Washington, D.C. voter-approved ballot initiative that changed the police priorities related to the possession, consumption, and cultivation of entheogenic plants and fungi. The short title of the initiative was Entheogenic Plant and Fungus Policy Act of 2020. The measure was approved by 76% of voters on November 3, 2020 and went into effect on March 16, 2021.
Initiative 82 was a voter-approved ballot initiative in Washington, D.C., to phase out the special minimum wage for tipped employees as part of the national Fight for $15 campaign. In the November 2022 general election, D.C. voters approved Initiative 82 by a margin of 74% to 26%, though about 12% of all participating voters did not vote on the initiative. It was nearly identical to Initiative 77, a ballot measure in the 2018 primary election that was approved by D.C. voters but later overturned by the D.C. Council before it could enter into force.
The following is a list of ballot measures which were on the ballot for the 2022 United States elections. Some were held prior to the federal elections on November 8. Many were initiated by state legislatures, while others were initiated by public petitions.
D.C. will join Denver, Colorado, as well as Oakland and Santa Cruz, California, where laws are in place to decriminalize psychoactive plants and fungi.