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Most sovereign states have alternative names. Some countries have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. This article attempts to give all known alternative names and initialisms for all nations, countries, and sovereign states, in English and any predominant or official languages of the country in question.
Countries are listed alphabetically by their description, the most common name or term that is politically neutral and unambiguous. This may be followed by a note as to the status of the description used.
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto official, English), Da Afġānistān Islāmī Amārāt (de facto official, Pashto), imārāt-i islāmī-yi Afġānistān (de facto official, Dari). From 2004 to 2011, it was known as Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure official, English), Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat (de jure official, Pashto), Jumhūrī-yi islāmī-yi Afġānistān (de jure official, Dari). For names of prior states existing in Afghanistan, see History of Afghanistan
Republic of Albania (official, English), Republika e Shqipërisë (official, Albanian), Arnavutluk (Turkish), Arbanon (former, English), People's Socialist Republic of Albania (former official, English), Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë (former official, Albanian), Albanian Kingdom (former official, English), Mbretnija Shqiptare (former official, Albanian)
Antigua and Barbuda (official, English), Wadadli (the name the island of Antigua was originally called by Arawaks and is sometimes locally known by today)
Argentine Republic (official, English), la Argentina (colloquial, Spanish), the Argentine (archaic, English), Argentine Nation (official and legally preferred, English), United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (former official, English), Argentine Confederation (former official, English)
Republic of Austria (official, English), Republik Österreich (official, German), Österreich (common, German), Federal Republic of Austria (former official, English), Cisleithania (former, English), Cisleithanien (former, German)
Republic of Azerbaijan (official, English), Azərbaycan Respublikası (official, Azerbaijani), Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (former official, English), Azerbaijan SSR (former short, English), Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы (former official, Azerbaijani)
People's Republic of Bangladesh (official, English), বাংলাদেশBangladesh (common name, meaning the country of Bengal), গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশGônôprôjatôntri Bangladesh (long official name in Bengali), বাংলাBangla (alternative name meaning the geographical land of Bengal), বঙ্গBônggô (Bongo, historical name for geographical area of Bengal), গঙ্গাঋদ্ধিGônggarriddhi (ancient name for Bengal region), Bengal Presidency (former political name), পূর্ববঙ্গPurbô Bônggô (former political name), East Bengal (former political name), পূর্ব পাকিস্তানPurbô Pakistan (former political name), East Pakistan (former political name)
Republic of Belarus (official, English), Рэспубліка БеларусьRespublika Bielaruś (Belarusian, official), Byelorussia (former name), White Russia (outdated)
Plurinational State of Bolivia (official, English), Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia (official, Spanish), Republic of Bolívar (former official, English), Republic of Bolivia (former official, English)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (official, English), Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (former official, English), Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (former official, English), Bosnia (colloquial, English)
Federative Republic of Brazil (official, English), Pindorama (in Tupi and Guarani, native languages), Terra de Santa Cruz (early Portuguese colonization), Ilha de Vera Cruz (former, Portuguese), Empire of Brazil (former, English), United States of Brazil (former, English), República Federativa do Brasil (official, Portuguese)
Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (official, English), State of Brunei (colonial name, English), Negara Brunei Darussalam (Malay), Brunei Darussalam (Malay), نڬارا بروني دارالسلام (Jawi)
Republic of Bulgaria (official, English), Република БългарияRepublika Bǎlgariya (official, Bulgarian), People's Republic of Bulgaria (former official, English), Bulgaristan (Turkish)
Burkina Faso (official, English), Upper Volta (former name, English), Haute-Volta (former name, French), Bourkina-Fasso (unofficial French form in the first few days after the 1984 change from Upper Volta until the government clarified the official spelling)
Republic of Burundi (official, English), Republika y'Uburundi (official, Kirundi), République du Burundi (official, French), Kingdom of Burundi (former official, English)
Canada (official, English and French), Dominion of Canada (historical long form, English), Dominion du Canada (historical long form, French), Acadia (French colony)
Republic of Cabo Verde (official, English), República de Cabo Verde (official, Portuguese), Repúblika di Kabu Verdi (official, Cape Verdean Creole), Cabo Verde (official, Portuguese and English; the Government of Cabo Verde now uses that form for official purposes in English as well as Portuguese)
Republic of Chile (official, English), Chilli (Mapuche), Chili (Quechua), Reino de Chile (colonial Spanish), Capitania general de Chile (colonial Spanish)
People's Republic of China (official, English), 中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó), PRC (initialism), China中国 (Zhōngguó) (common, ambiguous), Communist China (colloquial, mainly used by Western countries), Red China (colloquial, mainly derogatory), 中共(Zhōnggòng) (colloquial and mainly derogatory, mainly used by the ROC with a cognate used in Vietnam), Mainland China / 中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù) / 中国內地 (Zhōngguó nèidì) (colloquial, refers to the area that the PRC Government administers since the end of the Chinese Civil War), New China/新中国 (Xīn Zhōngguó) (colloquial, pro-Communist), Shenzhou/神州, Ch'in Empire, Cathay (obsolete, now mainly used poetically), the Middle Kingdom (colloquial, loose translation of the common endonym), Sina (Latin name, often used in adjective compounds) Zhongguo is the name for China in Chinese language. CN (alpha-2 code)
Republic of China/中華民國 (official), Taiwana臺灣/台灣 (Táiwān) (common), ROC (initialism), Chinese Taipei/中華台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi) (international designation), Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu/台灣、澎湖、金門及馬祖個別關稅領域 (international designation), Taipei, China (designation used by China to imply that Taiwan is part of China), Taiwan, Province of China (UN designation), Governing authorities on Taiwan (name used by the Taiwan Relations Act from 1 January 1979), China/中國 (Zhōngguó) (more common until 1979, ambiguous), Nationalist China (obsolete), Free China (obsolete, pro-Nationalist), Formosa (former, English), 高砂 (takasago) or 高砂国 (takasagokogu) (obsolete, Japanese).
Republic of Colombia (official, English), República de Colombia (official, Spanish), Estados Unidos de Colombia (former official, Spanish), Confederación Granadina (former official, Spanish), República de la Nueva Granada (former official, Spanish)
Union of the Comoros (official, English), Union des Comores (official, French), Udzima wa Komori (official, Swahili), al-Ittiḥād al-Qumurī (official, Arabic), United Republic of the Comoros (official, English)
Republic of the Congo (official, English), Congo-Brazzavillea, Congo Republica, République du Congo (official, French), Repubilika ya Kôngo (official, Kituba), Republíki ya Kongó (official, Lingala)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (official, English), Zaire (former official name, 1971 to 1997; still occasionally used to distinguish it from Republic of the Congo), DRC (initialism), Congo Kinshasa (used in contrast to "Congo Brazzaville"), Belgian Congo (former name during Belgian colonization, 1908 to 1960, English), Congo belge (former name, French), Congo Free State (former name, 1885 to 1908), Republic of the Congo (former name, 1960 to 1964, during which time both Congos had identical official names)
Republic of Croatia (official, English), Republika Hrvatska (official, Croatian), Hrvatska (common, Croatian; also in Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin), Hrvaška (Slovenian), Hırvatistan (Turkish)
Czech Republic (official, English), Czechia (official shortform name, English), Česká republika (official, Czech, Slovak), Česko (common, Czech, Slovak), ČR (Czech initialism), CR (English initialism), Bohemia (former, English), Czechland (unofficial, English), the Czechlands (unofficial, English), České země (Czech for "Bohemian lands" or "Czech lands"). Former Česká socialistická republika (Czech for the "Czech Socialist Republic"), ČSR (Czech initialism), CSR (English initialism), (Protektorát) Čechy a Morava (Czech for the "(Protectorate of) Bohemia and Moravia"), Země Koruny české (Czech for the "Lands of the Bohemian Crown"), Koruna česká (Czech for the "Bohemian Crown"), Česká konfederace (Czech for the "Bohemian Confederation")
Republic of Djibouti (official, English), French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, French Somaliland, Obock Territory (former names, English), Territoire français des Afars et des Issas, Côte française des Somalis, Territoire d'Obock (former names, French), République de Djibouti (official, French)
Republic of Finland (official, English), Suomi (common, Finnish), Suomen tasavalta (official, Finnish), Republiken Finland (official, Swedish), Suomenmaa (poetic, Finnish), Suopma and Suoma dásseváldi (North Sami, official), Lääˊddjânnam and Lääˊddjânnam tääˊssväˊldd (Skolt Sami, official), Suomâ and Suomâ täsiväldi (official, Inari Sami), Финля́ндия (Finlyandiya) and Великое княжество Финляндское (Velikoye knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye) (Russian, as Grand Duchy of Finland), Soome (common, Estonian)
French Republic (official, English), République Française (official, French), L'Hexagone (often journalistic, colloquial French), Gaul (former name, English), Gaule (former name, French), Γαλλία (Gallia) (Contemporary Greek and Latin name), Frankreich (common German), Francia (common Italian), Farança (common Arabic), Tsarfat (common Hebrew)
Georgia (official, English), Sakartvelo (transliterated Georgian, original: საქართველო), Iberia (former, English, East Georgia), Colchis (former, English, West Georgia), Iveria (usually used as Christian name), Republic of Georgia (former, English, before the 1995 Constitution), საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა (former, Georgian), Sakartvelos Respublika (former, transliterated Georgian), گرجستان (Gorjestan) (Persian), Gürcistan (Turkish)
Federal Republic of Germany (official, English), Bundesrepublik Deutschland (official, German*), Deutschland (common, German*), BRD (German initialism*), FRG (English initialism*) [along with the common English "Germany," the names marked with an asterisk formerly referred only to West Germany, but following German reunification now apply to the united country], German Empire (former, 1871–1918), Weimar Republic (former, 1918–1933). Duitsland (common, Dutch), Allemagne (common, French), Alemania (common, Spanish), Germania (common, Italian, Latin name), Německo (common, Czech), Niemcy (common, Polish), Németország (common, Hungarian) [the common name for Germany in some Romance languages is a variant of the place name Alemannia and in many Slavic languages is a variant of Nemacia (old Slavic for outsiders, literally "those who cannot speak our language"). Other languages use pars pro toto names such as Bavaria or the former Prussia to refer to Germany, for instance Saksa (common, Finnish), derived from the place name Saxony]. Former East Germany (unofficial, English): Deutsche Demokratische Republik (official, German), German Democratic Republic (official, English), DDR (German initialism), GDR (English initialism).
Hellenic Republic (official, English), Hellas (official and common name), Ελλάδα ("Hellada" common name in Greek), Ελλάς ("Hellas" official description in Greek), Yunanistan (Turkish), Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (official name of Greek state, Greek), Kingdom of the Hellenes (1863–1924 and 1935–1967), Yavan (common Hebrew), Graecia (Latin name)
República da Guiné-Bissau (official, Portuguese), Republic of Guinea-Bissau (official, English), Guiné Portuguesa (former, Portuguese) Portuguese Guinea (former, English), Guiné-Bissao (archaic, Portuguese), Guinea (shorthand, used when context clearly distinguishes Guinea-Bissau from the neighboring Republic of Guinea)
Hungary (official, English), Republic of Hungary (official between 1946–1949 and 1989–2012), Hungarian People's Republic (official, 1918–1919 and 1949–1989), Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1918 and 1920–1946), Regnum Hungariæ (official in Latin, the language of administration until 1844), Hungaria (short form, Latin), Magyarország (official Hungarian name; has been the commonly used form of the name during all its history), Magyar Köztársaság (Hungarian for "Republic of Hungary"), Magyar Népköztársaság (Hungarian for "People's Republic of Hungary"), Magyar Tanácsköztársaság (Hungarian name of the first People's Republic), Magyar Királyság (Hungarian for "Kingdom of Hungary"), Pannonia (Latin, poetic, after the Roman province), Macaristan (Turkish)
Republic of India (official, English), Bhārat (or Bhāratam भारतम्) भारत (official name in Hindi), Bhārat Gaṇarājya भारत गणराज्य (official long form in Hindi), Bhārata (ಭಾರತ in Kannada), Bhāratadēśaṁ (భారతదేశం in Telugu), Bhāratam (ഭാരതം in Malayalam or பாரதம் in Tamil script), Union of India (semi-official name), Hindustan (unofficial name in Hindi/Urdu), Bhāratavarṣa (भारतवर्ष name in Sanskrit), Bhārat Prajatantra (official long form in Bengali), Hodu (name in Hebrew), Aryavarta (ancient name), Jumhūrīyat-e Bhārat (جمہوریī بھارت name in Urdu)
Republic of Indonesia (official, English), Republik Indonesia (official, Indonesian), Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (colloquial, Indonesian), Nusantara (dating back from Hindu era), Insulinde (from the Colonial era), Indunesia (suggestion for Dutch East Indies' modern name), Indonesië (common, Dutch), Dutch East Indies or Netherlands East-Indies (former, English), Nederlands(ch)-Indië (former, Dutch), Hindia Belanda (former, Indonesian)
Islamic Republic of Iran (official, English), Persia was coined by ancient Greeks referring to Iran, which has always been the local name. Use of the Greek name continued in the west until 1935, when upon Iran's request, the local name of Iran became the internationally legal name, replacing Persia.[2] Though both still remain in use today, outside of legal sphere, IRI, I.R.I., I.R.I (English initialism)
Ireland (official, English), Éire (official Irish name), Irish Free State (1922–1937), Poblacht na hÉireann (official Irish description), Republic of Ireland (official English description), Saorstát Éireann (Irish 1922–1937), Erin, Banba, Fodla (three poetic names), Hibernia (Latin name, also poetic, often used in adjectives and adjective compunds)
State of Israel (official, English), מדינת ישראל (Medinat Yisra'el) (official Hebrew name), دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل (Dawlat Isra'il) (official Arabic name), Zion (historical Jewish name for Jerusalem), the Jewish State (unofficial), the Holy Land (ארץ הקודש) / Eretz Yisrael (ארץ ישראל) (Bible), the Zionist entity (derogatory), Jeshurun (poetic, ancient)
Italian Republic (official, English), Repubblica Italiana (official Italian name), Italia (common, Italian), Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), the Beautiful Country (nickname), the Boot (journalistic), Ausonia, Esperia, Enotria, Tirrenia (poetic names)
Nippon (official, English), (日本) (official, Japanese), Nihon (alternate, more common reading of 日本 in Japanese), Yamato (大和) or Wa (倭) (historic, ancient Japan, derogatory), Ōyashima (大八洲) (meaning the country of eight great islands, historic), Cipangu/Zipangu or Gipangu (appeared in The Travels of Marco Polo in the 13th century), Hinomoto, JP (alpha-2 code), Iaponica/Japonica (Latin name, often used in adjectives and adjective compounds), Land of the Rising Sun (poetic, loose translation of the endonym)
Republic of Kazakhstan (official, English), Kazakhstan (English passport short name), Republic of Kazakhstan (English passport long name), Қазақстан (official Kazakh short name), Қазақстан Республикасы (official Kazakh long name), Qazaqstan (Kazakh short name in Latin script), Alash / Алаш / Alaş (former name, also poetic), Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (former Soviet name, English), Қазақ Кеңестік Социалистік Республикасы/Qazaq Keñestik Socïalïstik Respwblïkası (former Soviet name, Kazakh), Казахская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Kazakhskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika (former Soviet name, Russian)
Republic of Kenya (official, English), Jamhuri ya Kenya (official, Swahili), British East Africa Protectorate (former name when held in ‘protectorate’ status prior to becoming a colony starting in the 1880s until 1920), Kenya Colony (former name during British colonization, from the 1920 until 1963)
Republic of Korea (official, English), R.O.K., ROK (initialism, English), Dae-han-min-guk (대한민국) (official, Korean), Han-guk (한국) (colloquial, Korean), Korea (conventional short form), Korea Republic (FIFA designation)
Republic of Kosovo (official, English), Republika e Kosovës (official, Albanian), Republika Kosovo (official, Serbian Latin), Република Косово (official, Serbian Cyrillic), Kossovo (archaic, English)
Kyrgyz Republic (official, English), Кыргызстан (official Kyrgyz short name), Кыргыз Республикасы (official Kyrgyz long name), Kyrgyz Respublikasy (Kyrgyz short name in Latin script), Кыргызстан (official Russian short name), Кыргызская Республика (official Russian long name), Kyrgyzskaya Respublika (Russian short name in Latin script), Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (former Soviet name, English), Кыргыз Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы/Kyrgyz Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikasy (former Soviet name, Kyrgyz), Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика/Kirgizskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika (former Soviet name, Russian), Kirghizia (former common English name prior to 1991), Kirgizstan (Russian transliteration of the English name), Republic of Kyrgyzstan (official English long name, 1990–1993)
State of Libya (official, English), دولة ليبيا (Arabic), Dawlat Lībiyā (romanized), United Libyan Kingdom (former, English), Kingdom of Libya (former, English), Libyan Arab Republic (former, English), Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (former, official English), Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (former, official English)
Republic of Lithuania (official, English), Lietuvos Respublika (official, Lithuanian), Lietuva (common, Lithuanian), Литва (Litva) (common, Russian/Slavic), Lita (common, Yiddish/Hebrew)
Malaysia (official, English), Persekutuan Malaysia (colloquial long form, Malay), Federation of Malaysia (colloquial long form, English), Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak (former, English names of the various components), Tanah Melayu or Malay Land (former, Malay), 马来西亚/ Mǎláixīyà (common, Mandarin), மலேசியா/ Malēciya (common, Tamil)
Republic of Mali (official, English), République du Mali (official, French), Mali ka Fasojamana (romanticized, Bambara), ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ (Bambara), Renndaandi Maali (Fula)
United Mexican States (official, English), Estados Unidos Mexicanos (official, Spanish), México (Spanish short form), República Mexicana (Only heard in Mexico, colloquial, Spanish), Méjico (Spanish variant), MEX (initialism), MX (initialism), Aztlán (Spanish, Nahuatl), Aztlān (Spanish, Nahuatl)
Republic of Moldova (official, English), Republica Moldova (official, Moldovan and Romanian), Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (former Soviet name, English), Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ (former Soviet name, Moldovan), Bessarabia, Bassarabia (historic name, still used by irredentists), Boğdan ('Land of Voyvoda I. Bogdan', former common and official name during Ottoman Empire, Turkish), Moldavia (alternative name in English), Moldau (alternative name in German)
Principality of Monaco (official, English), Principauté de Monaco (official, French), Principatu de Mùnegu (official, Ligurian), Principato di Monaco (official, Italian), Principat de Mónegue (official, Occitan)
Montenegro (official, English), Crna Gora (official, Montenegrin, Serbian and Croatian), Republic of Montenegro (official until 2007), Republika Crna Gora (official until 2007), Mali i Zi (official, Albanian), Karadag (official, Turkish), Duklja (name in medieval times), Zeta (alternative name in medieval times), Black Mountain (literal translation into English)
Republic of Mozambique (official, English), Moçambique or República de Moçambique (official, Portuguese), Mozambiki (Chichewa), Msumbiji(Swahili),Muzambhiki(Tsonga)
Republic of the Union of Myanmar (official, English), Burma (former), ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် (Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw) (Burmese)
Federal Democratic Republic Of Nepal (official, English), संघिय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपालsaṃghiya lokatāntrika gaṇatantra nepāla (official, Nepalese), Kingdom of Nepal (former, English)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (official, English), Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (official, Dutch), Nederland (Dutch), Holland (pars pro toto, English, Dutch and other languages), Batavia (former and poetic, English, Dutch and other languages), Pays-Bas (French, used alongside "Netherlands" as names in the two official languages of the Int'l Olympic Committee)[3]
New Zealand (official, English), Aotearoa (official, Maori), Realm of New Zealand (official English name including Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and Ross Dependency), Dominion of New Zealand (former official, English)
Federal Republic of Nigeria (official, English), Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà (Yoruba), Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Najeriya (Hausa), Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo)
Republic of North Macedonia (official, English), (Republic of) Macedonia (former), (Република) Северна Македонија (Macedonian), Македонија (former short form, Macedonian), The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, FYROM (former), Paeonia (Latin name, poetic), Vardar Banovina (former Yugoslav province)
Kingdom of Norway (official, English), Norge (common, Norwegian Bokmål, Danish, Swedish), Noreg (common, Norwegian Nynorsk), Kongeriket Norge (official, Norwegian Bokmål), Kongeriket Noreg (official, Norwegian Nynorsk)
Islamic Republic of Pakistan (official, English), Federation of Pakistan (alternate official name, English), Dominion of Pakistan (historic official name, English), West Pakistan (common and later official name for the area now covering Pakistan, used when discussing the polity before the unilateral-secession of East Bengal/Bangladesh), Meluhha[4] associated Indus Valley region (ancient civilisational account), Gandhāra(official historical),Sindhustan and Indoscythia (unofficial historical names), Mumlikat-e KhudadaadPakistan ("The God-given realm of Pakistan", unofficial, used in literature mostly, Urdu)
Republic of Palau (official, English), Belau (common, Palauan; was also sometimes used by English speakers who supported Palauan independence before it was gained in 1994)
State of Palestine (official, English), מדינת פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (Medinat Pālēśtīnā) (Hebrew name), دَوْلَة فلسطين (Dawlat Filasṭīn) (official Arabic name), the Holy Land (ארץ הקודש, الأرض المقدسة) / Eretz Yisrael (ארץ ישראל) (Bible), فلسطين (Filasṭīn) (common name, Arabic), פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (Pālēśtīnā) (common name, Hebrew), Palestinian National Authority (English name, alternate official), السلطة الفلسطينية (as-Sulṭa al-Filasṭīnīya) (Arabic name, alternate official), West Bank and Gaza Strip (territorial names), Palestinian territories (official name, English), الأراضي الفلسطينية (al-Arāḍī al-Filasṭīniyya) (official name, Arabic), Occupied Palestinian Territory / Occupied Palestinian Territories (International designation, English), Israeli-occupied territories (name of the territories occupied by Israel since 1967, English), Mandatory Palestine (former name, English)
Republic of Peru (official, English), República del Perú (official, Spanish), Perú (common, Spanish), Peruvian Republic (former official name, English), República Peruana (former official name, Spanish)
Republic of the Philippines (official, English), Republika ng Pilipinas (official, Filipino), Pilipinas (common, many local languages; loan from Spanish, Filipinas), Filipinas (common Spanish and other local languages, ellipsis of following), Las Islas Filipinas (named after Philip II of Spain, historical, Spanish; originally a harmonization of the following), Las Islas Felipenas (historical, by Ruy López de Villalobos), Pinás (colloquial clipping), PH (official initialism, changed from RP to avoid confusion with Poland; see below), Philippine Islands / P.I. (historic; official name under American control; also used colloquially, English), Filipina (common, Malay), Haríng Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation", historical, by Andrés Bonifacio), Islas de San Lázaro ("Isles of Saint Lazarus", historical, by Ferdinand Magellan)
Republic of Poland (official, English), Rzeczpospolita Polska (official, Polish), Polska (common, Polish), RP (often journalistic, Polish), People's Republic of Poland (former Communist name, English), Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (former Communist name, Polish), Rzeczpospolita (historic common name, Polish), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (historic official name, English), Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (historic official name, Polish), United Commonwealth of the Two Nations (historic official name, English), Polonia (poetic, Latin and Polish), Lechia (historic and poetic original name, Latin, Polish, and English)
Portuguese Republic (official, English), Lusitania (official, Latin), Galaico-Portuguese nation and Portucale from the Gallaeci tribe (Celtic Gale and Roman-Celtic Portus Cale) and Galician-Portuguese (ethnic term derived from the original language); Ophiussa also spelled Ophiusa (the ancient Greek name of what is now the Portuguese territory. It means Land of Serpents); Portugalensis patrie, Portugalensium patrie and Portugaliae by King Afonso I, Regno Portugalensium and Portugalis (Latin, Medieval); Portugalliae et Algarbiae, Portugalliae, Lusitaniae (Latin); Purtugall (Middle Ages); Burtughāl is the word for Portugal and orange in Arabic (Portuguese influence and expansion); Portingall or Portingal (common classical English and other late medieval Germanic languages); Ocidental Praia Lusitana (Western Lusitanian Beach) and Pátria Lusitana (Lusitanian Fatherland) from the national poem Os Lusíadas and from all epic poetry and chronicles of the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance. Luxitania and Portugraal (Port of Grail) in Esotericism and metaphysical literature
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (official, English), Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico (official, Spanish), Porto Rico (archaic, English), Associated Free State of Puerto Rico (non-official literal translation to English of the official Spanish name), Borikén, Borinquen, or Borinken (former Taíno name also used colloquially and among nationalists)
Romania (official, English), România (official, Romanian), Rumania or Roumania (archaic, English), Kingdom of Romania (name under monarchy, English), Regatul României (name under monarchy, Romanian), Romanian People's Republic (former Communist name, English), Republica Populară Romînă (former Communist name, Romanian), Socialist Republic of Romania (former Communist name, English), Republica Socialistă România (former Communist name, Romanian), Dacia, Dacia Traiana, Dacia Felix (former names of the historical province of Dacia before and after Roman conquest)
Russian Federation (official, English), Российская Федерация (official Russian), Russia, (official and common name, ambiguous, English), Russland, (German), Россия (Rossiya) (common, Russian), RF (initialism), Russian Empire (name under monarchy), Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (former name, 1918–1936), Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (former name, 1936–1991), RSFSR (former name initialism), Soviet Union (former name), Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (official former name), USSR (former initialism), Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (former official name, Russian), Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (former official name, transliterated), СССР (former initialism, Russian), SSSR (former initialism), SU (common, but former initialism), Сове́тский Сою́з (common former name, Russian), Sovetskiy Soyuz (common former name, transliterated), Rus (poetic or obsolete name, ambiguous), Great Russia (obsolete name)
Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis (official, English), Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (co-official, English), Saint Christopher and Nevis (alternate short-form, English), Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (former official, English), Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla (former common, English), Saint Kitts or Saint Christopher (shorthand, English), Liamuiga and Oualie (former indigenous names of the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, respectively)
Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (official, English), República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe (official, Portuguese), Saint Thomas and Prince (literal translation, English)
Republic of San Marino (official, English), Repubblica di San Marino (official, Italian), Ripóbblica d' San Marein (official, Romagnol), Most Serene Republic of San Marinoa, Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino (common, Italian)
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (official, English), KSA (initialism), Saudia (former in English, common in Arabic) Al-Mamlaka al-Arabiyya as-Saudiyya (official name in Arabic), Nejd, Najd (common, former), Hijaz, Saudi regime (used in Iran's news media), Arav haSa'udit (name in Hebrew)
Republic of Serbia (official, English), Servia (archaic, English), Srbija (common, Serbian), Republika Srbija (official, Serbian), Serbia and Montenegro (former common, English), Yugoslavia (former common, English), Kingdom of Serbia (former, English), Raška (alternative name in medieval times), Serboslavia (derogatory, used by the rule of Slobodan Milošević)
Republic of Singapore (official, English), Singapura (common, Malay), Sinhapura (Sanskrit, i.e., Land of Lions), Xīnjiāpō/新加坡 (common, Chinese), Ciŋkappūr/சிங்கப்பூர் (common, Tamil), Pulau Ujong (historical, ancient), Shōnan-tō/昭南島 (former, Japanese occupation), little red dot (colloquial; originally derogatory)
Slovak Republic (official, English), Slovensko (common, Slovak), Slovenská republika (official, Slovak), SR (English and Slovak initialism), Slovak Socialist Republic (former name, 1969 to 1990), Slovenská socialistická republika (former name, Slovak), SSR (English and Slovak initialism), Slovak State (former name, 1939), Slovenský štát (former name, 1939),
Republic of Slovenia (official, English), Slovenija (common, Slovenian), Republika Slovenija (official, Slovenian), RS (English and Slovenian initialism)
Republic of South Africa (official, English), Azania, Mzansi (Xhosa, for South), Suid-Afrika (official, Afrikaans), Zuid-Afrika (former official, Dutch), Union of South Africa (Colonial, pre-1961)
Kingdom of Spain (official, English), España (common, Spanish), Reino de España (official, Spanish), Espanya (common, Catalan), Hispania (Latin), Espainia (common, Euskera/Basque), Spanish State (former name, also used now with political nuances), La piel de toro (Spanish) / La pell de brau (Catalan) ("the bull hide," metaphoric name after the shape of the Iberian Peninsula[citation needed]), Las Batuecas[citation needed] (derogatory name used in the works of Mariano José de Larra[citation needed]), Iberia (Ancient Greek; today used for the peninsula which includes modern Portugal), Sepharad (common, Hebrew)
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (official, English), Ceylon (former, English), இலங்கை சனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசு(official, Tamil), Heladiva[6] (Land of Sinhalese) (former, Sinhala), ஈழம் (Īḻam) (former, Tamil), Ratnadeepa[7] (Island of Gems) (former, Sinhala), elangai/இலங்கை (common, Tamil), Taprobane (one of the medieval names of Sri Lanka)
United Republic of Tanzania (official, English), United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (former, English), Deutsch-Ostafrika, together with Ruanda and Urundi (= German East Africa, colonial name until 1918). The country is named after Tanganyika, its mainland part, and the Zanzibar islands off its east coast.
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (official, English), Trinbago (informal, English), Iere (poetic, "Land of the Hummingbird," believed to be derived from Arawak),
Republic of Türkiye (official, English), Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (official, Turkish), Asia Minor (geographical, English), Anatolia (geographical, English), Ottoman Empire (former, English), Turkish Empire (former unofficial, English)
Ukraine (official, English), Україна (Ukrainian), UA, UKR. (initialism), Kievan Rus (former name for East Slavic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century), Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Ruthenia (historic name of Western Ukraine), Zaporizhian Host (an adopted name in historiography for the Ukrainian Cossack state on the territory of Dnieper Ukraine and Siveria that existed between 1649 and 1764)
United Arab Emirates (official, English), Trucial States (English, prior to 1971), Al Emirat al Arabbiya al Muttahida (official, Arabic) UAE, U.A.E. (English initialism), Trucial Arabia, (the) Emirates (colloquial, English)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (official, English), Britain (alternative), Great Britain (alternative), United Kingdom (short form), (the)U.K. or UK (initialism), Albion (poetic, Latin), Britannia (poetic, Latin)
United States of America (official, English), America (alternative), the States (alternative), (the)US, U.S., USA, Usa, U.S.A., US of A (initialism), Columbia (Latin, poetic), United States (short form), Usonia (English, poetic)
Oriental Republic of Uruguay (official, English), República Oriental del Uruguay (official, Spanish), República Oriental do Uruguai (official, Portuguese)
Republic of Vanuatu (official, English), New Hebrides (former name under British and French condominium rule from 1906 to 1980), Niuhebridis (Bislama), Nouvelles Hebrides (former official name in French), République de Vanuatu (French), Ripablik blong Vanuatu (Bislama), Vanuatri (jocular name used in humour) [citation needed]
Vatican City State (official, English), Status Civitatis Vaticanae (official, Latin), Stato della Città del Vaticano (official, Italian), Holy See (alternative)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (official, English), An Nam (former name in other foreign languages and central Vietnam under French colonization), Champa (historical kingdom), Đại Việt (historical kingdom), Giao Chỉ (former Chinese province or vassal kingdom), French Indochina (former name under French colonization when united with Laos and Cambodia, English), Lĩnh Nam (poetic name), parted in North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) from 1954 to 1975, Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (official, Vietnamese), Việt Nam (short form, Vietnamese), SRV, S.R.V., VN, V.N. (English initialism), Tonkin (former name of northern Vietnam under French colonization), Cochinchina (former name of southern Vietnam under French colonization), 'Nam (colloquial name given by US militia during the Vietnam War)
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (official, English), Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (official, English), الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية (official, Arabic), al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Arabīyah aṣ-Ṣaḥrāwīyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah (official, romanized), República Árabe Saharaui Democrática (official, Spanish), Sahrawi Republic (short form, English), Saharawi Republic (short form, English), República Saharaui (short form, Spanish), Spanish Sahara, (former, English), Southern Provinces, (Moroccan irredentism, English), Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro (English), Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro (Spanish)
The names of China include the many contemporary and historical designations given in various languages for the East Asian country known as 中国; 中國; Zhōngguó; 'Central state', 'Middle kingdom' in Standard Chinese, a form based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin.
You Si-kun, also romanized Yu Shyi-kun, is a Taiwanese politician. He was one of the founding members of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), and is known to be a strong advocate of Taiwan independence. He led the DPP as chairman from 2006 to 2007 and served as Premier from 2002 to 2005.
This gallery of sovereign state flags shows the national or state flags of sovereign states that appear on the list of sovereign states. For flags of other entities, please see gallery of flags of dependent territories. Each flag is depicted as if the flagpole is positioned on the left of the flag, except for those of Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia which are depicted with the hoist to the right.
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Lung Ying-tai is a writer, cultural critic, and public intellectual. With more than 30 books to her credit, she not only has a large number of readers in her native Taiwan, but her works also have an impact in Chinese-language communities in Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Malaysia, and North America. Lung became widely known for her criticism on the Kuomintang party's martial law regime and has since become a critic of Mainland China's increasing restrictions on press freedom and civil liberties. Her critical essays on cultural and political issues contributed to the democratization of Taiwan.
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The World Taiwanese Congress is an annual meeting for organizations promoting formal Taiwanese independence. The organization was formed in the United States in December 2000. It holds its annual meeting in Taiwan.
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ATV Home was a free-to-air Cantonese television channel in Hong Kong, owned and operated by Asia Television. It was formed in September 1963 as a result of the split of the bilingual Rediffusion Television subscription service into dedicated Cantonese and English-language services. In 1969, the broadcaster was granted a license for over-the-air broadcasting.
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The British Consulate General Hong Kong is the sole governmental agency currently tasked with offering professional formal English-to-Cantonese name translation services to British officials. No similar services are offered by UK diplomatic missions within the Greater China area. It is a long tradition for the UK government to provide such uniform translation for certain cabinet members and other officials. This practice has its origin in the distasteful translation of the name of the 16th Colonial Governor of Hong Kong, and the UK government keeps this tradition alive even after the transfer of Hong Kong's sovereignty to China in 1997. The translation process is very refined, and there is a set of principles that they observe to avoid taboo, undesirable, or embarrassing translations as well as making the translated names more relatable, approachable, and agreeable to local Hong Kongers.
The history of Cross-Strait relations introduces the historical changes in the relationship between China and Taiwan since the beginning of time. Suspected records of Taiwan in the history of China date back to the earliest times, when Yizhou (island) was mentioned in the "Three Kingdoms", or Liuqiu in the "Book of Sui". During the Song dynasty and Yuan dynasties, there was trade between the two sides of the Strait, and in 1281, Kublai Khan established the Penghu Inspection Division, which began to exercise administrative jurisdiction over Penghu. In 1349, Wang Dayuan documented in Island Yi Zhi Lu that Penghu belonged to Jinjiang County, Quanzhou, and that Liuqiu was one of the overseas countries. The "Dongfan Ji", written by Chen Di in the Ming Dynasty, depicts the customs of the aborigines in southwest Taiwan. Since the 1620s, cross-strait relations have been influenced by the Dutch, the Spanish, the Han Chinese, the Manchus, and the Japanese, and mainland China and Taiwan have either unified or separated, with ups and downs.
Li Yuerong, better known as Iván Yueh-Jung Lee, is a diplomat of the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan. He served as his country's final ambassador to Nicaragua in 2021, being appointed in November 2021.
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References
↑ BBC 中文網 (2005-08-29). "論壇：台總統府網頁加注"台灣"" (in Traditional Chinese). BBC 中文網. Retrieved 2007-03-12. 台總統府公共事務室陳文宗上周六（7月30日）表示，外界人士易把中華民國（Republic of China），誤認為對岸的中國，造成困擾和不便。公共事務室指出，為了明確區別，決定自周六起於中文繁體、簡體的總統府網站中，在「中華民國」之後，以括弧加注「臺灣」。
↑ This entry is about the country the Netherlands, one of four countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. "Netherlands" is also a common name for the Kingdom.
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