List of cetaceans

Last updated

Cetacea is an infraorder that comprises the 94 species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. It is divided into toothed whales (Odontoceti) and baleen whales (Mysticeti), which diverged from each other in the Eocene some 50 million years ago (mya). Cetaceans are descended from land-dwelling hoofed mammals, and the now extinct archaeocetes represent the several transitional phases from terrestrial to completely aquatic. [1] Historically, cetaceans were thought to have descended from the wolf-like mesonychians, but cladistic analyses confirm their placement with even-toed ungulates in the order Cetartiodactyla. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Contents

Whale populations were drastically reduced in the 20th century from intensive whaling, and the activity was globally banned in 1982. [7] Smaller cetaceans are at risk of accidentally getting caught by fishing vessels using, namely, seine fishing, drift netting, or gill netting operations. [8]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX  Extinct (0 species)
 EW  Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR  Critically Endangered (5 species)
 EN  Endangered (11 species)
 VU  Vulnerable (7 species)
 NT  Near threatened (10 species)
 LC  Least concern (50 species)
Other categories
 DD  Data deficient (9 species)
 NE  Not evaluated (3 species)

The following is a list of currently existing (or, in the jargon of taxonomy) 'extant' species of the infraorder cetacea (for extinct cetacean species, see the list of extinct cetaceans). The list is organized taxonomically into parvorders, superfamilies when applicable, families, subfamilies when applicable, genus, and then species. In tabular form, seven descriptors are given for each species: the common name; the scientific name; the IUCN Red List status; a global population estimate; a global map with its range; its weight with an image of its shape, and its size relative to a human; and a photograph.

Conservation status codes listed follow the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v. 2014.3; data current at 20 January 2015). [9]

Where available, the global population estimate has been listed. When not cited or footnoted differently, these are from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v. 2014.3; data current at 20 January 2015). [9]

Mysticeti: baleen whales

The baleen whales, also called whalebone whales or great whales, form the parvorder Mysticeti. Baleen whales are characterized by having baleen plates for filter feeding and two blowholes. [10]

Family Balaenidae: right whales

The family Balaenidae, the right whales, contains two genera and four species. All right whales have no ventral grooves; a distinctive head shape with a strongly arched, narrow rostrum, bowed lower jaw; lower lips that enfold the sides and front of the rostrum; and long, narrow, elastic baleen plates (up to nine times longer than wide) with fine baleen fringes. [11]

Genus Balaena Linnaeus, 1758 – one species
Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List statusGlobal population estimateRangeSizePicture
Bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus
Linnaeus, 1758
LC IUCN 10,000 Cetacea range map Bowhead Whale.png Bowhead whale size.svg
60 t (66 short tons)
A bowhead whale breaches off the coast of western Sea of Okhotsk by Olga Shpak, Marine Mammal Council, IEE RAS.jpg
Genus Eubalaena Gray, 1864 – three species
Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List statusGlobal population estimateRangeSizePicture
North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis
Müller, 1776
CR IUCN 350 Eubalaena glacialis range map.png Right whale size.svg
40–80 t (44–88 short tons)
Anim1750 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
North Pacific right whale Eubalaena japonica
Lacépède, 1818
EN IUCN 404-2,108 [12] Eubalaena japonica range map.png Right whale size.svg
60–80 t (66–88 short tons)
NoPacificRightWhale Pitman 1.jpg
Southern right whale Eubalaena australis
Desmoulins, 1822
LC IUCN 13,600 [13] Cetacea range map Southern Right Whale.png Right whale size.svg
40–80 t (44–88 short tons)
Southern right whale.jpg

Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals

Rorquals are the largest group of baleen whales, with eleven species in three genera. They include the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale. They take their name from a Norwegian word meaning "furrow whale"; all members of the family have a series of longitudinal folds of skin running from below the mouth back to the navel (except the sei whale, which has shorter grooves). They allow the mouth to expand immensely when feeding. [14] All rorquals have these unique folds. [11]

Subfamily Balaenopteridae – one genus, nine species
Genus Balaenoptera – nine species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus
Linnaeus, 1758
EN IUCN 5,000-15,000 Cetacea range map Blue Whale.PNG Blue whale size.svg
50–150 t (55–165 short tons)
Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Bryde's whale Balaenoptera brydei
Olsen, 1913
LC IUCN 90,000–100,000 Balaenoptera brydei range.png Bryde's whale size.svg
14–30 t (15–33 short tons)
Brydeswhale sophiewebb-swfsc-star2006.jpg
Eden's whale [lower-alpha 1] Balaenoptera edeni
Anderson, 1879
LC IUCN Unknown Balaenoptera brydei2 range.png Unknown Rorcual Edeni.jpg
Common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Lacépède, 1804
LC IUCN 200,000 Cetacea range map Minke Whale.png Minke whale size.svg
2–4 t (2.2–4.4 short tons)
Minke Whale (NOAA).jpg
Rice's whale [16] Balaenoptera ricei

Rosel et al., 2021

CR IUCN 30 – 100 Balaenoptera ricei range.svg Rice's whale size.svg
~13.9 t (15.3 short tons)
GoM Bryde's Whale.jpg
Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus
Linnaeus, 1758
VU IUCN 100,000 Cetacea range map Fin Whale.PNG Fin whale size.svg
30–80 t (33–88 short tons)
LMazzuca Fin Whale.jpg
Omura's whale Balaenoptera omurai
Wada et al., 2003
DD IUCN UnknownUnknownUnknown Balaenoptera omurai, Madagascar - Royal Society Open Science 1.jpg
Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis
Lesson, 1828
EN IUCN 80,000 [17] Cetacea range map Sei Whale.PNG Sei whale size.svg
20–25 t (22–28 short tons)
Sei whale mother and calf Christin Khan NOAA.jpg
Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis
Burmeister, 1867
NT IUCN 515,000 [18] Cetacea range map Antarctic Minke Whale.png Minke whale size.svg
6–10 t (6.6–11.0 short tons)
Minke whale in ross sea.jpg
Genus Megaptera Gray, 1846 – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae
Borowski, 1781
LC IUCN 84,000 Cetacea range map Humpback Whale.png Humpback whale size.svg
25–30 t (28–33 short tons)
Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg
Genus Eschrichtius Gray, 1864 – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus
Lilljeborg, 1861
LC IUCN 21,000 [19] Cetacea range map Gray Whale.png Gray whale size.svg
15–40 t (17–44 short tons)
Eschrichtius robustus 01.jpg

Family Cetotheriidae: pygmy right whale

The pygmy right whale shares several characteristics with the right whales, with the exception of having a dorsal fin. Also, pygmy right whales' heads are no more than one quarter the size of their bodies, whereas the right whales' heads are about one-third the size of their bodies. [11] The pygmy right whale is the only extant member of its family.

Genus Caperea Gray, 1864 – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Pygmy right whale Caperea marginata
Gray, 1846
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Pygmy Right Whale.png Pygmy right whale size.svg
3–3.5 t (3.3–3.9 short tons)
Caperea marginata 3.jpg

Odontoceti: toothed whales

The toothed whales (parvorder Odontoceti), as the name suggests, are characterized by having teeth (rather than baleen). Toothed whales are active hunters, feeding on fish, squid, and in some cases other marine mammals. [20]

Family Delphinidae: oceanic dolphins

Oceanic dolphins are the members of the family Delphinidae. As the name implies, they tend to be found in the open seas, unlike the river dolphins, although a few species such as the Irrawaddy dolphin are coastal or riverine.

The Delphinidae are characterized by having distinct beaks (unlike the Phocoenidae), two or more fused cervical vertebrae and 20 or more pairs of teeth in their upper jaws. None is more than 4 m long. [11]

Genus Cephalorhynchus Gray, 1846 – four species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Chilean dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia
Gray, 1846
NT IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 2] Cetacea range map Chilean Dolphin.PNG Chilean dolphin size.svg
60 kg (130 lb)
Tonino.jpg
Commerson's dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii
Lacépède, 1804
LC IUCN 22,000 [21] Cetacea range map Commerson's Dolphin.PNG Commerson's dolphin size.svg
35–60 kg (77–132 lb)
Commdolph01.jpg
Heaviside's dolphin Cephalorhynchus heavisidii
Gray, 1828
NT IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Heaviside's Dolphin.PNG Heaviside's dolphin size.svg
40–75 kg (88–165 lb)
Heaviside-Delphin.jpg
Hector's dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori
Van Beneden, 1881
EN IUCN (subspecies Maui dolphin CR IUCN )7,381 (subspecies Maui dolphin 57–75 in 2016) Cetacea range map Hector's Dolphin.PNG Hector's dolphin size.svg
35–60 kg (77–132 lb)
Hectors Dolphin.jpg
Genus Delphinus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Common dolphin Delphinus delphis
Linnaeus, 1758
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 3] DelphinusRange.png Common dolphin size.svg
70–150 kg (150–330 lb)
Delphinus delphis with calf.jpg
Genus Feresa – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata
Gray, 1875
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 4] Cetacea range map Pygmy Killer Whale.PNG Pygmy killer whale size.svg
160–350 kg (350–770 lb)
Feresa attenuata.jpg
Genus Globicephala – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas
Traill, 1809
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 5] Pilot Whale range.png

(green)

Long-finned pilot whale size.svg
1.8–3.5 t (2.0–3.9 short tons)
Photo of the Week - Long-finned Pilot Whales (RI) (6892801246).jpg
Short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus
Gray, 1846
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 6] Pilot Whale range.png

(dark blue)

Short-finned pilot whale size.svg
1–4 t (1.1–4.4 short tons)
Short-finned Pilot Whale (8790153918).jpg
Genus Grampus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus
G. Cuvier, 1812
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 7] Grampus griseus distribution.png Risso's dolphin size.svg
300 kg (660 lb)
Risso's dolphin.jpg
Genus Lagenodelphis – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Fraser's dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei
Fraser, 1956
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 8] Cetacea range map Fraser'sDolphin.png Fraser's dolphin size.svg
209 kg (461 lb)
Fraser s group.jpg.jpeg
Genus Lagenorhynchus Gray, 1846 – six species [lower-alpha 9]
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Gray, 1846
LC IUCN 100,000 [lower-alpha 10] Cetacea range map White-beaked Dolphin.PNG White-beaked dolphin size.svg
180 kg (400 lb)
White beaked dolphin.jpg
Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus
Gray, 1828
LC IUCN 200,000 – 300,000[ citation needed ] Cetacea range map Atlantic White-sided Dolphin.PNG Atlantic white-sided dolphin size.svg
235 kg (518 lb)
Anim1135 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Dusky dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus
Gray, 1828
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Dusky Dolphin.PNG Dusky dolphin size.svg
100 kg (220 lb)
DuskyDolphin.jpg
Hourglass dolphin Lagenorhynchus cruciger
Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
LC IUCN 140,000 Cetacea range map Hourglass Dolphin.PNG Hourglass dolphin size.svg
90–120 kg (200–260 lb)
Hourglas dolphin.jpg
Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
Gill, 1865
LC IUCN 1,000,000 Cetacea range map Pacific White-sided Dolphin.PNG Pacific white-sided dolphin size.svg
85–150 kg (187–331 lb)
Pacific white side dolphin.jpg
Peale's dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis
Peale, 1848
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 11] Cetacea range map Black-chinned Dolphin.PNG Peale's dolphin size.svg
115 kg (254 lb)
Lagenorhynchus australis.jpg
Genus Lissodelphis – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Northern right whale dolphin Lissodelphis borealis
Peale, 1848
LC IUCN 400,000 [lower-alpha 12] Cetacea range map Northern Right Whale Dolphin.PNG Northern right whale dolphin size.svg
115 kg (254 lb)
Anim1749 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Southern right whale dolphin Lissodelphis peronii
Lacépède, 1804
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 13] Cetacea range map Southern Right Whale Dolphin.PNG Southern right whale dolphin size.svg
60–100 kg (130–220 lb)
Anim0796 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Genus Orcaella Gray, 1866 – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Australian snubfin dolphin Orcaella heinsohni
Beasley, Robertson & Arnold, 2005
VU IUCN 9,000 - 10,000 Orcaella heinsohni range.png Orcaella heinsohni size.svg
130–145 kg (287–320 lb)
Snubfin-3.jpg
Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris
Gray, 1866
EN IUCN Unknown Irrawaddy dolphin range.png Irrawaddy dolphin size.svg
130 kg (290 lb)
DKoehl Irrawaddi Dolphin jumping.jpg
Genus Orcinus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Orca Orcinus orca
Linnaeus, 1758
DD IUCN 100,000 [lower-alpha 14] Cetacea range map Orca.PNG Orca size-2.svg
4.5 t (5.0 short tons)
Killerwhales jumping.jpg
Genus Peponocephala – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Melon-headed whale Peponocephala electra
Gray, 1846
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 15] Cetacea range map Melon-headed Whale.PNG Melon-headed whale size.svg
225 kg (496 lb)
Peponocephala electra Mayotte.jpg
Genus Pseudorca – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens
Owen, 1846
NT IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 16] Cetacea range map False Killer Whale.svg False killer whale size.svg
1.5–2 t (1.7–2.2 short tons)
False killer whale 890002.jpg
Genus Sousa – four species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Atlantic humpback dolphin Sousa teuszii
Kükenthal, 1892
CR IUCN 1,500 Cetacea range map Atlantic Humpback Dolphin.PNG Humpback dolphins size.svg
100–150 kg (220–330 lb)
Sousa teuszii1.jpg
Australian humpback dolphin Sousa sahulensis
Jefferson & Rosenbaum, 2014
VU IUCN 10,000 Australian humpback dolphins, Tin Can Bay, 2016.jpg
Indian Ocean humpback dolphin Sousa plumbea
Cuvier, 1829
EN IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 17] Cetacea range map Indian Humpback Dolphin.PNG Humpback dolphins size.svg Dolphin-Musandam 2.jpg
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin Sousa chinensis
Osbeck, 1765
VU IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Pacific Humpback Dolphin.PNG Humpback dolphins size.svg
250–280 kg (550–620 lb)
Pink Dolphin.JPG
Genus Sotalia – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Guiana dolphin Sotalia guianensis
Bénéden, 1864
NT IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Tucuxi.png
Solid color
Tucuxi size.svg
35–45 kg (77–99 lb)
Delfin en el parque Nacional Mochima.jpg
Tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis
Gervais & Deville, 1853
EN IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Tucuxi.png
Hashed color
Tucuxi size.svg
35–45 kg (77–99 lb)
DELFIN DEL ORINOCO2.JPG
Genus Stenella Gray, 1866 – five species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis
Cuvier, 1829
LC IUCN 100,000[ citation needed ] Verbreitungsgebiet des Zugeldelfins Stenella frontalis.PNG Atlantic spotted dolphin size.svg
100 kg
Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) NOAA.jpg
Clymene dolphin Stenella clymene
Gray, 1846
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Clymene Dolphin.png Clymene dolphin size.svg
75–80 kg (165–176 lb)
Clymenes.jpg
Pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata
Gray, 1846
LC IUCN 3,000,000[ citation needed ] Cetacea range map Pantropical Spotted Dolphin.PNG Pantropical spotted dolphin size.svg
100 kg (220 lb)
Schlankdelfin.jpg
Spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris
Gray, 1828
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Spinner Dolphin.PNG Spinner dolphin size.svg
90 kg (200 lb)
Spinner dolphins.jpg
Striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba
Meyen, 1833
LC IUCN 2,000,000[ citation needed ] Cetacea range map Striped Dolphin.PNG Striped dolphin size.svg
100 kg (220 lb)
Stenella coeruleoalba-cropped.jpg
Genus Steno – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Rough-toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis
Lesson, 1828
LC IUCN 150,000 Cetacea range map Rough-toothed Dolphin.PNG Rough-toothed dolphin size.svg
100–135 kg (220–298 lb)
Rough toothed dolphin.jpg
Genus Tursiops – three species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus
Montagu, 1821
LC IUCN 600,000 [22] Cypron-Range Tursiops truncatus.svg Bottlenose dolphin size.svg
150–650 kg (330–1,430 lb)
Tursiops truncatus 01.jpg
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus
Ehrenberg, 1833
NT IUCN Unknown Distribution of Tursiops aduncus.png
230 kg
Tursiops aduncus.JPG
Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin Tursiops erebennus
Cope, 1865
NEUnknown[cetacean needed]

Family Iniidae: river dolphins

This family contains one genus with two species.

Genus Inia – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Amazon river dolphin Inia geoffrensis
Blainville, 1817
EN IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Amazon River Dolphin.PNG Amazon river dolphin size.svg
150 kg (330 lb)
Amazonas Flussdelfin Apure Orinoco Duisburg 01.jpg
Araguaian river dolphin [lower-alpha 18] Inia araguaiaensis
Hrbek, Da Silva, Dutra, Farias, 2014
NEUnknown Inia range map PLoS ONE.jpg
Araguaian river dolphin in blue
Amazon river dolphin size.svg
150 kg (330 lb)
Inia araguaiensis.jpg

Family Kogiidae: dwarf and pygmy sperm whales

The dwarf and pygmy sperm whales resemble sperm whales, but are far smaller. They have blunt, squarish heads with narrow, underslung jaws; the flippers are set far forward, close to the head and their dorsal fins are set far back down the body. [23]

Genus Kogia – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima
Owen, 1866
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 19] Cetacea range map Dwarf Sperm Whale.png Dwarf sperm whale size.svg
250 kg (550 lb)
Kogia sima.jpg
Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps
Blainville, 1838
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 20] Kogia breviceps range.png Pygmy sperm whale size.svg
400 kg (880 lb)
Kogia breviceps.jpg

Family Lipotidae: baiji

The family Lipotidae contains only the baiji. DNA evidence suggests it separated from oceanic dolphins about 25 million years ago. [24] The species was declared functionally extinct in 2006 after an expedition to estimate the population found none.

Genus Lipotes – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Baiji Lipotes vexillifer
Miller, 1918
CR IUCN 0-13 [lower-alpha 21] Yangtze Dolphins range.jpg Baiji size.svg
130 kg (290 lb)
Baiji 1.jpg

Family Monodontidae: narwhal and beluga

The Monodontidae lack dorsal fins, which have been replaced by tough, fibrous ridges just behind the midpoints of their bodies and are probably an adaptation to swimming under ice, as both do in their Arctic habitat. The flippers are small, rounded and tend to curl up at the ends in adulthood. All, or almost all, the cervical vertebrae are unfused, allowing their heads to be turned independently of their bodies. [11]

Genus Delphinapterus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Beluga Delphinapterus leucas
Pallas, 1776
LC IUCN 136,000 [lower-alpha 22] Cetacea range map Beluga.png Beluga size.svg
1.5 t (1.7 short tons)
Belugawhale MMC.jpg
Genus Monodon – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Narwhal Monodon monoceros
Linnaeus, 1758
LC IUCN 123,000 Cetacea range map Narwhal.png Narwhal size.svg
900–1,500 kg (2,000–3,300 lb)
Pod Monodon monoceros.jpg

Family Phocoenidae: porpoises

Porpoises are small cetaceans of the family Phocoenidae. They are distinct from dolphins, although the word "porpoise" has been used to refer to any small dolphin, especially by sailors and fishermen. The most obvious visible differences between the two groups are that porpoises have a less pronounced beak, and have spade-shaped teeth as opposed to conical. [25]

Porpoises, divided into seven species, live in all oceans. They span from species that live almost exclusively coastal and in rivers (finless porpoises) to species that are entirely oceanic (spectacled porpoise).

Genus Neophocaena – two or three species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Indo-Pacific finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides
Cuvier, 1829
VU IUCN [lower-alpha 23] Unknown [lower-alpha 24] Cetacea range map Finless Porpoise.PNG Finless porpoise size.svg
30–45 kg (66–99 lb)
NeophocaenaPhocaenoides.JPG
Narrow-ridged finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis
Cuvier, 1829
EN IUCN (subspecies Yangtze finless porpoise CR IUCN ) [lower-alpha 25] Unknown (subspecies Yangtze finless porpoise 1,012 in 2018 [26] [27] ) Jiang Tun De Fen Bu .svg Finless porpoise size.svg
30–45 kg (66–99 lb)
Neophocaena phocaenoides -Miyajima Aquarium -Japan-8a.jpg
Genus Phocoena – four species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Burmeister's porpoise Phocoena spinipinnis
Burmeister, 1865
NT IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 26] Cetacea range map Burmeister's Porpoise.PNG Burmeister's porpoise size.svg
50–75 kg (110–165 lb)
Burmeister's porpoise - Phocoena spinipinnis - 2022-02-24.png
Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoenaLC IUCN 700,000 [28] Cetacea range map Harbour Porpoise.PNG Harbour porpoise size.svg
75 kg (165 lb)
Ecomare - bruinvis Berend (berend3).jpg
Spectacled porpoise Phocoena dioptrica
Lahille, 1912
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 27] Cetacea range map Spectacled Porpoise.PNG Spectacled porpoise size.svg
60–84 kg (132–185 lb)
Subadult female spectacled porpoise.png
Vaquita Phocoena sinus
Norris & McFarland, 1958
CR IUCN 12 [29] Cetacea range map Vaquita.PNG Vaquita size.svg
50 kg (110 lb)
Vaquita2 Olson NOAA crop2.jpg
Genus Phocoenoides – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Dall's porpoise Phocoenoides dalli
True, 1885
LC IUCN 1,100,000 [lower-alpha 28] Cetacea range map Dall's Porpoise.PNG Dall's porpoise size.svg
130–200 kg (290–440 lb)
Dalls Porpoise Underwater.JPG

Family Physeteridae: sperm whale

The sperm whale characteristically has a large, squarish head one-third the length of its body; the blowhole is slightly to the left hand side; the skin is usually wrinkled; and it has no teeth on the upper jaw.

Genus Physeter – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus
Linnaeus, 1758
VU IUCN 200,000–2,000,000 [lower-alpha 29] Cetacea range map Sperm Whale 4.PNG Sperm whale size.svg
25–50 t (28–55 short tons)
Mother and baby sperm whale.jpg

Family Platanistidae: South Asian river dolphins

The Platanistidae were originally thought to hold only one species (the South Asian river dolphin), but, based on differences in skull structure, vertebrae and lipid composition, it was split into two separate species in the early 1970s, before being demoted back to subspecies in 1988. [30] However, more recent studies support them being distinct species. [31]

Genus Platanista – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Ganges river dolphin Platanista gangetica
(Lebeck, 1801)
EN IUCN 3,500 [32] SouthAsianRiverDolphin distribution2019.png

(orange)

South Asian river dolphin size comparison.svg
200 kg (440 lb)
Ganges River Dolphin.jpg
Indus river dolphin Platanista minor

Owen, 1853

EN IUCN 1450 [33] SouthAsianRiverDolphin distribution2019.png

(blue)

South Asian river dolphin size comparison.svg
200 kg (440 lb)
A-Platanista-gangetica-showing-the-body-shape-and-especially-the-head-with-a-long-beak.png

Family Pontoporiidae: La Plata dolphin

The La Plata dolphin is the only species of the family Pontoporiidae and genus Pontoporia. These dolphins are known for their long beak in relation to their relatively small body size. They have a small geographic range and are mainly found in the waters along the east coast of South America. La Plata dolphins are exclusively marine organisms, however, they are grouped with river-dolphins due to the fact that they reside in the La Plata River which is a salt-water estuary. With their white or sometimes pale brown coloration, fishermen tend to call them "the white ghost", as they also tend to stray away from any human interaction. [34]

Genus Pontoporia – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
La Plata dolphin Pontoporia blainvillei
Gervais & d'Orbigny, 1844
VU IUCN 4,000–4,500 Cetacea range map La Plata River Dolphin.PNG La plata dolphin size.svg
50 kg (110 lb)
PontoporiaBlainvillei.jpg

Family Ziphiidae: beaked whales

A beaked whale is any of at least 22 species of whale in the family Ziphiidae. Several species have only been described in the last two decades. Six genera have been identified.

They possess a unique feeding mechanism among cetaceans known as suction feeding. They are characterized by having a lower jaw that extends at least to the tip of the upper jaw, a shallow or non-existent notch between the tail flukes, a dorsal fin set far backwards, three of four fused neck vertebrae, extensive skull asymmetry and two conspicuous throat grooves forming a 'V' pattern (which aid in sucking). [11]

Genus Berardius – three species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Arnoux's beaked whale Berardius arnuxii
Duvernoy, 1851
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 30] Cetacea range map Arnoux 27s Beaked Whale.png Arnoux's beaked whale size.svg
8 t (8.8 short tons)
Arnoux's beaked whale in Antarctica.jpg
Baird's beaked whale Berardius bairdii
Stejneger, 1883
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 31] Cetacea range map Baird 27s Beaked Whale.png Baird's beaked whale size.svg
12 t (13 short tons)
Berardius bairdii.jpg
Sato's beaked whale Berardius minimus
Yamada et al., 2019
NT IUCN UnknownNorth Pacific Berardius minimus beaked whale size.svg
Unknown
Berardius minimus illustration.png
Genus Tasmacetus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Shepherd's beaked whale Tasmacetus shepherdi
Oliver, 1937
DD IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 32] Cetacea range map Shepherd 27s Beaked Whale.png Shepherd's beaked whale size.svg
2–2.5 t (2.2–2.8 short tons)
Tasmacetus shepherdi, Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, January 27, 2017.png
Genus Ziphius – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris
G. Cuvier, 1823
LC IUCN 100,000 [lower-alpha 33] Cetacea range map Cuvier's Beaked Whale.PNG Cuvier's beaked whale size.svg
2–3 t (2.2–3.3 short tons)
Cuviers beaked whale-swfsc.jpg
Subfamily Hyperoodontinae – three genera, 17 species
Genus Hyperoodon – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon ampullatus
Forster, 1770
NT IUCN 10,000 [lower-alpha 34] Cetacea range map Northern Bottlenose Whale.PNG Northern bottlenose whale size.svg
7 t (7.7 short tons)
NorthernBottlenoseWhale.jpg
Southern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon planifrons
Flower, 1882
LC IUCN 500,000 Cetacea range map Southern Bottlenose Whale.PNG Southern bottlenose whale size.svg
6 t (6.6 short tons)
Southern Bottlenose Whale, Hyperoodon planifrons, December 2016, near Clarence Island.jpg
Genus Indopacetus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Tropical bottlenose whale Indopacetus pacificus
Longman, 1926
LC IUCN Unknown [lower-alpha 35] Cetacea range map Longman 27s Beaked Whale.png Indopacetus pacificus size.svg
3.5–4 t (3.9–4.4 short tons)
Tropical bottlenose whale.jpg
Genus Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850 – 15 species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Andrews' beaked whale Mesoplodon bowdoini
Andrews, 1908
DD IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Andrews Beaked Whale.png Andrew's beaked whale size.svg
1 t (1.1 short tons)
MesoplodonBowdoini.JPG
Blainville's beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris
Blainville, 1817
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Blainvilles Beaked Whale.png Blainville's beaked whale size.svg Beaked Whale.jpg
Deraniyagala's beaked whale Mesoplodon hotaula
P. E. P. Deraniyagala, 1963
DD IUCN Unknown[cetacean needed]
Gervais' beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus
Gervais, 1855
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Gervais Beaked Whale.png Gervais' beaked whale size.svg
1.2 t (1.3 short tons)
Gervais' Beaked Whale (cropped).jpg
Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens
Nishiwaki & Kamiya, 1958
DD IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale.png Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale size.svg
1.5 t (1.7 short tons)
Mesoplodon ginkgodens by OpenCage.jpg
Gray's beaked whale Mesoplodon grayi
von Haast, 1876
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Grays Beaked Whale.png Gray's beaked whale size.svg
1.5 t (1.7 short tons)
Beached whale (Mesoplodon grayi) at Port Waikato.jpg
Hector's beaked whale Mesoplodon hectori
Gray, 1871
DD IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Hectors Beaked Whale.png Hector's beaked whale size.svg
1 t (1.1 short tons)
Trans NZ Inst Vol 10 Plate 17.jpg
Hubbs' beaked whale Mesoplodon carlhubbsi
Moore, 1963
DD IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Hubbs Beaked Whale.png Hubb's beaked whale size.svg
1.4 t (1.5 short tons)
Hubbs' beaked whale skull.jpg
Perrin's beaked whale Mesoplodon perrini
Dalebout, Mead, Baker, Baker, & van Helding, 2002
EN IUCN 500-1,164 Mesoplodon perrini size.svg
1.3–1.5 t (1.4–1.7 short tons)
Mesoplodon perrini.jpg
Pygmy beaked whale Mesoplodon peruvianus
Reyes, Mead, and Van Waerebeek, 1991
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Pygmy Beaked Whale.png Mesoplodon peruvianus size.svg
800 kg (1,800 lb)
Mesoplodon peruvianus.jpg
Ramari's beaked whale Mesoplodon eueu
Carroll et al, 2021
DD IUCN Unknown M. mirus & M. eueu distribution.jpg

(red circle)

Unknown Mesoplodon eueu.jpg
Sowerby's beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens
Sowerby, 1804
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Sowerbys Beaked Whale.png Sowerby's beaked whale size.svg
1–1.3 t (1.1–1.4 short tons)
Sowerby's beaked whale.jpg
Spade-toothed whale Mesoplodon traversii, syn. Mesoplodon bahamondi
Gray, 1874
DD IUCN Unknown Mesoplodon traversii distribution.png Mesoplodon bahamondi size.svg
1.2 t (1.3 short tons)
Mesoplodon traversii.svg
Stejneger's beaked whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri
True, 1885
NT IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Stejneger sBeaked Whale.png Stejneger's beaked whale size.svg
1.5 t (1.7 short tons)
Mesoplodon stejnegeri by OpenCage.jpg
Strap-toothed whale Mesoplodon layardii
Gray, 1865
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Layards Beaked Whale.png Straptoothed whale size.svg
2 t (2.2 short tons)
Porpoising strap-tooth beaked whale.jpg
True's beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus
True, 1913
LC IUCN Unknown Cetacea range map Trues Beaked Whale.png

(North Atlantic only; map includes range of M. eueu in Indian Ocean)

True's beaked whale size.svg
1.4 t (1.5 short tons)
True's beaked whale.jpg

See also

Footnotes

  1. The Society for Marine Mammalogy considers Eden's whale a smaller morph of the more widespread Bryde's whale based on current research. [15]
  2. Population estimated to be in the low thousands at the highest
  3. There are estimated to be at least several million common dolphins worldwide, but several large portions of its range have not been surveyed
  4. The only population estimate is of 38,900 individuals in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean
  5. Total population is not known. There are estimated to be in excess of 200,000 in the Southern Ocean. The North Atlantic population is not known
  6. Total population not known. There are 150,000 individuals in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. There are estimated to be more than 30,000 animals in the western Pacific, off the coast of Japan
  7. The population around the continental shelf of the United States has been recorded to be in excess of 60,000. In the Pacific, a census recorded 175,000 individuals in eastern tropical waters and 85,000 in the west. No global estimate of population exists
  8. There are estimated to be at least 320,000 Fraser's dolphins worldwide, but several large portions of its range have not been surveyed
  9. The genus Lagenorhynchus is under revision and likely to be split into several different genera
  10. Estimates of various stocks throughout the North Atlantic give an overall value into the high tens or low hundreds of thousands
  11. Total population unknown but thought to be locally common – it is the most common dolphin found around the Falkland Islands
  12. Varying population estimates for areas around California and the North Pacific give a total of up to 400,000
  13. Surveys suggest this is the most common dolphin off of Chilean waters
  14. Local estimates include 70–80,000 in the Antarctic, 8,000 in the tropical Pacific (although tropical waters are not the orca's preferred environment, the sheer size of this area — 19 million square kilometres — means there are thousands of orcas), up to 2,000 off Japan, 1,500 off the cooler northeast Pacific and 1,500 off Norway
  15. Estimates for eastern tropical Pacific are 45,000 and another recent survey estimates population to be 1,200 for the eastern Sulu Sea, no global estimate is known
  16. The total population is unknown. The eastern Pacific was estimated to have in excess of 40,000 individuals and is probably the home of the largest grouping
  17. Population estimated to be in the low tens of thousands
  18. As of November 2021, the Araguaian river dolphin is not recognized by the Society for Marine Mammalogy, which cites small sample size [15]
  19. No global population estimates have been made. One survey estimated a population of about 11,000 in the eastern Pacific
  20. No global population estimates have been made. One survey estimated a population of about 11,000 in the eastern Pacific
  21. A survey from November–December 2006 failed to find any individuals. Another survey, from 1997, counted only 13 individuals. In 1986, surveys estimated the number to be at about 300
  22. There are estimated to be 40,000 individuals in the Beaufort Sea, 25,000 in Hudson Bay, 18,000 in the Bering Sea and 28,000 in the Canadian High Arctic. The population in the St. Lawrence estuary is estimated to be around 1000
  23. There is not enough data to place finless porpoises on the endangered species list
  24. There are no good estimates of the animals' abundance. However a comparison of two surveys, one from the late 1970s and the other from 1999/2000 shows a decline in population and distribution.
  25. In China, they are endangered. Their propensity for staying close to shore places them in great danger from fishing.
  26. There are no quantitative data on abundance.
  27. Nothing is known of the abundance of this porpoise. It was the most commonly encountered species during preliminary beach surveys undertaken on Tierra del Fuego.
  28. The most recent estimate for the North Pacific and Bering Sea is 1,186,000.
  29. The total number of sperm whales throughout the world is unknown. Crude estimates, obtained by surveying small areas and extrapolating the result to all the world's oceans, range from 200,000 to 2,000,000 individuals
  30. Arnoux's beaked whales seem to be relatively abundant in Cook Strait during summer
  31. Virtually nothing is known about the abundance of Baird's beaked whales, except they are not rare as was formerly thought
  32. Nothing is known about the relative abundance of this species or its population composition
  33. Because of the difficulty of identifying the species the total global population is unknown
  34. Total population is unknown but likely to be of the order of 10,000
  35. A 2002 survey estimates there are 766 animals around Hawaii. No other population estimates exist for other locales

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cetacea</span> Infraorder of mammals

Cetacea is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size and exclusively carnivorous diet. They propel themselves through the water with powerful up-and-down movement of their tail which ends in a paddle-like fluke, using their flipper-shaped forelimbs to maneuver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-beaked dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The white-beaked dolphin is a marine mammal belonging to the family Delphinidae in the suborder Odontoceti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toothed whale</span> Parvorder of cetaceans

The toothed whales are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. 73 species of toothed whales are described. They are one of two living groups of cetaceans, the other being the baleen whales (Mysticeti), which have baleen instead of teeth. The two groups are thought to have diverged around 34 million years ago (mya).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The common dolphin is the most abundant cetacean in the world, with a global population of about six million. Despite this fact and its vernacular name, the common dolphin is not thought of as the archetypal dolphin, with that distinction belonging to the bottlenose dolphin due to its popular appearances in aquaria and the media. However, the common dolphin is often depicted in Ancient Greek and Roman art and culture, most notably in a mural painted by the Greek Minoan civilization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dall's porpoise</span> Species of porpoise endemic to the North Pacific

Dall's porpoise is a species of porpoise endemic to the North Pacific. It is the largest of porpoises and the only member of the genus Phocoenoides. The species is named after American naturalist W. H. Dall.

<i>Berardius</i> Genus of mammals

The four-toothed whales or giant beaked whales are beaked whales in the genus Berardius. They include Arnoux's beaked whale in cold Southern Hemispheric waters, and Baird's beaked whale in the cold temperate waters of the North Pacific. A third species, Sato's beaked whale, was distinguished from B. bairdii in the 2010s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arnoux's beaked whale</span> Species of whale

Arnoux's beaked whale, also called the southern four-toothed whale, southern beaked whale, New Zealand beaked whale, southern giant bottlenose whale and southern porpoise whale is one of the species of Berardius. Arnoux's and Baird's beaked whales are so similar that researchers have debated whether or not they are simply two populations of the same species, until genetic evidence and their wide geographical separation led them to be classified as separate. Little is known about their behavior due to infrequent encounters with live individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fraser's dolphin</span> Species of mammal

Fraser's dolphin or the Sarawak dolphin is a cetacean in the family Delphinidae found in deep waters in the Pacific Ocean and to a lesser extent in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern right whale dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The northern right whale dolphin is a small, slender species of cetacean found in the cold and temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean. Lacking a dorsal fin, and appearing superficially porpoise-like, it is one of the two species of right whale dolphin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pantropical spotted dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The pantropical spotted dolphin is a species of dolphin found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans. The species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines. In the 1980s, the rise of "dolphin-friendly" tuna capture methods saved millions of the species in the eastern Pacific Ocean and it is now one of the most abundant dolphin species in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf sperm whale</span> Species of whale

The dwarf sperm whale is a sperm whale that inhabits temperate and tropical oceans worldwide, in particular continental shelves and slopes. It was first described by biologist Richard Owen in 1866, based on illustrations by naturalist Sir Walter Elliot. The species was considered to be synonymous with the pygmy sperm whale from 1878 until 1998. The dwarf sperm whale is a small whale, 2 to 2.7 m and 136 to 272 kg, that has a grey coloration, square head, small jaw, and robust body. Its appearance is very similar to the pygmy sperm whale, distinguished mainly by the position of the dorsal fin on the body–nearer the middle in the dwarf sperm whale and nearer the tail in the other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cetacean bycatch</span> Accidental capture of porpoises, whales and dolphins

Cetacean bycatch is the accidental capture of non-target cetacean species such as dolphins, porpoises, and whales by fisheries. Bycatch can be caused by entanglement in fishing nets and lines, or direct capture by hooks or in trawl nets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perrin's beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

Perrin's beaked whale is part of the toothed whale suborder and is one of over 90 known cetaceans in existence today. Beaked whales are part of the family Ziphiidae, which are the second most diverse group out of all marine mammals with over 20 species currently recognized. Although diverse, little is understood about these timid, deep divers that can dive for up to two hours. The whales are partially named after their beak shaped jaw, which extends from their small head. The genus name Mesoplodon comes from the Greek meanings of meso- (middle), - hopla (arms), - odon (teeth), and may be translated as 'armed with a tooth in the center of the jaw'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern bottlenose whale</span> Species of mammal

The southern bottlenose whale is a species of whale, in the Ziphiid family, one of two members of the genus Hyperoodon. Seldom observed, the southern bottlenose whale is resident in Antarctic waters. The species was first described by English zoologist William Henry Flower in 1882, based on a water-worn skull from Lewis Island, in the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. They live in deep ocean waters over 1000 meters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William F. Perrin</span> American biologist (1938–2022)

William F. Perrin was an American biologist specializing in the fields of cetacean taxonomy, reproductive biology, and conservation biology. He is best known for his work documenting the unsustainable mortality of hundreds of thousands of dolphins per year in the tuna purse-seine fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific. This work became a primary motivation for the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972). His work on cetacean taxonomy was acknowledged in 2002 when a newly recognized species of beaked whale, Perrin's beaked whale, which was named in his honor.

Cetaceans form an infra-order of marine mammals. In 2020, approximately 86 species of cetaceans had been identified worldwide. Among these species, at least 35 have been sighted in the wider Caribbean region with very widespread distribution and density variations between areas. Caribbean waters are a preferred breeding site for several species of mysticeti, who live further north the rest of the year. The tucuxi and the boto live at the southern periphery of the Caribbean region in the freshwaters of the Amazon River and surrounding drainage basins.

References

  1. Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (2016-04-19). Miller, Debra L. (ed.). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetaceans. Vol. 7. CRC Press. p. 111. ISBN   978-1-4398-4257-7.
  2. Agnarsson, I.; May-Collado, LJ. (2008). "The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 48 (3): 964–985. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046. PMID   18590827.
  3. Price, SA.; Bininda-Emonds, OR.; Gittleman, JL. (2005). "A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals – Cetartiodactyla". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 80 (3): 445–473. doi:10.1017/s1464793105006743. PMID   16094808. S2CID   45056197.
  4. Montgelard, C.; Catzeflis, FM.; Douzery, E. (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S RNA mitochondrial sequences". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (5): 550–559. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025792 . PMID   9159933.
  5. Spaulding, M.; O'Leary, MA.; Gatesy, J. (2009). "Relationships of Cetacea -Artiodactyla- Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7062. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7062S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 . PMC   2740860 . PMID   19774069.
  6. "Cetacean Species and Taxonomy". IUCN-SSC: Cetacean Specialist Group. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  7. Beckman, Daniel (2013). "Conservation of Cetaceans". Marine Environmental Biology and Conservation. Jones and Bartlett Learning. p. 328. ISBN   978-0-7637-7350-2. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  8. Clover, Charles (2008). The End of the Line: How Overfishing is Changing the World and what We Eat. University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-25505-0.
  9. 1 2 "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  10. Karlsen, K. (1962). "Development of tooth germs and adjacent structures in the whalebone whale (Balaenoptera physalus)". Hvalrådets Skrifter: Scientific Results of Marine Biological Research. 45: 1–56.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Martin, Dr. Anthony R. (1991). Whales and Dolphins. London: Salamander Books. ISBN   978-0-8160-3922-7.
  12. Miyashita, T; Kato, H (1998). "Recent data on the status of right whales in the NW Pacific Ocean". International Whaling Commission. Cambridge, UK.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. "Migratory secrets of recovering whale species". British Antarctic Survey.
  14. Goldbogen, Jeremy A. (2010). "The Ultimate Mouthful: Lunge Feeding in Rorqual Whales". American Scientist. 98 (2): 124–131. doi:10.1511/2010.83.124. Archived from the original on 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  15. 1 2 "List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies". MarineMammalScience.org. Society for Marine Mammalogy. May 2022.
  16. Rosel, Patricia E.; Wilcox, Lynsey A.; Yamada, Tadasu K.; Mullin, Keith D. (2021). "A new species of baleen whale (Balaenoptera) from the Gulf of Mexico, with a review of its geographic distribution". Marine Mammal Science. 37 (2): 577–610. doi:10.1111/mms.12776. ISSN   1748-7692. S2CID   234256521.
  17. "Sei Whale". oceanwide-expeditions.com. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
  18. International Whaling Commission. (2013). "Report of the Scientific Committee". Journal of Cetacean Research and Management14 (Supplement): 1–86.
  19. Stewart, Joshua D.; Weller, David W. (January 2021). "ABUNDANCE OF EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC GRAY WHALES 2019/2020". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS. doi:10.25923/bmam-pe91 . Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  20. Klinowska, M.; Cooke, J. (1991). Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book (PDF). Columbia University Press, NY: IUCN Publications. ISBN   978-2-88032-936-5.
  21. Dellabianca, Natalia A. (26 October 2016). "Spatial Models of Abundance and Habitat Preferences of Commerson's and Peale's Dolphin in Southern Patagonian Waters". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0163441. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1163441D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163441 . PMC   5082685 . PMID   27783627 . Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  22. "Common Bottlenose Dolphin". WWF. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  23. Huggenberger, S.; Leidenberger, S.; Oelschläger, H. H. A. (December 13, 2016). "Asymmetry of the nasofacial skull in toothed whales (Odontoceit)". Journal of Zoology. 302 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1111/jzo.12425.
  24. Zhou, X.; Sun, F.; Xu, S.; et al. (2013). "Baiji genomes reveal low genetic variability and new insights into secondary aquatic adaptations". Nature Communications. 4 (2708): 2708. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2708Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms3708. PMC   3826649 . PMID   24169659.
  25. "What's the difference between dolphins and porpoises?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  26. 长江江豚减少 仅剩约1012头. The Beijing News (in Chinese). 25 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  27. 农业农村部:长江江豚减少 仅剩约1012头. The Beijing News (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  28. Bjorge, Arne; A Tolley, Krystal (2008). "Harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena". In William F. Perrin; Bernd Wursig; J. G.M. Thewissen (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. pp. 530–532.
  29. Hoffner, Erik (2018-03-08). "Only 12 vaquita porpoises remain, watchdog group reports". Mongabay. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  30. Rice, DW (1998). Marine mammals of the world: Systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy. pp. 92–95. ISBN   978-1-891276-03-3.
  31. Braulik, G. T.; Archer, F. I.; Khan, U.; Imran, M.; Sinha, R. K.; Jefferson, T. A.; Donovan, C.; Graves, J. A. (2021). "Taxonomic revision of the South Asian River dolphins (Platanista): Indus and Ganges River dolphins are separate species". Marine Mammal Science. 37 (3): 1022–1059. doi: 10.1111/mms.12801 . hdl: 10023/21691 .
  32. Sinha, Ravindra K.; Kannan, Kurunthachalam (2014-12-01). "Ganges River Dolphin: An Overview of Biology, Ecology, and Conservation Status in India". Ambio. 43 (8): 1029–1046. doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0534-7. ISSN   1654-7209. PMC   4235892 . PMID   24924188.
  33. Braulik, Gill T.; Noureen, Uzma; Arshad, Masood; Reeves, Randall R. (2015-12-01). "Review of status, threats, and conservation management options for the endangered Indus River blind dolphin". Biological Conservation. 192: 30–41. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.09.008. ISSN   0006-3207.
  34. "National Marine Mammal Laboratory - La Plata Dolphins". Alaska Fisheries Science Center - NOAA Fisheries. NOAA Fisheries. Retrieved 18 March 2019.

Further reading