List of largest domes

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A dome is a self-supporting structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere.

Contents

Every dome in the world which was the largest (by diameter) dome of its time is listed below.

Notes:

  1. Each structure is only described in detail one time on this page (the appearance closest to the top of the page), even if it appears in multiple lists. A link to the row where the structure is described in detail is provided.
  2. The dimensions given are inner diameters (also called inside diameters, or clear spans), meaning the thickness of the dome itself is not included. If the inner diameter of a dome is not available, a footnote follows the structure's name.
  3. If a dome has an elliptical rather than circular shape, the dome's shorter dimension (i.e. width) is used for ranking, and, contra convention, its dimensions are listed as width × length, rather than length × width.
  4. If the structure is part of a well-known complex of buildings, the name of the entire site is listed first, with the name of the dome structure itself listed in small text below.
  5. These lists exclude structures that are not self-supporting, such as The O2 in London which is 365 m (1,200 ft) in diameter but is supported by masts.
  6. The name of a structure used is the name it had when it was constructed or first opened. This is particularly relevant regarding stadiums.

Chronology of the largest dome

Below is a list of dome structures that have been the largest dome in the world.

The Pantheon in Rome, built in the 2nd century, was the largest dome in the world for over a millennium, and is still the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome. Interior of Pantheon - Rome, Italy - panoramio.jpg
The Pantheon in Rome, built in the 2nd century, was the largest dome in the world for over a millennium, and is still the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome.
The dome of Florence Cathedral was the largest in the world from its construction in 1436 to 1871, and is the largest brick and mortar dome. View of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.jpg
The dome of Florence Cathedral was the largest in the world from its construction in 1436 to 1871, and is the largest brick and mortar dome.
The Singapore National Stadium, the largest dome structure in the world, and the largest ever built Singapore (SG), National Stadium -- 2019 -- 4721.jpg
The Singapore National Stadium, the largest dome structure in the world, and the largest ever built
Held record [lower-alpha 1] DiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
1250 BC –1st century BC14.547.6 Treasury of Atreus Mycenae, GreeceCity-state of Mycenae Corbel dome [1]
1st century BC –19 BC21.5570.70 Temple of Mercury Baiae, Italy Roman Empire First monumental dome [2] [3]
19 BC –start of 2nd century AD*2582 Baths of Agrippa
Arco della Ciambella		 Rome, Italy Roman Empire First thermae in Rome with a domed central building [4] [4]
Start of 2nd century AD –128*30100 Baths of Trajan Rome, Italy Roman Empire Half dome [5]
128 –143643.4142 Pantheon Rome, Italy Roman Empire Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world. Archetype of Western dome construction to this day. [2] [6] [7]
1436 –187145.5149 Florence Cathedral Florence, ItalyCity-state of Florence Largest brick and mortar dome in the world. First double-dome structure of the Renaissance. Octagonal dome. Architect Filippo Brunelleschi. [8]
1871 –187356.5 × 66.9185+1⁄3 × 219+1⁄3 Royal Albert Hall London, United Kingdom Lucas Brothers Wrought iron and glazed (glass) elliptical dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Henry Young Darracott Scott. [9] [10]
1873 –1937*101.7333.66 Rotunde Vienna, Austria Johann Caspar Harkort VI.  [ de ]Destroyed by a fire in 1937. Architect Baron Karl von Hasenauer. [11]
1937 –195565.8216 Wholesale Market Leipzig  [ de; ru ] Leipzig, Germany Dyckerhoff & Widmann Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger. [12]
1955 –1957101332+1⁄3 Charlotte Coliseum [lower-alpha 2] Charlotte, United StatesThompson and StreetStructural steel dome. Architect Odell Associates. [13]
1957 –1963109358 Belgrade Fair  – Hall 1 Belgrade, Serbia Belgrade Fair in Construction World's largest prestressed concrete dome [14]
1963 –1964122400 Assembly Hall Champaign, United StatesFelmley-Dickerson Co.Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz. [15]
1964 –1975196642 Harris County Domed Stadium Houston, United StatesH.A. Lott, Inc.First domed stadium. [16] First air-conditioned stadium. Structural steel dome (3,000 tons of structural steel). Architects Lloyd & Morgan, and Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson. [17] [17] [18]
1975 –1984207680 Louisiana Superdome New Orleans, United StatesBlount International [19] Structural steel construction (18,000 tons of structural steel in entire structure). Architects Curtis and Davis Architects and Engineers, Edward 8. Silverstein and Associates, and Nolan, Norman and Nolan. [20] [21] [20]
1984 –1985*236.5775.9 Istra dome Istra, Russia Glavspetsstroy  [ ru ]Steel construction (≈10,000 tons of steel and ≈363 tons of aluminum). [22] Collapsed on 25 January 1985, later demolished. [22] [22] [23] [24]
2001 –2013274899 Oita Stadium Ōita, Japan Takenaka Corporation, SATO BENEC, and Takayama Sogo Kogyo [25] Retractable steel roof (12,500 tonnes of steel). [26] Architects Kisho Kurokawa Architect & Associates, Takenaka Corporation, Satobenec, and Takayama Sogo Kogyo. [27] [27] [28]
2013 –present3121,020 Singapore National Stadium Singapore DragagesRetractable roof. Height of dome: 80 m (260 ft). [29] Architect Arup Group. [29]
  1. ↑ First stint as largest dome only, may have gaps due to destructions. Domes no longer standing marked with an asterisk.
  2. ↑ Not to be confused with the later Charlotte Coliseum, an indoor arena not featuring a dome that was demolished in 2007.

By structural material

The Hagia Sophia, the largest brick and mortar dome for almost a millennium, from its construction in 563 until the completion of the Florence Cathedral in 1436 Aya Sophia (7144824757) (cropped).jpg
The Hagia Sophia, the largest brick and mortar dome for almost a millennium, from its construction in 563 until the completion of the Florence Cathedral in 1436
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the largest wooden dome for over a millennium Dome of the Rock Chain Dome.jpg
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the largest wooden dome for over a millennium
The Royal Albert Hall is the largest standing dome structure of wrought iron construction. However, the Rotunde, completed two years after the Royal Albert Hall, is the largest wrought iron dome ever built. Alberthallrooftop.jpg
The Royal Albert Hall is the largest standing dome structure of wrought iron construction. However, the Rotunde, completed two years after the Royal Albert Hall, is the largest wrought iron dome ever built.

Below are lists of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome built with a given structural material.

Held recordDiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
Stone
1250 BC –150–175 ADTreasury of Atreus (details above)
150–175 AD –200615.049.2Western Thermae Jerash, Jordan Roman Empire One of the earliest voussoir domes with square ground plan [30]
2006 –present85.15279.4 Global Vipassana Pagoda Mumbai, IndiaThe stone dome was completed in October 2006. The monument was officially inaugurated on February 8, 2009. [31]
Concrete
1st century BC –1st century BC6.5221.4Stabiae Thermae
Laconicum		 Pompeii, Italy Roman Empire Cone vault (early form of a dome). Oldest known dome built with Roman concrete. [3]
1st century BC –19 BCTemple of Mercury (details above)
128 –presentPantheon (details above)
Masonry
2nd century –15011.538 Red Basilica Pergamon, Turkey Roman Empire Brick [32]
150 –c. 306*23.8578.2 Sanctuary of Asclepius
Temple of Asclepius		 Pergamon, Turkey Roman Empire Earliest monumental brick dome [33] [34] [35]
c. 306 –56324.1579.2 Rotunda of Galerius Thessaloniki, Greece Roman Empire Radially laid bricks [33]
563 –143630.87 × 31.87101.3 × 104.6 Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Byzantine Empire First pendentive dome in history. First completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus [36]
1436 –presentFlorence Cathedral (details above)
Clay hollowware
Beginning of 3rd century –21612.039.4 Aquae Flavianae El Hamma District, Algeria Roman Empire Earthenware pipes put together [37]
216 –6th-9th century*35.08115.1 Baths of Caracalla
Caldarium 		Rome, Italy Roman Empire Amphorae put together [38]
Wood
691 –178120.4066.9 Dome of the Rock Jerusalem, Israel Umayyad Empire [39]
1781 –195736.0118.1 Saint Blaise Abbey Sankt Blasien, GermanyPierre Michel d'IxnardThird-widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction [40] [40] [41]
1957 –197791.4300 Brick Breeden Fieldhouse Bozeman, United States Montana State University  – Bozeman Second-largest dome in United States at the time of its construction [42] [42]
1977 –1983153.0502.0 Walkup Skydome Flagstaff, Arizona, United States Northern Arizona University Geodesic dome
1983 –1991162530 Tacoma Dome Tacoma, United StatesMerit Co. Geodesic dome
1991 –present163.4536 Superior Dome Marquette, United StatesState of Michigan/Northern Michigan University Geodesic dome
Cast iron
1811 –188139.0128.0 Bourse de commerce
(previously the Halle aux blés)		 Paris, FranceFirst French EmpireEngineer François Brunet. Architect François-Joseph Bélanger. [43]
1881 –present46.9154 Devonshire Royal Hospital Buxton, United KingdomConverted from a horse stables to a hospital. Slate-covered iron frame. Architects John Carr and Robert Rippon Duke. [44]
Wrought iron
1871 –1873Royal Albert Hall (details above)
1873 –1937Rotunde (details above)
Steel
1902 –195559.4195 West Baden Springs Hotel West Baden, United StatesLee Wiley SinclairSteel and glass dome. Architect Harrison Albright. [45]
1955 –1964Charlotte Coliseum (details above)
1964 –1975Harris County Domed Stadium (details above)
1975 –1984Louisiana Superdome (details above)
1984 –1985Istra dome (details above)
2001 –2013Oita Stadium (details above)
2013 –presentSingapore National Stadium (details above)
Reinforced concrete
1913 –193065.0213.3 Centennial Hall Wrocław, PolandArchitect Max Berg [46]
1930 –1957Wholesale Market Leipzig (details above)
1957 –1963100.6330 Palazzetto dello Sport Rome, ItalyBuilt for the 1960 Summer Olympics. Consulting engineer Pier Luigi Nervi. [15]
1963 –1971Assembly Hall (details above)
1971 –1976134.1440 Norfolk Scope Norfolk, Virginia, United States City of Norfolk Consulting engineer Pier Luigi Nervi [15]
1976 –2000*201660 King County Stadium Seattle, United States King County Reinforced concrete dome. Demolished on 26 March 2000. Architects NBBJ, John Skilling, and Emil Praeger. [47]
Glazed
2002 –present70.1230 Desert Dome Omaha, United States Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium Glazed geodesic dome. Holds the world's largest indoor desert. [48] [49]

By continent

Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome on their continent.

Europe

Kupolen [sv] (English: Dome ) in Borlange, Sweden is the largest dome structure in Europe. Kupolen fran ovan (3).JPG
Kupolen  [ sv ] (English: Dome) in Borlänge, Sweden is the largest dome structure in Europe.
Held recordDiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
1250 BC –1st century BCTreasury of Atreus (details above)
1st century BC –19 BCTemple of Mercury (details above)
19 BC –109 ADBaths of Agrippa
Arco della Ciambella (details above)
109 –128Baths of Trajan (details above)
128 –1436Pantheon (details above)
1436 –1871Florence Cathedral (details above)
1871 –1873Royal Albert Hall (details above)
1873 –1937Rotunde (details above)
1937 –1957Wholesale Market Leipzig (details above)
1957 –1990Belgrade Fair  – Hall 1 (details above)
1990 –present129423 Kupolen  [ sv ] (English: Dome) Borlänge, SwedenOriginally an exposition hall with a few stores at ground level. Now a three level mall. Architect Coordinator arkitekter  [ sv ]. [50]

North America

AT&T Stadium, Cowboys Stadium when constructed, is the largest dome structure in North America Arlington June 2020 4 (AT&T Stadium).jpg
AT&T Stadium, Cowboys Stadium when constructed, is the largest dome structure in North America
Held recordDiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
1864 –18672996 United States Capitol Washington, D.C., United StatesArchitect Thomas Ustick Walter [51]
1867 –190245.7150 Salt Lake Tabernacle Salt Lake City, United StatesLargely built without nails. Architect Henry Grow. [52]
1902 –1955West Baden Springs Hotel (details above)
1955 –1963Charlotte Coliseum (details above)
1963 –1964Assembly Hall (details above)
1964 –1975Harris County Domed Stadium (details above)
1975 –2009Louisiana Superdome (details above)
2009 –present230755 Cowboys Stadium [lower-alpha 1] Arlington, United States HKS, Inc. Diameter is estimated. Retractable structural steel roof (14,100 tons of structural steel). [53]
  1. ↑ No reliable figures available

South America

Held recordDiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
Palace of the Argentine National Congress Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGovernment of ArgentinaBronze-plated dome. Architect Vittorio Meano.
196038120 Palace of the Brazilian National Congress Brasília, BrazilGovernment of BrazilArchitect Oscar Niemeyer [54]

Asia

Held recordDiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
2nd century –150Red Basilica (details above)
150 –1312Sanctuary of Asclepius
Temple of Asclepius (details above)
1312 –165925.683.99 Dome of Soltaniyeh Soltaniyeh, IranPersian architects were building double shell domes at the start of the 5th century, but the Dome of Soltaniyeh is the earliest such architecture extant, dating to 1312, over 100 years before Brunelleschi used the same technique to build the dome of Florence Cathedral. This makes the Dome of Soltaniyeh the earliest existing double shell dome. The Florence Cathedral's dome has a design of octagonal supporting walls, like the Dome of Soltaniyeh. The Dome of Soltaniyeh is the third largest brick dome in the world (after Florence Cathedral and Hagia Sophia). Hagia Sophia is older than the Dome of Soltaniyeh, but the Hagia Sophia is a single shell brick dome. [55]
1659 –193744140 Gol Gumbaz Bijapur, India Sultanate of Bijapur Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (1627 –1657) of the Sultanate of Bijapur [56]
1937 –194445150 Phnom Penh Central Market Phnom Penh, CambodiaReinforced concrete. Engineer Wladimir Kandaouroff.[ citation needed ] Architects Jean Desbois and Louis Chauchon. [57]
1944 –196060200 Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre Novosibirsk, RussiaReinforced concrete [58]
1960 –2001108354 Araneta Coliseum Quezon City, Philippines J. Amado Araneta Also known as the Big Dome. Opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960. Architect Dominador Lugtu.
2001 –2013Oita Stadium (details above)
2013 –presentSingapore National Stadium (details above)

Africa

Held recordDiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
1988 –199790295.28 Basilica of Our Lady of Peace Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast Dumez Modeled after the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. World's tallest dome.
1997 –2018140.0459.32 MTN Sundome Johannesburg, South AfricaSports arena [59]
2018 –present247810.37 Glory Dome Abuja, NigeriaSaid to be the biggest church auditorium in the world. Size of three football pitches.

Australia

Held recordDiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
1913 –195934.75114.01 State Library Victoria Melbourne, AustraliaDesigned by Norman G. Peebles
1959 –198847.4155.51 The Shine Dome Canberra, AustraliaDesigned by Sir Roy Grounds
1988 –present133.0436.35 Burswood Dome Perth, AustraliaDesigned by James Wilkinson

Other famous large domes

Below is a list of large domes which are famous but have never held any of the above records.

Completion dateDiameterNameLocationBuilderNotesReferences
mft
c. 6413.4844.2 Domus Aurea Rome, Italy Roman Empire First dome with a polygonal ground plan (octagon) [3]
122716.9 × 21.055.4 × 68.9 St. Gereon's Basilica Cologne, GermanyElliptical dome. Largest dome to be constructed in the Occident in the years between the construction of Hagia Sophia's dome in 563 and the completion of Florence Cathedral in 1436. [60]
140518.260 Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi Turkistan, Kazakhstan Timur Double dome
155727.289 Süleymaniye Mosque Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman Empire Architect Mimar Sinan
157531.25102.5 Selimiye Mosque Edirne, Turkey Ottoman Empire Architect Mimar Sinan [61]
162642.3139 St. Peter's Basilica Rome, Italy Holy See World's tallest dome until 1990. Tallest dome interior (including lantern). Two layer dome. Architect Michelangelo. [3]
16411858 Taj Mahal Agra, India Mughal Empire Double dome [62] [62] [63]
171031.1102 St Paul's Cathedral London, United Kingdom Christopher Wren Double dome. The two domes are separated by a cone over the top of the inner which helps support the outer. Height of dome: 225 ft (69 m). [64] [64] [65]
173279.07 × 118.924.10 × 36.25 Sanctuary of Vicoforte Vicoforte, Italy House of Savoy Largest elliptical dome in the world.[ citation needed ][ dubious – discuss ] Height of dome: 16 m (52 ft). Architects Ascanio Vitozzi and Francesco Gallo. [66] [66]
187139.6130 Mosta Dome Mosta, MaltaThird-largest unsupported dome in the world.[ dubious – discuss ] Architect Giorgio Grognet de Vassé. [67] [68]
189431100 Frederik's Church Copenhagen, Denmark Frederick V Built from 1749 to 1894 by three different architects, with no construction done from 1770 to 1877 [69]
19041550 Rhode Island State House Providence, United StatesThird-largest unsupported marble dome in the world. [70] [71]
19121859 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Sofia, Bulgaria Bulgarian people Groundbreaking: 3 March 1882. Completed: 1904 –1912. Consecrated: 1924. Has gold-plated domes. Believed to be among the 10 largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings, and the largest completed Orthodox cathedral located in Southeast Europe. [72] [73] [74] [75]
194461.0200.1 La Coupole
V-2 rocket bunker		 Wizernes, France Nazi Germany Reinforced concrete dome. 5 metres (16 ft) thick. [76] [77]
19522789 Rotunda of Xewkija Xewkija, MaltaHeight: 75 m (246 ft). Weight: 45,000 t (44,000 long tons; 50,000 short tons). Circumference: 85 m (279 ft). Architect Joseph D'Amato.
198851.8170 Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque Shah Alam, Malaysia Biggest mosque in Malaysia. Second biggest mosque in South East Asia. Also known as Blue Mosque. Can accommodate up to 16,000 worshippers.
1992192 × 240630 × 787 Georgia Dome Atlanta, United States Brasfield & Gorrie Elliptical tensegrity structure. Demolished on 20 November 2017. [78] [79]
200521.370Long Island Green Dome Baiting Hollow, United StatesKevin Michael SheaLargest residential wood geodesic dome in North America. Serves as a home and as a attraction site advocating sustainable living. Picture.
200978256 Medgidia clinker storage facility Medgidia, Romania [80]
2014179 × 227587 × 745 Philippine Arena Bocaue, Philippines Iglesia ni Cristo Elliptical dome. Dome with the largest indoor arena by capacity in the world. [81]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Treasury of Atreus at Structurae
  2. 1 2 Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986), p.24
  3. 1 2 3 4 Rasch 1985, p. 118.
  4. 1 2 Werner Heinz: "Römische Thermen. Badewesen und Badeluxus im römischen Reich", München 1983, ISBN   3-7774-3540-6, p.60-64
  5. ↑ Rasch 1985, p. 119.
  6. ↑ "Romanconcrete.com". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
  7. ↑ Werner Müller: "dtv  – Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz", 14. Aufl., 2005, ISBN   3-423-03020-8, p.253
  8. ↑ Figures vary. archINFORM Archived 2021-06-20 at the Wayback Machine gives a 45 m (148 ft) wide tambour, while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m (141 ft) diameter of the cupola. Other estimates are as low as 42 m (138 ft).
  9. ↑ The British Foreign Mechanic and Scientific Instructor. J. Sydal. 23 July 1870. p. 30. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  10. ↑ "Roof". royalalberthall.com. Royal Albert Hall. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  11. ↑ Uhland, Wilhelm H. [Heinrich] [in German] (1873) [1872-11]. Written at Leipsic [Leipzig]. "Notes on the Vienna Universal exposition". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 95 (3). Philadelphia: Published by the Franklin Institute at their Hall: 186. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(73)90149-x. ISSN   0016-0032. OCLC   1044760573 . Retrieved 2023-09-12. the interior circumference is 319·6 meters, and the space available for the purposes of the Exhibition and accommodation of the visitors is 8129 square meters
  12. ↑ Leipzig Market Hall at Structurae
  13. ↑ "Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum". Archived from the original on 2016-01-18.
  14. ↑ "Belgrade Fair - Hall 1". sajam.co.rs. 2009-07-19. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
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  16. ↑ Byrnes, Mark (2012-05-25). "The End of the Domed Stadium". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2023-09-17. The first domed stadiums were hailed as architectural marvels. In 1965, the first (Houston's Astrodome) was known as the "8th Wonder of the World."
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