List of loanwords in Tagalog

The Tagalog language has developed a unique vocabulary since its inception from its direct Austronesian roots, incorporating words from Malay, Hokkien, Spanish, Nahuatl, English, Sanskrit, Tamil, Japanese, Arabic, Persian, and Quechua.

Spanish

See also: Spanish language in the Philippines, Spanish influence on Filipino culture, and Chavacano

The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their analysis of José Villa Panganiban's Talahuluganang Pilipino-Ingles (Pilipino-English dictionary), Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) pointed out that 33% of word root entries are of Spanish origin. As the aforementioned analysis didn't reveal the frequency of the usage of these words by native speakers, a study was conducted by Antonio Quilis in order to understand the percentage of Spanish-derived words used by Filipinos in their daily conversations. Through his studies, the results of which were published in 1973 in the case of Tagalog and in 1976 in the case of Cebuano, it was found out that 20.4% of the lexicon used by Tagalog speakers were of Spanish origin, while it was 20.5% in the case of Cebuano. ^{[1] : 391–393} According to Patrick O. Steinkrüger, depending on the text type, around 20% of the vocabulary in a Tagalog text are of Spanish origin. ^{[2] : 213} In an analysis of a Tagalog-language corpus consisting of random news, fiction and non-fiction articles published between 2005 and 2015, Ekaterina Baklanova found out that Spanish-derived words constitute 20% of the lexicon used. ^[3] An example is the sentence below in which Spanish–derived words are in italics (original in parentheses):

Tagalog: "Puwede (Puede) ba akóng umupô sa silya (silla) sa tabí ng bintanà (ventana) hábang nása biyahe (viaje) táyo sa eroplano (aeroplano)?"

Translation in English: ("May I sit on the chair near the window during our voyage in the aeroplane?")

The adoption of the Abakada alphabet in 1940 ^[4] changed the spelling of the Spanish loanwords present in the Filipino language. The spellings of Spanish loanwords were reformed according to the new orthographic rules. Examples include:

agila (from Sp. águila), alkalde (from Sp. alcalde), bakuna (from Sp. vacuna), banyo (from Sp. baño), baso (from Sp. vaso), biktima (from Sp. víctima), bintanà (from Sp. ventana), bisita (from Sp. visita), biyahe (from Sp. viaje), braso (from Sp. brazo), demokrasya (from Sp. democracia), diyaryo (from Sp. diario), estudyante (from Sp. estudiante), henerál (from Sp. general), hustisya (from Sp. justicia), kama (from Sp. cama), kambiyo (from Sp. cambio de marcha), keso (from Sp. queso), kutsara (from Sp. cuchara), kuwarto (from Sp. cuarto), kuwento (from Sp. cuento), lababo (from Sp. lavabo), mensahe (from Sp. mensaje), meryenda (from Sp. merienda), mikrobyo (from Sp. microbio), niyebe (from Sp. nieve), panyô (from Sp. paño), pila (from Sp. fila), plema (from Sp. flema), presyo (from Sp. precio), prinsesa (from Sp. princesa), reseta (from Sp. receta médica), reyna (from Sp. reina), serbisyo (from Sp. servicio), sinturón (from Sp. cinturón), teklado (from Sp. teclado), telebisyón (from Sp. televisión), tinidór (from Sp. tenedor), trabaho (from Sp. trabajo), tuwalya (from Sp. toalla) and yelo (from Sp. hielo). ^{[1] [5] [6] [7]}

Other loanwords underwent phonological changes. Vowel changes can be observed to some of the Spanish words upon adoption into the Filipino language, such as an /i/ to /a/ vowel shift observed in the Filipino word pamintá, which came from the Spanish word pimienta, ^[5] and a pre-nasal /e/ to /u/ vowel shift observed in several words such as unanò (from Sp. enano) and umpisá (from Sp. empezar). Prothetic /a/ is added in the loanwords alisto (from Sp. listo) and aplaya (from Sp. playa). ^[8] Other words underwent vowel deletion, e.g., pustá (from Sp. apostar), tarantado (from Sp. atarantado), kursonada (from Sp. corazonada), Paskó (from Sp. Pascua) and labì (from Sp. labio). ^[5]

Consonant shifts can also be observed to some of the Spanish words upon their adoption into the Filipino language. The [r] to [l] consonant shift can be observed in the following words:

albularyo (folk healer, from Sp. herbolario), alma (from Sp. armar), almusál (from Sp. almorzar), asukal (from Sp. azúcar), balbás (from Sp. barba), bandilà (from. Sp. bandera), dasál (from Sp. rezar), hiblá (thread or strand, from Sp. hebra), hilo (dizzy, from Sp. giro), hulmá (to mould, from Sp. ahormar), kasál (from Sp. casar), kumpisál (from Sp. confesar), lagadera (from Sp. regadera), litratista (photographer, from Sp. retratista), litrato (photograph, portrait or picture; from Sp. retrato), multo (from Sp. muerto), nunál (from Sp. lunar), pastól (from Sp. pastor) and pasyál (from Sp. pasear).

The loss of the /l/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino word kutsón derived from the Spanish colchón. The loss of the /t/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino words talino ^[9] (intelligence or wisdom, from Sp. talento) and tina ^[10] (dye, from Sp. tinta). Some Spanish-derived words have also undergone consonant or syllable deletion upon introduction to Tagalog like in the case of limós (from Sp. limosna), masyado (from Sp. demasiado), posas (from Sp. esposas), restawran ^[11] (from Sp. restaurante), riles (rail, railway or railroad; from Sp. carriles), sigurado (from asegurado), sindí (from Sp. encender) and sintunado (from Sp. desentonado). ^[1]

The Spanish digraph [ll] is pronounced by the Spaniards as /j/ during the Renaissance era and this reflected on the pronunciation and the spelling of Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog introduced before the 19th century, where the digraph [ll] becomes [y] in Tagalog. Such is the case of the words baryá (from Sp. barrilla ^[12] ), kabayò (from Sp. caballo), kutamaya (from. Sp. cota de malla), lauya (a stew of meat and vegetables, from Sp. la olla), sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas) and tabliya or tablea (from Sp. tablilla de chocolate). Spanish loanwords in which the digraph [ll] is pronounced as /lj/ in Tagalog might have been introduced (or reintroduced) during the 19th century. ^{[13] : 308} Examples include apelyido (from Sp. apellido), balyena (from Sp. ballena), kalye (from Sp. calle), kutsilyo (from Sp. cuchillo), makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla de escribir), sepilyo (from Sp. cepillo de dientes), silya (from Sp. silla) and sigarilyo (from Sp. cigarrillo). There are also rare cases of Tagalog doublets coming from the same Spanish etymological root which exhibit both the influences of the Renaissance /j/ and the latter /λ/ sounds, like in the case of the Tagalog word pair laryo and ladrilyo, both from Sp. ladrillo. ^[14] There are also instances of the Spanish digraph [ll] being transformed into [l] upon adoption by Tagalog. Such is the case in kulani (lymph node, from Sp. collarín ^{[13] : 318–319}). ^{[6] : 86}

Vestigial influences of Middle Spanish voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ are evident in some of the Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog, where the /ʃ/ sound is transformed into the Tagalog /s/. Examples include relos (clock or wristwatch, from Sp. reloj, pronounced as /reˈloʃ/ in Middle Spanish), sabón (soap, from Sp. jabón, pronounced as /ʃaˈbon/ in Middle Spanish), saro (pitcher or jug, from Sp. jarro, pronounced as /ˈʃaro/ in Middle Spanish), sugál (to gamble, from Sp. jugar, pronounced as /ʃuˈgar/ in Middle Spanish) and tasá (to sharpen, from Sp. tajar, pronounced as /taˈʃar/ in Middle Spanish). ^{[13] : 307  [15]} Loanwords which have the pronunciation that reflects the transition from Middle Spanish /ʃ/ to Modern Spanish /x/ are also present in Tagalog. The Modern Spanish /x/ sound is rendered in Tagalog as [h], which is the standard pronunciation in other Spanish dialects. Example cases include ahedres (from Sp. ajedrez), anghél (from Sp. ángel), halayá (from Sp. jalea), hardín (from Sp. jardín), hepe (police chief, from Sp. jefe), kahera and kahero (cashier, from Sp. cajera and cajero respectively) and kahón (from Sp. cajón). There are also rare cases of doublets that exhibit influences of both the Middle Spanish /ʃ/ and Modern Spanish /x/ like for example in the cases of Tagalog muson and mohon (both from Sp. mojón) and relos and relo (both from Sp. reloj).

The compound word batya't palo–palo, a phrase in the laundry business where many Spanish words proliferate. The words were taken from the Spanish batea for "washing tub" and palo for "stick", something a typical Filipino might think had no Spanish provenance at all because of the Tagalog verb palò which means "strike".

Some loanwords have been associated to new meanings, such as kursonada (corazonada, originally meaning '"hunch"), which means "object of desire"; sospetsoso (sospechoso) is the "suspicious person" and not the "suspect" as in the original; insekto ("insecto"), which still means "insect" but also refers to a "pesty clownish person"; or even sige (sigue), a Spanish word for "continue" or "follow", which is popularly understood to mean "all right" or "go ahead".

Some Spanish affixes are combined with Tagalog words to make new words. For example, pakialamero (from Tag. pakialam, "to meddle" and the Sp. suffix –ero, masculine subject); majongero ("mahjong", ultimately from Chinese, and the Sp. suffix –ero); basketbolista, boksingero. Daisysiete is a word play and portmanteau of the English "daisy" and the Spanish diecisiete ("seventeen"), now meaning a sweet and sexually desirable underaged (17 year-old) female. Bastusing katawán (Sp.: basto -> bastós & Tag.: katawán) is an example of a two-word term for a bombshell body.

Tagalog still uses Spanish language influence in coining new words, e.g., alaskadór ("Alaska" + Sp. suffix '–ador'); bérde ("verde"="green", nuanced to "toilet humour" or "blue joke", a literal Tagalog translation of Philippine English term "green(-minded)".); which are not readily understood in Spain or any Latin American country.

Spanish influences on Tagalog morphosyntax

See also: Tagalog grammar

Although the overall influence of Spanish on the morphosyntax of the Tagalog language was minimal, ^{[2] : 211} there are fully functional Spanish-derived words that have produced syntactic innovations on Tagalog. ^[16] Clear influences of Spanish can be seen in the morphosyntax of comparison and the existence of Spanish-derived modals and conjunctions, ^{[2] : 211} as will be discussed in more detail below.

Kumustá as an interrogative word in Tagalog

All of the interrogative words used in Tagalog are not related to Spanish, with the exception of kumustá. The word kumustá is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está? and it functions as a Tagalog interrogative word used as a substitute for an adjective of quality or condition equivalent to the English how. ^[17] Kumustá can also be used as a greeting (similar to English "Hello!") or as a verb with the meaning of "to greet" or "to say hello". The native term can be used as Ohoy and Taupo, however these were lost in translations.

Spanish-derived comparative markers

Tagalog has several comparative markers that are etymologically derived from Spanish. The particle mas (meaning "more", from Sp. más), in conjunction with the various Tagalog counterparts of the English "than" (kaysa + sa-marker, sa, kay), is used as a comparative marker of non-equality. ^[18] Another comparative marker of non-equality is kumpará ^[19] (from Sp. comparado), usually followed with the appropriate sa-marker and used as the Tagalog equivalent of the English "compared to". Lastly, the word pareho (from Sp. parejo), commonly employed with the Tagalog linker -ng, is used as a comparative marker of equality. ^[20]

Spanish-derived Tagalog modals

There are several Spanish-derived words that have acquired function as modals upon adoption in Tagalog. Tagalog modals, including those that are etymologically derived from Spanish, can be classified into two main groups: words realizing deontic modality (i.e. modals concerned with expressing inclination, obligation and ability) and words realizing epistemic modality (i.e. modals concerned with degrees of reality).

Deontic modality in Tagalog is realized through words which are grammaticized by Paul Schachter and Fe T. Otanes as "pseudo-verbs". ^[21] An example of a Spanish-derived Tagalog deontic modal is gusto (from Sp. gusto), which is used to denote preference or desire. Gusto is considered to be more commonly used than its other counterparts newly adapted to this usage such as nais or ibig, since these two words are usually perceived as more formal than gustó and are more commonly used in literature than in colloquial speech; in native Tagalog synonyms, nais is more commonly used in colloquial speech than ibig as an alternate of gustó and also commonly used as a noun for "desire", "want", or "wish". Another example is puwede (from Sp. puede), which can be translated in English as "can" and is thus used to express permission or ability. The word puwede co-exists with its equivalent maaárì and the two pseudo-verbs are deemed to have little semantic difference, with puwede only being considered usually as more colloquial and less formal than maaarì. ^[22]

Epistemic modality in Tagalog is realized through words functioning as adverbials. These words, when used as modals, are typically linked to the clause that they modalize through the Tagalog linker -ng or na. An example of a Spanish-derived epistemic modal used for expressing high degree of probability is sigurado + -ng (from Sp. seguro + -ado), with the meaning of "surely" or "certainly", and is considered as a synonym of Tagalog tiyak, sigurado is derived from "asegurado", "assured". The word siguro (from Sp. seguro) is an epistemic modal marking moderate degree of probability, with the meaning of "maybe", "probably" or "perhaps". The word siguro is also identified by the linguist Ekaterina Baklanova as a Spanish-derived discourse marker in Tagalog, thus contrasting the claims of other scholars such as Patrick Steinkrüger that none of the numerous discourse markers in Tagalog are of Spanish origin. ^[23] Similarly to Tagalog, the word siguro is also considered as an adverbial clitic in Cebuano ^[24] and in Masbateño. ^[25] Posible + -ng (from Sp. posible), which can be translated to English as "possibly", is a Tagalog epistemic modal marking low degree of probability. Examples of Spanish-derived Tagalog epistemic modals marking excessive degree of intensity include masyado + -ng (from Sp. demasiado) and sobra + -ng (from Sp. sobra) while medyo (from Sp. medio) marks moderate degree of intensity.

Spanish-derived Tagalog conjunctions

Several conjunctions in Tagalog have Spanish-derived etymological roots. The Tagalog disjunctive conjunction o (from Sp. o, meaning "or") has completely substituted the old Tagalog equivalent "kun", ^[26] rendering the latter obsolete. Two Spanish-derived counter-expectational adversative conjunctions used in Tagalog are pero (from Sp. pero) and kaso (from Sp. caso), ^[27] both of which are considered as synonyms of the Tagalog counterparts ngunit, subalit, etc. The Tagalog ni (from Sp. ni) can be used as a negative repetitive conjunction, similar to the English "neither...nor" construction. When not repeated, ni assumes a scalar focus value stripped of all its conjunction function, translatable to English as "not even". ^[28] Basta (from Sp. basta), when used as a conditional conjunction, assumes a meaning similar to English "as long as" or "provided that". Maski (from Sp. mas que) is a synonym of Tagalog kahit and both are used as Tagalog concessive conjunctions. ^[29] Porke (from Sp. porque) assumes the function of causal conjunction in Tagalog and it is used to express an ironic or critical attitude, translatable to English as "just because" or "only because"; porke is a synonym of Tagalog dahil (exact translation of "because") and dahil lang (lámang) (exact translation of "just because" and "only because"), and all are used as Tagalog causal conjunctions. ^[30] The Tagalog puwera (kung) (from Sp. fuera) is used as a negative exceptive conditional conjunction, translatable in English as "unless" or "except if", used alongside "maliban sa" or "liban sa". The Tagalog oras na (from Sp. hora) is a temporal conjunction which can be translated in English as "the moment that". The Tagalog imbés na (from Sp. en vez) is used as an implicit adversative conjunction and it can be translated in English as "instead of". The Tagalog para (from Sp. para), when used to introduce verb-less or basic-form predicates, assumes the role of a purposive conjunction. However, if followed by the appropriate dative sa-marker, para assumes the role of a benefactive marker in Tagalog.

Loanwords that underwent semantic shift

Upon adoption into Tagalog, a number of Spanish-derived terms underwent a process of semantic shift or change in meaning. A loanword is said to have undergone a semantic shift if its meaning in Tagalog deviates from the original meaning of the word in the source language (in this case, Spanish). A type of semantic shift is the so-called semantic narrowing, which is a linguistic phenomenon in which the meaning of a Spanish-derived word acquires a less general or inclusive meaning upon adoption into Tagalog. Semantic narrowing occurs when a word undergoes specialization of usage. For example, the word kuryente (meaning "electricity" or "electric current") comes from the Spanish word corriente, which is a general term to refer to any current, whether electric or not. Upon adoption of the word corriente into Tagalog as kuryente, it underwent a semantic narrowing and its usage became restricted to refer only to an electric current, unlike its Spanish counterpart. Another example of a semantic narrowing is the Tagalog word ruweda (meaning "Ferris wheel"), a term derived from the Spanish word rueda which refers to any kind of wheel. Upon adoption into Tagalog, ruweda underwent usage specialization and its meaning became restricted to the Ferris wheel.

Semantic shift may also occur through semantic interference by another language, usually the English language. This phenomenon can result into reinterpretation of a Spanish-derived term by attributing to it an English meaning upon assimilation into Tagalog. An example is the Tagalog word libre, which is derived from the Spanish translation of the English word free, although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "without cost or payment" or "free of charge", a usage which would be deemed incorrect in Spanish as the term gratis would be more fitting; Tagalog word libre can also mean free in aspect of time, like "Libre ang oras" ("The time/hour is free", in the sense that the time is available). Another example is the Tagalog word iskiyerda, derived from the Spanish term izquierda meaning "left" as opposed to "right", although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "to leave".

Here is the list of Spanish-derived words which underwent semantic shift upon assimilation into Tagalog:

Tagalog	Spanish-derived word	Meaning in Tagalog	Spanish equivalent
alahero	alhajero (“jewel case”)	jeweller; jewel-maker	joyero
algodón	algodón (“cotton”)	false trevally (Lactarius lactarius) [31]	pagapa; pez blanco
alpahór [32]	alfajor (Spanish traditional confection)	bilo-bilo (sticky rice balls in coconut milk)	gacha dulce de arroz con leche de coco
almohadilya [33]	almohadilla (“cushion” or “small pillow”)	mousepad	alfombrilla para el ratón o mouse
almusál [7] : 26	almorzar (“to have lunch”)	breakfast	desayuno
asár [34]	asar (“to roast”)	to annoy	molestar
bahura	bajura (“coastal; shallow-water”)	coral reef	arrecife coralina
barako [35] : 14	verraco (“male boar”)	manly; fearless; strong and bitter (as coffee)	varonil
barkada [35] : 15	barcada (“boatload; boat trip”)	group of friends; clique	pandilla de amigos o camaradas
bastá	basta (“enough”)	just so that; as long as	siempre y cuando; siempre que
bida [35] : 18	vida (“life”)	protagonist	protagonista
biskotso	bizcocho (“sponge cake”)	toast bread	pan tostado
boso [35] : 23	buzo (“diver”)	voyeurism	voyerismo
bulsá	bolsa (“bag”)	pocket in garments	bolsillo
dehado	dejado (“left behind; careless”)	underdog; at a disadvantage	desfavorecido; desaventajado
delikado [35] : 38	delicado (“delicate”)	dangerous	peligroso
desgrasya [35] : 39	desgracia (“misfortune”)	accident	accidente
desgrasyada [35] : 39	desgraciada (“unfortunate; miserable”)	unwed mother	madre soltera
deskarte [35] : 39	descarte (“discard”)	resourcefulness	ingeniosidad; capacidad de improvisación
dilihénsiyá [35] : 39	diligencia (“diligence; errand”)	act of asking for a loan or debt; act of borrowing money	pedir un préstamo
engkanto	encanto (“spell; enchantment”)	fairy, elf, or spirit	hada; duende
gisado	guisado (“stew”)	sauteéed	salteado
harana	jarana (“commotion; partying; revelry”)	serenade	serenata
hepe	jefe (“chief; boss”)	police chief (also used as translation of "chief" in general)	comisario; jefe de policía
impakto	impacto (“impact; shock”)	evil spirit	espíritu maligno
inutil	inútil (“useless”)	impotent	sexualmente impotente
iskiyerda [35] : 62	izquierda (“left”)	to leave	irse de; abandonar
kabayo	caballo (“horse”)	ironing board	tabla de planchar
kabesera	cabecera (“head; heading; headboard”)	capital city or town	capital; ciudad cabecera
kakawate	cacahuate (“peanut”)	Gliricidia sepium	madre de cacao
kasi	casi (“much”)	because	porque
kasilyas	casillas (“cubicles”)	toilet; restroom	baño
kasta [35] : 73	casta (“caste; lineage”)	breeding; mating; sex act or making love	crianza; apareamiento; acto sexual
kódigó [35] : 76	código (“code”)	cheat sheet	apunte escondido; acordeón; chuleta
konyo	coño (“vagina”)	socialite; belonging to the upper-class	de clase alta
koryente	corriente (“current”)	electricity; electric current	electricidad; corriente eléctrica
kubeta [7] : 174	cubeta (“bucket”)	toilet; restroom	baño
kulebra	culebra (“snake”)	shingles	culebrilla; herpes zóster
kursunada	corazonada (“hunch”)	object of interest or desire	deseo del corazón
labakara	lavacara (“washbasin”)	face towel	toalla de tocador
lakwatsa [35] : 81	la cuacha (“the excrement”)	truancy; act of loafing around or roaming	vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos
lamyerda [35] : 81	la mierda (“the excrement”)	truancy; out loafing; out roaming	vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos
libre	libre (“free”)	free of charge	gratis
liyamado	llamado (“called'; named, destined”)	favorite (as in betting, races, etc.); at an advantage	favorecido
mantikà	manteca (“lard; butter”)	cooking oil	aceite
palengke	palenque (“stockade; palisade”)	market	mercado
paletada	paletada (“shovelful; trowelful”)	plaster	yeso
papagayo	papagayo (“parrot”)	kite	cometa
parol	farol (“lantern; lamp; streetlight”)	Christmas lantern	estrella navideña
parolero	farolero (“lamplighter”)	Christmas lantern maker	artesano de estrellas navideñas
pasamano	pasamano (“handrail”)	window sill	alféizar, repisa de la ventana
pitso	pecho (“chest; bosom”)	chicken breast	pechuga de pollo
poso negro	pozo negro (“cesspit; cesspool; soak pit”)	septic tank; holding tank	fosa séptica
putahe [7] : 470	potaje (“vegetable stew or soup”)	dish; course	plato
rebentadór	reventador (“agitator”)	firecracker	petardo
rekado	recado (“message; errand”)	spices; condiments	especia; condimiento
ruweda	rueda (“wheel”)	Ferris wheel [36]	noria; rueda de la fortuna
semilya	semilla (“seed”)	semen	semen
sentido	sentido (“sense; meaning”)	temple (anatomy)	templo; sien
siguro	seguro (“surely”)	maybe; perhaps; probably	quizás; probablemente
silindro [7] : 132	cilindro (“cylinder”)	harmonica	armónica
sintás [7] : 133	cinta (“ribbon; tape; belt”)	shoelace	cordón de zapato; cintas para zapatos
siyempre	siempre (“always”)	of course	por supuesto
sosyál [35] : 132	social (“social; societal”)	high society; belonging to the upper class, fancy	de clase (social) alta
suplado	soplado (“blown; inflated”)	snobbish; haughty	presuntuoso, arrogante
suporta [6] : 166	soportar (“to withstand; to bear”)	support	apoyo
sustánsiyá	sustancia (“substance”)	nutrient	sustancia nutritiva; nutriente
todas [35] : 143	toda (“all”)	completely killed or exterminated	matar
todo	todo (“all; entire; each; every; etc.”)	all-out; entire; fully; maximum	al máximo
tosino	tocino (“bacon”)	sweet cured meat	carne curada endulzada
tsampurado	champurrado (“chocolate-based atole”)	sweet chocolate rice porridge	arroz al chocolate
tsika [35] : 147	chica (“girl”)	gossip	chisme
turon	turrón (“nougat”)	fried banana roll	rollo de platano frito
tuwalya	toalla (“towel”)	tripe	mondongo; tripa; callos

Tagalog words derived from pluralized Spanish nouns

Some of the Spanish loanwords in Tagalog appear in their pluralized form, marked with -s or -es. However, in Tagalog, such words are not considered as plural and when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i.e., by placing the pluralization marker mga before the word. ^[37] For example, the word butones (meaning button used in clothing, from Sp. botones) is considered singular in Tagalog and its plural form is mga butones.

Tagalog	Spanish	Meaning in Spanish	Meaning in Tagalog
alahas	alhaja (plural: alhajas)	jewel; jewelry	jewel; jewelry
alkatsopas	alcachofa (plural: alcachofas)	artichoke	artichoke
arátiles	dátil (plural: dátiles)	date ( Phoenix dactilyfera )	calabur or Panama cherry ( Muntingia calabura )
armás	arma (plural: armas)	weapon; arm	weapon; arm
balbás	barba (plural: barbas)	beard (facial hair)	beard (facial hair)
banyos	baño (plural: baños)	bath; bathroom	sponge bath
bayabas	guayaba (plural: guayabas)	guava	guava
beses	vez (plural: veces)	time (repetition)	time (repetition)
boses	voz (plural: voces)	voice	voice
butones (var. bitones)	botón (plural: botones)	button (clothing)	button (clothing)
datos	dato (plural: datos)	fact; detail; piece of Information; data	data
garbansos	garbanzo (plural: garbanzos)	chickpea	chickpea
gastos	gasto (plural: gastos)	cost; expense; spending	cost; expense; spending
gisantes	guisante (plural: guisantes)	pea	pea
guwantes	guante (plural: guantes)	glove	glove
kalatás [38]	carta (plural: cartas)	letter; chart; charter	paper; white paper; letter; written message
kamatis	tomate (plural: tomates)	tomato	tomato
kasilyas	casilla (plural: casillas)	cubicle; booth	toilet
kastanyas	castaña (plural: castañas)	chestnut	chestnut
kostilyas	costilla (plural: costillas)	rib	rib
kubyertos	cubierto (plural: cubiertos)	cutlery; silverware	cutlery; silverware
kuwerdas	cuerda (plural: cuerdas)	rope; string; chord	string (of a musical instrument)
kuwitis	cohete (plural: cohetes)	rocket	skyrocket (firework)
labanós	rabano (plural: rabanos)	radish	radish
lansones	lanzón [39] (plural: lanzones)	langsat ( Lansium domesticum )	langsat ( Lansium domesticum )
letsugas	lechuga (plural: lechugas)	lettuce	lettuce
manggás	manga (plural: mangas)	sleeve	sleeve
mansanas	manzana (plural: manzanas)	apple	apple
materyales	material (plural: materiales)	material	material
medyas	media (plural: medias)	sock	sock
notisyas	noticia (plural: noticias)	message, news	notice
opisyales	oficial (plural: oficiales)	officer	Officer
oras	hora (plural: horas)	hour (unit)	hour (unit of time); time
panderetas	pandereta (plural: panderetas)	tambourine	tambourine
palanas [38]	plana (plural: planas)	plain	flat area along a river
papeles	papel (plural: papeles)	paper	document
patatas	patata (plural: patatas)	potato	potato
pares	par (plural: pares)	pair	(noun) pair; (adjective) similar
pasas	pasa (plural: pasas)	raisin	raisin
pastilyas	pastilla (plural: pastillas)	pill; tablet; candy	Sweet milk candy
peras	pera (plural: peras)	pear	pear
perlas	perla (plural: perlas)	pearl	pearl
pilduras	pildora (plural: pildoras)	pill; tablet	medicinal pill
pohas	foja (plural: fojas)	sheet	sheet
posas	esposa (plural: esposas)	handcuffs	handcuffs
presas	presa (plural: presas)	strawberry	strawberry
prutas	fruta (plural: frutas)	fruit	fruit
pulbós	polvo (plural: polvos)	dust; powder	powder
pulseras	pulsera (plural: pulseras)	bracelet	bracelet
puntos	punto (plural: puntos)	dot; period; point (sports)	score; points
rehas	reja (plural: rejas)	bar; railing	bar; railing
riles	carril (plural: carriles)	lane; track	rail; railroad; railway
rosas	rosa (plural: rosas)	rose	rose
salas	sala (plural: salas)	hall; living room	living room
sapatos	zapato (plural: zapatos)	shoe	shoe
sardinas	sardina (plural: sardinas)	sardine	sardine
senyales	señal (plural: señales)	sign; signal	sign
senyas	seña (plural: señas)	sign; signal	sign; signal
sibuyas	cebolla (plural: cebollas)	onion	onion
sigarilyas	seguidilla [40] (plural: seguidillas)	(Philippine Spanish) winged bean	winged bean
silahis	celaje (plural: celajes)	cloudscape; skylight	sunray; bisexual [41] (slang)
singkamas	jícama (plural: jícamas)	Mexican turnip ( Pachyrhizus erosus )	Mexican turnip ( Pachyrhizus erosus )
sintas	cinta (plural: cintas)	ribbon; tape; lace	shoelace
sintomas	síntoma (plural: síntomas)	symptom	symptom
sopas	sopa (plural: sopas)	soup	soup dish
sorbetes	sorbete (plural: sorbetes)	sorbet	ice cream
tsinelas	chinela (plural: chinelas)	slippers; flip-flops	slippers; flip-flops
tsismis	chisme (plural: chismes)	gossip	gossip
ubas	uva (plural: uvas)	grape	grape
uhales	ojal (plural: ojales)	buttonhole	buttonhole
uhas	hoja (plural: hojas)	leaf	sheet metal

Tagalog words derived from Spanish verbs

Several Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Most of them are in their infinitive form characterized by the deletion of their final /r/, like for example in the case of the Tagalog intindi (to understand) derived from the Spanish verb entender. ^[42] This feature is also found in Chavacano verbs which have a Spanish origin and it can be argued that an already restructured form of Spanish (Chavacano or a pidgin) was the origin of these Tagalog words. ^{[2] : 209} A list of these loanwords can be viewed below.

Alternatively, upon adoption into Tagalog, the final /r/ of the Spanish verbs in their infinitive form becomes /l/. Such is the case of the following loanwords: almusal (to have breakfast, from Sp. almorzar), dasal (from Sp. rezar), dupikal (from Sp. repicar ^[43] ), kasál (from Sp. casar), kumpisál (from Sp. confesar), minindál (from Sp. merendar), pasyál (from Sp. pasear) and sugál (from Sp. jugar). In some cases, the final /r/ remains unaltered in the Tagalog form like in the case of andár (to set in action or motion; from Sp. andar), asár (to annoy or to verbally irritate; from Sp. asar) and pundár (to establish or to save money for something; from Sp. fundar).

Conjugated Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Examples include: pára (from Sp. parar), pása (from Sp. pasar), puwede (from Sp. poder), tíra (from Sp. tirar) and sige (from Sp. seguir). Imbiyerna (meaning to annoy or to irritate someone) is derived from the Spanish verb infernar (meaning to irritate or to provoke) and was allegedly coined by Ricardo "Rikki" Dalu, originally to describe the hellish feeling and the frustration he experienced when attending Spanish classes. ^[44] In some cases, the conjugated verbs are combined with another word to form Tagalog morphemes like in the case of the following words: asikaso (from the combination of Sp. hacer and Sp. caso), balewala or baliwala (from the combination of Sp. valer and Tag. wala), etsapwera (from the combination of Sp. echar and Sp. fuera) and kumusta (from the combination of Sp. cómo and Sp. estar).

Tagalog	Spanish	Meaning in Spanish	Meaning in Tagalog
akusá	acusar	to accuse	to accuse
alsá	alzar	to lift; to raise; to erect	to rise in rebellion
analisá	analizar	to analyze	to analyze
apelá	apelar	to appeal	to appeal
aprobá	aprobar	to approve	to approve
apurá	apurar	to finish; to rush (Lat. Am.)	to hurry
arkilá (var. alkilá)	alquilar	to rent; to rent out	to rent; to rent out
asintá	asentar	to set up; to secure; to lay down	to aim at
aturgá	otorgar	to grant; to bestow; to confer	to take on responsibility
awtorisá	autorizar	to authorize	to authorize
bará	barrar	to cover in mud	to block; to clog
batí	batir	to beat; to whisk; to whip	to beat; to whisk; to whip; to masturbate (vulgar)
beripiká	verificar	to verify	to verify
bulkanisá	vulcanizar	to vulcanize	to vulcanize
burá	borrar	to erase	to erase
burdá	bordar	to embroider	to embroider
deklará	declarar	to declare	to declare
des-aprobá	desaprobar	to disapprove	to disapprove
des-armá	desarmar	to disarm	to disarm
des-impektá	desinfectar	to disinfect	to disinfect
deskargá	descargar	to unload; to discharge; to download	to unload
deskubrí	descubrir	to discover	to discover
desmayá	desmayar	to become disheartened; to become demoralized	to become disheartened; to become demoralized
destrungká	destroncar	to hack away	to forcefully open a door, a lock, etc.
determiná	determinar	to determine	to determine
diktá	dictar	to dictate	to dictate
dimití	dimitir	to resign	to resign
dirihí	dirigir	to manage; to be in charge of	to manage; to be in charge of
disimulá	disimular	to conceal; to cover up	to conceal; to cover up
diskitá	desquitar	to make up for	to take it out on
galbanisá	galvanizar	to galvanize	to galvanize
gisá	guisar	to stew	to saute, to stir fry in oil (usually with garlic and onions)
hulmá	ahormar	to shape; to mould	to shape; to mould
husgá	juzgar	to judge	to judge
imbestigá	investigar	to investigate	to investigate
imbitá	invitar	to invite	to invite
intindí	entender	to understand	to understand
itsá	echar	to throw	to throw
kalkulá	calcular	to calculate	to calculate
kanselá	cancelar	to cancel	to cancel
kantá	cantar	to sing	to sing
kargá	cargar	to load; to charge; to fill	to load; to charge; to fill
kobrá	cobrar	to demand or to receive payment	to demand or to receive payment
kodipiká	codificar	to codify; to encode	to codify; to encode
kompará	comparar	to compare	to compare
komponé (var. kumpuní)	componer	to make up; to compose; to repair	to repair
kondená	condenar	to condemn	to condemn
konserbá	conservar	to conserve	to conserve
konsiderá	considerar	to consider	to consider
kublí	cubrir	to cover; to cover up	to hide from sight
kulá	colar	to strain; to bleach	to bleach
kultí	curtir	to tan	to treat leather or other materials with tanning agents (e.g. tannin)
kumbidá	convidar	to invite	to invite
kumbinsí	convencir	to convince	to convince
kumpirmá	confirmar	to confirm	to confirm
kumpiská	confiscar	to confiscate; to seize	to confiscate; to seize
kusí	cocer	to cook	to cook
labá	lavar	to wash	to wash
legalisá	legalizar	to legalize	to legalize
liberalisá	liberalizar	to liberalize	to liberalize
manipulá	manipular	to manipulate	to manipulate
marká	marcar	to mark	to mark
nominá	nominar	to nominate	to nominate
obligá	obligar	to force; to oblige	to force; to oblige
obserbá	observar	to observe	to observe
operá	operar	to operate	to surgically operate
palsipiká	falsificar	to falsify	to falsify
palyá	fallar	to fail; to break down and stop working	to fail; to break down and stop working
paralisá	paralizar	to paralyze	to paralyze
pasá	pasar	to pass; to happen; to go through	to pass an academic course, an examination, an interview, etc.
pasmá [45]	pasmar	to amaze; to astonish; to chill to the bone	pasma (folk illness) and, by extension, to have pasma
pintá	pintar	to paint	to paint
pirmá	firmar	to sign	to sign
pormalisá	formalizar	to formalize	to formalize
prepará	preparar	to prepare	to prepare
preserbá	preservar	to preserve	to preserve
proklamá	proclamar	to proclaim	to proclaim
pundí	fundir	to melt; to merge	to burn out
puntá	apuntar	to aim; to point out; to write down	to go to
purgá	purgar	to purge	to cleanse; to take a purgative or laxative
pursigí	perseguir	to pursue; to follow; to chase; to persecute	to persevere
pustá	apostar	to bet; to wager	to bet; to wager
ratipiká	ratificar	to ratify	to ratify
reboká	revocar	to revoke	to revoke
rekomendá	recomendar	to recommend	to recommend
repiná	refinar	to refine	to refine
reporma	reformar	to reform	to reform
sangkutsá	sancochar or salcochar	to boil with water and salt	to pre-cook food with spices and aromatics
salbá	salvar	to save	to save
sará	cerrar	to close	to close
silbí	servir	to serve	to serve
sindí	encender	to ignite; to turn on; to switch on	to ignite; to turn on; to switch on
suldá	soldar	to solder; to weld	to solder; to weld
sulsí	zurcir	to sew; to mend	to sew; to mend
sumité	someter	to subdue; to subjugate; to submit	to submit; to put forward
suspendé	suspendir	to suspend	to suspend
tantiyá	tantear	to feel; to weigh up; to estimate	to estimate
tarantá	atarantar	to stun; to daze; to stupify	to confuse; to baffle; to bewilder
tasá	tajar	to chop; to cut; to slice	to sharpen
timplá	templar	to cool down; to moderate	to blend; to mix; to prepare drinks, medicine, chemical solutions, etc.
tostá	tostar	to toast	to toast
tumbá	tumbar	to knock down	to knock down
umpisá	empezar	to begin; to start	to begin; to start

Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms

Some Tagalog compound terms are actually formed through a combination of a native Tagalog term and an etymologically Spanish term, like in the case of the idiomatic expression balát-sibuyas (a term referring to a person's easiness to be offended), which is a combination of the Tagalog balát and Spanish cebolla. The linguist Ekaterina Baklanova distinguishes at least two types of Spanish-Tagalog compound terms: hybrid loanwords ^[46] or mixed-borrowings ^[47] are partially translated Spanish terms which are adopted into Tagalog, e.g.karnerong-dagat (derived from the Spanish term carnero marino, meaning "seal") and anemonang-dagat (derived from the Spanish term anémona de mar, meaning "sea anemone"), while hybrid neologisms ^{[48] [49]} are new terms invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated Spanish-derived material, e.g.pader-ilog, meaning "embankment", derived from the combination of the Tagalog word ilog (meaning "river") and Spanish word pared (meaning "wall" and adopted in Tagalog as the word pader).

Below is the list of some Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms. Because of the lack of standardization, some of the compound terms listed below are written differently (i.e. without the hyphen) in other Tagalog-based literature. For example, while the term sirang-plaka is usually encountered in many Tagalog-based works without the hyphen, there are also some instances of the term being written with the hyphen like in the case of one of the books written by the Chairman of the Commission on the Filipino Language Virgilio Almario, entitled Filipino ng mga Filipino: mga problema sa ispeling, retorika, at pagpapayaman ng wikang pambansa. Another example is the term takdang-oras, which can also be encountered in the literature without the hyphen. As a rule, a hybrid compound term below will be hyphenated if it has at least one instance of it being written with the hyphen in Tagalog-based literary works.

Compound term	Root words	Meaning
agaw-eksena	agaw (“to snatch”, from Tagalog) + eksena (from Sp. escena)	scene-stealer
alsá-balutan	alsa (from Sp. alzar) + balutan (“package”, from Tagalog)	to pack up; to change residence
amóy-tsiko	amoy (“smell”, from Tagalog) + tsiko (from Sp. chicozapote)	drunk; intoxicated
anémonáng-dagat	anemona (from Sp. anémona) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog)	sea anemone
bagong-saltá	bago (“new”, from Tagalog) + salta (from Sp. saltar)	newcomer
balát-sibuyas	balat (“skin”, from Tagalog) + sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas)	a person who is easily offended
balík-eskuwela	balik (“return”, from Tagalog) + eskuwela (from Sp. escuela)	back-to-school
bantáy-sarado	bantay (“to guard”, from Tagalog) + sarado (from Sp. cerrado)	well-guarded; closely guarded
batàng-kálye	bata ("child", from Tagalog) + kalye (from Sp. calle)	street child
batás-trápikó	batas ("law", from Tagalog) + trapiko (from Sp. tráfico)	traffic law
bawas-presyo	bawas ("decrease", from Tagalog) + presyo (from Sp. precio)	price decrease
bigáy-todo	bigay (“to give”, from Tagalog) + todo (from Sp. todo)	giving one's all
boses-ipis	boses (from Sp. voces) + ipis (“cockroach”, from Tagalog)	inaudible voice
boses-palakâ	boses (from Sp. voces) + palaka (“frog”, from Tagalog)	croaky voice
bugbóg-sarado	bugbog (“beat up”, from Tagalog) + sarado (from Sp. cerrado)	heavily beaten
bulak-niyebe	bulak (“cotton”, from Tagalog) + niyebe (from Sp. nieve)	snowflake
dilang-anghél	dila (“tongue”, from Tagalog) + anghel (from Sp. angel)	having the gift of prophecy
dilang-baka	dila (“tongue”, from Tagalog) + baka (from Sp. vaca)	Opuntia cochenillifera
doble-ingat	doble (from Sp. doble) + ingat (“to be cautious”, from Tagalog)	to take extra precautions
doble-talim	doble (from Sp. doble) + talim (“sharpness”, from Tagalog)	double-edged
épikóng-bayan	epiko (from Sp. poema épico) + bayan (“country”, from Tagalog)	folk epic
esponghang-dagat	espongha (from. Sp. esponja) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog)	sea sponge
giyera-patanì	giyera (from Sp. guerra) + patani (from Tagalog term for Phaseolus lunatus )	heated verbal exchange
hating-globo	hati (“half”, from Tagalog) + globo (from Sp. globo)	hemisphere
hirám-kantores	hiram (“to borrow”, from Tagalog) + kantores (from Sp. cantores)	non-returnable
kabayong-dagat	kabayo (from Sp. cavallo) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog)	seahorse (Hippocampus spp.)
karnerong-dagat	karnero (from Sp. carnero) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog)	seal
kayod-marino	kayod (“to grate; grind”, from Tagalog) + marino (from Sp. marino)	hard worker
kilos-protesta	kilos (“movement”, from Tagalog) + protesta (from Sp. protesta)	demonstration; street protest
kuwentong-bayan	kuwento (from Sp. cuento) + bayan (“folk; people; country”, from Tagalog)	folk stories
lakad-pato	lakad (“walk”, from Tagalog) + pato (from Sp. pato)	waddle
leóng-dagat	leon (from Sp. león) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog)	sea lion
mukháng-pera	mukhâ (“face”, from Tagalog) + pera (from Sp. perra gorda or perra chica)	profit-oriented; easily corruptible through bribes
padér-ilog	pader (from Sp. pared) + ilog (“river”, from Tagalog)	embankment
pampalipas-oras	lipas (“to pass”, from Tagalog) + oras (from Sp. horas)	pastime; hobby
pandáy-yero	panday (“smith”, from Tagalog) + yero (from Sp. hierro)	ironsmith
patáy-malisya	patay (“dead”, from Tagalog) + malisya (from Sp. malicia)	feigning innocence; pretending not to know that something is amiss
pusong-mamón	pusò (“heart”, from Tagalog) + mamón (from Sp. mamón)	soft-hearted; kind and compassionate
sanib-puwersa	sanib (“to join together”, from Tagalog) + puwersa (from Sp. fuerza)	to join forces
siling-habâ	sili (from Sp. chile) + haba (“lengthened”, from Tagalong)	Capsicum annuum var. longum
siling-labuyò	sili (from Sp. chile) + labuyo (“wild chicken”, from Tagalog)	Capsicum frutescens
singsíng-pari	singsing (“ring”, from Tagalog) + pari (“priest”, from Sp. padre)	millipede
siráng-plaka	sira (“broken”, from Tagalog) + plaka (from Sp. placa)	broken record
sulat-makinilya	sulat (“script; writing”, from Tagalog) + makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla)	typewritten
taás-presyo	taas (“high”, from Tagalog) + presyo (from Sp. precio)	price increase
tabíng-kalsada	tabi (“side”, from Tagalog) + kalsada (from Sp. calzada)	roadside
tabíng-kalye	tabi (“side”, from Tagalog) + kalye (from Sp. calle)	roadside
takaw-aksidente	takaw (“greed”, from Tagalog) + aksidente (from Sp. accidente)	accident-prone
takaw-desgrasya	takaw (“greed”, from Tagalog) + desgrasya (from Sp. desgracia)	accident-prone
takdáng-oras	takda (“to set; to assign”, from Tagalog) + oras (from Sp. horas)	fixed or appointed time
takdáng-petsa	takda (“to set; to assign”, from Tagalog) + petsa (from Sp. fecha)	due date; deadline
taním-bala	tanim (“to plant”, from Tagalog) + bala (from Sp. bala)	planting evidence of illegal bullet possession
taním-droga	tanim (“to plant”, from Tagalog) + droga (from Sp. droga)	planting evidence of illegal drug possession
taong-grasa	tao (“person”, from Tagalog) + grasa (from Sp. grasa)	homeless man or woman
tubig-gripo	tubig (“water”, from Tagalog) + gripo (from Sp. grifo)	tap water
tulak-droga	tulak (“to push”, from Tagalog) + droga (from Sp. droga)	drug pusher
tulog-mantikà	tulog (“sleep”, from Tagalog) + mantikà (from Sp. manteca)	someone or something that doesn't wake up easily
tunóg-lata	tunog (“sound; tune”, from Tagalog) + lata (from Sp. lata)	tinny; sounding like tin

English

English has been used in everyday Tagalog conversation. Code-switching between Tagalog and English is called Taglish. English words borrowed by Tagalog are mostly modern and technical terms, but some English words are also used for short usage (many Tagalog words translated from English are very long) or to avoid literal translation and repetition of the same particular Tagalog word. English makes the second largest foreign vocabulary of Tagalog after Spanish. In written language, English words in a Tagalog sentence are usually written as they are, but they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:

Tagalog	English	Traditional word(s)
ábakús	abacus	ábakó (Sp. ábaco)
abnormál	abnormal	di-karaniwan, di-normál (normal = Sp.)
abórsiyón [50]	abortion	pagpapalaglág, aborto (Sp.)
absent [50]	absent	liban, awsente (Sp. ausente)
aders	(from "others") not belonging to a group	ibá, hindî kabílang, hindî kasáma
adik	addict	sugapâ, adikto (Sp. adicto)
ádmirál	admiral	laksamana, almirante (Sp.)
adres	address (computing)	direksiyón (Sp. dirección)
adyenda	agenda	palatuntunan, ahenda (Sp. agenda)
akáwnt	account (computing)	kuwénta (Sp. cuenta)
akawntant	accountant	tagatuos, tagapagtuos, kontador (Sp. contador)
ákroním	acronym	akrónimó (Sp. acrónimo)
akrostik	acrostic	akróstikó (Sp. acróstico)
akses	access	kakayaháng makuha, kakayaháng maabót, kakayaháng makapasok, akseso (Sp. acceso)
aksis	axis	painugan, gargaran, ehe (Sp. eje)
aktres	actress	artista (Sp.)
akwaryum [50]	aquarium	pabiyáy, akwaryo (Sp. acuario)
álibáy [50]	alibi	dahilán, reklamo (Sp. reclamo)
alumnay [50]	alumni	alumno (m) & alumna (f) (Sp.)
ambus [50]	ambush	tambangan
amonya	ammonia	amonyako (Sp. amoníaco)
ampibyan	amphibian, amphibious	ampibyo (Sp. anfibio)
anawnser	announcer	tagapagpahayág, tagapagbalità (radio announcer), anunsiyadór (Sp. anunciador), lokutór (Sp. locutor)
apír	(from “up here”) high five
apláy	apply	maglagáy (the act of putting to use or putting one thing to another), isabuhay (to put into practice), gumawa ng aplikasyón (to make an application for) (aplikasyon = Sp. aplicación)
áplikánt	applicant	aplikante (Sp. aplicante)
áprikót	apricot	albarikoke (Sp. albaricoque)
arkipélagó	archipelago	kapuluán
ármaláyt	(from “Armalite”) assault rifle	ripleng pansalakay (riple = Sp. rifle)
armi	army	hukbô, militar (Sp.)
asaynment	assignment	takdáng-aralín
atak	attack	salakay, pagsalakay, atake(Sp. ataque)
atorni	attorney	abogado (Sp.)
aysing	icing/frosting	glaseado (Sp.)
ayskrim	ice cream	sorbetes (Sp. sorbete)
babay	bye-bye	paalam
bádigárd [50]	bodyguard	bantáy, tagabantay, tagapagbantay
bádmintón [50]	badminton
badtrip	(from “bad trip”) annoyed	inís, buwisit, asár (Sp.)
badyet [50]	budget	gastos (Sp. gasto), gugulín, laáng-gugulin, presupuwesto (Sp. presupuesto)
bag	bag	bayóng, supot (paper or plastic bag)
baks-opis [50]	box office	takilya (Sp. taquilla)
bakwít	evacuee	(mga) lumikas
baléy	ballet	balé (Sp. balé)
báliból/bóliból	volleyball	boleybol (Sp. voleibol), balonbolea (Sp. balonvolea)
ban [50]	ban	bawal, hindi puwede (puwede = Sp. puede), pagbabawal, prohibisyón (Sp. prohibicion)
ban/van	van	purgoneta (Sp. furgoneta)
bandyo	banjo	banyo (Sp.)
bar	bar (business selling alcoholic drinks)	bahay-inuman, taberna (Sp.)
baráyti	variety	pagkakaiba-iba
barbekyú/barbikyú [50]	barbecue	ihaw (literally “grilling”)
barbel	barbell/dumbbell	pesas (Sp. pesa)
barker	barker	tagatawag ng pasahero (pasahero = Sp. pasajero)
barók	Baroque	baroko (Sp. barroco)
bártendér	bartender	tagapaglingkod (ng alak), kamarero (Sp. camarero)
báryabol	variable	baryable (Sp. variable)
báryant	variant	kaanyo, baryánte (Sp. variante)
basket [50]	basket	sisidlán, sesta (Sp. cesta)
básketból [50]	basketball	balonsesto (Sp. baloncesto)
basted	busted (turned down in a romantic relationship)	wasák ang pusò, tinanggihan
basuka	bazooka
batón	baton (staff or truncheon)	batutà (Sp.), bótong
bekon [50]	bacon	tosino (Sp. tocino)
bertdey	birthday	kaarawán, kapanganakan
bes/beshie/bespren	best friend	kaibigan
besbol/beysbol [50]	baseball
bétsin	(from "Tien Chun Ve-Tsin") monosodium glutamate	glutamato monosodiko (Sp. glutamato monosódico)
beybi	baby (affectionate term for a loved one)	mahál (Sans. महार्घ mahārgha), írog, íbig, sintá (Sans. चिन्ता cintā)
bidyo	video	panoorin, bideo (Sp. vídeo)
bidyoke	(from "videoke") karaoke
bikini	bikini; swimsuit
bílbord	billboard	karteléra (Sp. cartelera)
bílding	building	gusalì, estruktura (Sp. estructura)
bilíb	believe (impressed)	hangà, tiwalà
bilyard	billiard	bilyár (Sp. billar)
bisi	busy	abala, may ginagawa
biskuwít	biscuit	galyetas (Sp. galleta)
bip-stik	beef steak	bisték (Sp. bistec)
blakbord	blackboard, chalkboard	pisara (Sp. pizarra)
bláter	police blotter	pagpaparehistro ng sumbong sa pulisya (rehistro = Sp. registro, pulisya = Sp. policía)
bodabíl	vaudeville
bodka	vodka
boksing [50]	boxing	bokseo (Sp. boxeo)
bold	(from "bold") naked	hubad, tiwangwang
boling	bowling	bolos (Sp.)
bolpen [50]	ballpoint pen	panulat (any writing instrument that uses ink), pluma (Sp.)
boo [50]	boo; to dislike
bos	boss	punò, pinuno, hepe (Sp. jefe)
boykot [50]	boycott	boykoteo (Sp. boicoteo)
brandi [50]	brandy
bra/brasiyér	brassiere	tapapetso (Sp. tapa pecho)
brawnawt	from ("brownout") power outage	pagkawala ng koryente (koryente = Sp. corriente)
brip	briefs	panloob na panlalaki, panloob ng lalaki, kalsonsilyo (Sp. calzoncillo)
brodkast	broadcast	pagsasahimpapawid
brodkaster	broadcaster	tagapagbalita, tagapagsahimpapawid
brokoli	broccoli	brekol (Sp. brécol)
buldoser [50]	bulldozer	pamungkal-sudsod
bumerang	boomerang	bumeran (Sp. bumerán)
bus [50]	bus	awtobús (Sp. autobús)
daspan	dustpan	pandakot
daster	duster (loose dress)
dayagram	diagram	balangkas, banghay, danháy, diyagráma (Sp. diagrama)
dáyapér	diaper	lampín
daynosor	dinosaur	bawayak-kilabot
dedbol	(from "dead ball") dead	nasawi, patáy, pumanaw, sumalangit, yumao
detéktib	detective	tiktík, sekréta (Sp. policía secreta)
dígri	degree (temperature)	grádo (Sp. grado)
dísko	discotheque	sayáwan, diskoteka (Sp. discoteca)
dispátser	dispatcher	despatsadór (Sp. despachador)
dóbol-ded	double-dead meat	botsà
donat	doughnut	bitso-bitsong bilog, roskilya (Sp. rosquilla)
dram	drum (a large cylindrical container)	bariles (Sp. barril)
drayber	driver	tsupér (Sp. chofer)
dribol	dribble (basketball)	pagpapatalbog, patalbugin
drowing	drawing	guhit
dyaket	jacket	tsaketa (Sp. chaqueta)
dyakpat	jackpot	pinakamalaking premyo (premyo = Sp. premio)
dyambol	jump ball (basketball)	pagsimula ng laro
dyanitor	janitor	tagalinis, tagapaglinis
dyas	jazz
dyéneréytor	generator	heneradór (Sp. generador)
dyinggel	(from “jingle”) peeing	ihi, pag-iihi
dyip/dyipni	jeep/jeepney
dyudo	judo	hudo (Sp. judo)
eksit	exit	labas, labasan
elebeytor	elevator; lift	asensor (Sp. ascensor)
ensayklopidya	encyclopedia	talaalaman, ensiklopédya (Sp. enciclopédia)
entri	entry (record listed in a log, diary, website, etc)	lahók
epek	effect	bisà, bunga, epékto (Sp. efecto)
erkon/erkondisyoner	air conditioner	ayre akondisyonado (Sp. aire acondicionado), klimatisador (Sp. climatizador)
ertkweyk	earthquake	lindol, paggalaw ng lupa, pagyayanig
eskaleytor	escalator	eskalera (Sp. escalera mecánica)
five-six/payb-siks	(from "five-six") (moneylending scheme commonly associated to Indians)	pagpapautang ng pera
gadyet	gadget	kagamitán, aparato (Sp.)
gang	criminal gang	barkadahang kriminal (barkada = Sp. barcada & kriminal = Sp. criminal)
gambol	gamble	pagsusugal (sugal = Sp. jugar)
geym	(from "game") ready	handâ
gimik	gimmick	pakulô, pakanâ, pakuwela (kuwela = Sp. chulear)
golp	golf
gradweyt	graduate	tapós (sa pag-aaral), nagtapós (ng pag-aaral), gradwado (Sp. graduado)
grawnded	grounded (confined to one's room for misbehaving)	báwal, pinagbáwalan
groser	grocer	abasero (Sp. abacero)
gróserí	grocery	abaseríya (Sp. abasería)
hani	honey	pulót
haló	hello	kumustá (Sp, cómo está)
hamster	hamster
hanger	hanger	pansampay
hap islip	half slip; underskirt	nagwas (Sp. enagua)
hardel	hurdle	luksuhang-hadlang, hadlang, harang
hasel	hassle; bothersome	nakaiinis
hatdog	hot dog	longganisa (Sp. longaniza), salsitsas (Sp. salchicha)
hay	high (drugged)	sabog, basag, bogsa
hayblad	(from "high blood") hypertension	altapresyon (Sp. alta presión)
háy-iskúl	high school	paaraláng sekundarya (sekundarya = Sp. secundaria); mataás na paaralán
haywey	highway	kalsada (Sp. calzada), pangunahing lansangan
helikopter/helikapter	helicopter	elikópteró (Sp. helicóptero)
hóldap/holdáper	(from "hold-up" or "hold-upper) kidnapper, mugger, robber	maglilíngo, mágnanákaw, mandurukot
holen	(from "hole in") marble	marmol (Sp.)
holwey	hallway; corridor	pasilyo (Sp. pasillo)
ínterbiyú	interview	panayám, entrebista (Sp. entrevista)
iskedyul	schedule	talaorasán (oras = Sp. horas), talatakdaan, oraryo (Sp. horario)
iskert	skirt	palda (Sp. falda)
iskolar	scholar	eskolár (Sp. escolar)
iskór	score	marka (Sp. marca), puntos (Sp. punto)
iskúl	school	paaralán, eskuwela (Sp. escuela)
iskríp	script	sulat (handwritten texts or characters), manuskrito (Sp. manuscrito, text of a stage play, movie, etc.)
iskrín	screen	tabing
iskuter	scooter	motoneta (Sp.)
iskuwater	squatter	(mga) taong naninirahan sa lupà ng iba, (mga) taong nagtitira sa lupa ng iba, (mga) taong naninirahan sa lupang hindi sila may-ari, (mga) taong nagtitira sa lupang hindi sila may-ari,
iskrambol	ice scramble
iskuwirel	squirrel	ardilya (Sp. ardilla), buot
islogan	slogan	bansag
isnáb	snob
isnak	snack	meryenda (Sp. merienda)
ispayral	spiral	anyong-suso, ikid, likaw, pilipit, paikid
ispeling	spelling	pagkabaybay
ispiker	speaker (person)	tagapagsalitâ, tagatalumpatì, mananalita, mananalumpatì, oradór (m) & oradora (f) (Sp.)
isponsor	sponsor	tagatangkilik
ispórt	sport	palarô, palakasan, paligsahan (also translates as “contest” or “tournament”), deporte (Sp.)
ispréy	spray	wisik
istak	stock (supply)	panustos
istandard	standard	pamantayan, panukatan, norma (Sp.)
istroberi	strawberry	presas (Sp. fresa)
isyu	issue (controversial topic)	kontrobérsiyá (Sp. controversia), probléma (Sp. problema, problems or concerns), súliránin
kabinet	cabinet	aparadór (Sp.)
kambas	canvass	pagbibiláng ng boto (boto = Sp. voto)
kantin	canteen	kainan, kantina (Sp. cantina)
kápiráyt	copyright	karapatáng-sipì, karapatang may-ari, karapatang-akda
karat [50]	carat	kilates (Sp. quilate)
karot	carrot	asanorya (Sp. zanahoria)
karpet [50]	carpet	alpombra (Sp. alfombra)
kas [50]	cash	pera, salapi, suki
kaswalti	casualty (person suffering from injuries or who has been killed due to an accident or through an act of violence)	biktima (Sp. victima)
kendi [50]	candy	minatamís
ketsap [50]	ketchup	katsup (Sp. cátsup)
keyk	cake	pastél (Sp.)
kibord	keyboard	tipaan, teklado (Sp. teclado)
klip [50]	clip	ipit, pang-ipit
koboy [50]	cowboy	bakero (Sp. vaquero)
kodak [50]	Kodak
kolektor [50]	collector	maniningíl, kobradór (Sp. cobrador)
komonwelt	commonwealth	malasariling pamahalaan, sampamahalaan
kompiyuter [51]	computer	ordenadór (Sp.)
kondom	condom
kolek	collect	pag-iipon, pagtitipon, pagkokolekta (kolekta = Sp. colectar)
korék	correct	ayos, tamà (Sans. उत्तम, uttama), tumpák, wasto
kras [50]	crash	bumagsák, banggaan, lagpakan
kudeta	coup d'état	pagtatalsik sa pamahalaan, golpe de estado (Sp. golfe de estado)
kukis	cookies
kyut	cute	guwápo (m) & guwápa (f) (Sp. guapo & guapa), lindo (m) & linda (f) (Sp.)
lawd-ispiker	loud speaker	palakas-tinig, daktinig, altabos (Sp. altavoz)
lebel	level	antás, nibel (Sp. nivel)
leybel	label	pangalan
leysi	lazy	tamad
lobat [52]	low battery	mababang bateryá (baterya = Sp. batería)
madyik	magic	salamangka (Sp. salamanca), mahíya (Sp. mágia)
mágasín	magazine	diyaryo (Sp. diario)
manikin	mannequin	tau-tauhan, maoy
maws	computer mouse	ratón (Sp.)
miskol [52]	missed call	hindî nasagutáng tawag
miting	meeting	pulong, pagpupulong
mol/mall	shopping mall	pámilíhan
nars	nurse	empermero (m) (Sp. enfermero), empermera (f) (Sp. enfermera)
notbuk	note book	kuwaderno (Sp. cuaderno)
okey	OK, okay	sige (Sp. sigue)
opis	office	opisina (Sp. oficina), tanggapan
pakshet/paksyet	fuckshit (obnoxious person)	gago (Sp.), loko (Sp. loco)
pakyu	fuck you	putang iná mo (puta = Sp.)
panti	panties	panloob na pambabae, panloob ng babae, kalsonsilyo (Sp. calzoncillo)
pasword	password	senyas (Sp. señas), kontrasenyas ( Sp. contraseñas)
peke	fake	huwad, hindi totoo, palsó (Sp. falso)
perstaym	first time	unang beses (una = Sp. & beses = Sp. vez)
pesbuk/peysbuk	Facebook
piktsur	picture	larawan, imahen (Sp. imagen), retrato (Sp.)
plais	pliers	bokay-pato, sagam, alikate (Sp. alicate)
plaslayt	flashlight	lente (Sp.)
plastik	plastic	plástikó (Sp. plástico)
playwud	plywood	tablasusón (tabla = Sp.)
pontempen	fountain pen	pluma-de-biyahe (Sp. pluma-de-viaje)
potobam	photobomb	pagsingit sa mga larawan
pulís	police	pulisya (Sp. policía), magbantáy, bantayán, tagabantay, tagapagbantay
putbol	football
rali	rally	martsa (Sp. marcha), pagtulungán, demostrasyon (Sp. demostración)
repridyeretor/ref	refrigerator	palamigan, repriheradór (Sp. refrigerador)
rebyu/ribyu	review	balik-aral, pagbabalik-aral
reispeling	respelling	pagkabaybay ulit
rises	recess (education)	duyo
robot	robot
salayba	saliva	laway
sámpol	sample	halimbawà, muwestra (Sp. muestra)
sandwits	sandwich	pinalamanáng tinapay, bokadilyo (Sp. bocadillo), emparedado (Sp.)
sarbey	survey	pagsusuri
selpon [53]	cellphone	teléponó (Sp. teléfono)
sori	sorry	patáwad, paumanhín, pasénsiyá na (pasénsiyá = Sp. paciencia)
supermarket	supermarket	palengke, (Sp. palenque), supermerkado (Sp. supermercado)
suplay	supply	panustos
suplayer	supplier	tagapagtustos, abastesedor (Sp. abastecedor)
syota/shota [54]	short time/shawty	kasintahan, nobyo (m) (Sp. novio) & nobya (f) (Sp. novia)
tambay	stand by	pag-aansikot, paglalakwatsa (lakwatsa = Sp. la cuacha)
trapik	traffic	trápikó (Sp. tráfico)
teksbuk	textbook	aklat pampaaralan, aralang aklat, aklat-aralin
tenis	tennis
tin-edyer	teenager	lalabintaunin, lalabinggulang, adolesente (Sp. adolescente)
titser	teacher	tagapagturo, gurò (Sans. via Malay guru), maestro (m) and maestra (f) (Sp.)
tisyert	T-shirt	damit, kamiseta (Sp. camiseta)
tisyu	tissue	lamuymoy, himaymay, tehido (Sp. tejido)
tráysikél	tricycle	trisiklo (Sp. triciclo)
trak	truck	kamyón (Sp. camión)
trey	tray	bandeha (Sp. bandeja)
tsek	check, checkmark, tick (symbol)	gurlit, pampigil
tsekmeyt	checkmate (chess)	pagkatalo sa ahedres (ahedres = Sp. ajedrez), mate [55] (Sp. mate)
tses	chess	ahedres (Sp. ajedrez)
wais	wise	mautak, tuso
websayt	website	pook-sapot, pahinarya (Sp. paginaria)
weder	weather	panahon
yunit	unit	batayang sukat, pangkat, sambilang

Malay

Many Malay loanwords entered the Tagalog vocabulary during pre-colonial times as Old Malay became the lingua franca of trade, commerce and diplomatic relations during the pre-colonial era of Philippine history as evidenced by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription of 900 AD and accounts of Antonio Pigafetta at the time of the Spanish arrival in the country five centuries later. Some Malay loanwords, such as bansa and guro (which in turn came from Sanskrit; see below), were later additions to the Tagalog language during the first half of the 20th century. Said words were proposals by the late linguist Eusebio T. Daluz to be adopted for further development of the Tagalog language and eventually found widespread usage among the lettered segment of the Tagalog-speaking population. ^[56]

Tagalog	Etymology	Meaning in Tagalog
balaklaot [57]	barat laut (Malay, “northwest”)	northwestern winds
balisâ [58]	belisah (Malay, meaning “restless; fidgety”)	restless; fidgety
batubalanì [59]	batu (Malay and Tagalog, “stone”) + berani (Malay, “brave”)	magnetite; magnet stone
bibingka [60]	kuih bingka (Malay, “tapioca or cassava cake”)	rice cake with coconut milk
binibini [61]	bini-bini (Brunei Malay, “woman”)	young lady; miss
bunsô [62]	bongsu (Malay, “youngest-born”)	youngest child
dalamhatì	dalam (Malay, “within”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”)	grief
dalubhasà [63]	juru (Malay, “expert”) + bahasa (Malay, “language”)	expert (in general)
hatol [64]	hatur (Malay, “order; arrangement”)	sentence pronounced by a judge in court
kanan [65]	kanan (Malay, “right”)	right-hand side
kawal [66]	kawal (Malay, “watchman; patrol; guard”)	soldier; warrior
kulambô [67]	kelambu (Malay, “mosquito net”)	mosquito net
lagarì [68]	gergaji (Malay, “carpenter's saw”)	carpenter's saw
lunggatî	lung (Tagalog root word meaning “grief” [13] : 88 ) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”)	eagerness; ambition
luwalhatì	luar (Malay, “outside”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”)	inner peace; glory (as in the Glory Be )
pighatî	pedih (Malay, “pain”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”)	affliction; anguish; woe
pilak [69]	perak (Malay ultimately of Khmer origin, “silver”)	silver (Ag)
piralî [70]	pijar (Malay, “borax”)	calcium carbonate
salaghatì	salag or salak (Tagalog, “full and levelled”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”)	displeasure; resentment
Singapura	Singapura (Malay, "Singapore")	Singapore
takal [71]	takar (Malay, “measure of capacity for oil, etc.”)	measurement by volume of liquids and of grains
tanghalì [72]	tengah (Malay, “half”) + hari (Malay, “day”)	noon; midday
tiyanak [73]	puntianak (Malay, referring to a vampire, ghost or reanimated body supposed to suck blood)	vampiric creature that imitates the form of a child
uluhatì	ulo (Tagalog, “head”) + hati (Malay, “liver”)	remembrance; reminiscence
usap [74]	ucap (Malay, “utterance”)	conversation

Sanskrit

See also: Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities, Indosphere, and Greater India

Jean Paul-Potet estimates that there are around 280 words in Tagalog that originated from Sanskrit. ^{[13] : 269} As in most Austronesian languages, the Sanskrit vocabulary incorporated into Tagalog were mostly borrowed indirectly via Malay or Javanese. ^[75] While it was generally believed that Malay played a key role in the dissemination of the Indian lexical influences in Southeast Asia, there are also cases of words that are not attested in Old Malay but are present in Old Javanese, thus highlighting the possibility that the latter played a more important role in the dissemination of these words in Maritime Southeast Asia than was previously given credit for. Examples of such words that also reached the Philippines include anluwagi ("carpenter"; from Javanese uṇḍahagi meaning "woodworker" or "carpenter") and gusali ("building"; from Javanese gusali meaning "blacksmith"). As these words are more closely related to their Middle Indo-Aryan counterparts, they are not listed below. ^[76]

Tagalog	Sanskrit	Meaning in Tagalog
aghám	आगम (āgama, “acquisition of knowledge, science”)	science (modern coinage)
antalà	अन्तर (āntara, “duration, gap”)	delay
asal	आचार (ācāra, “manner of action, conduct, behavior”)	behaviour; character
bahalà	भार (bhāra, “burden, load, weight, heavy work”)	to manage; to take care of; to take charge
balità	वार्त्ता (vārttā, “account, report”)	news
bansâ	वंश (vaṃśá, “bamboo cane, genealogy, dynasty, race”)	country (modern coinage)
banyagà	वाणिज्यक (vāṇijyaka, “merchant, trader”)	foreigner (modern meaning)
basa	वाचा (vācā, “voice, speech”)	to read
bathalà	भट्टार (bhaṭṭāra, “noble lord, venerable”)	Supreme Being; God
bihasa	अभ्यास (abhyāsa, “habit”)	expert; accustomed
budhî	बुद्धि (buddhi, “understanding”)	conscience
dawà [13] : 73, 191	यव (yava, “ Hordeum vulgare ”)	Panicum miliaceum
dayà	द्वय (dvaya, “twofold nature, falsehood”)	cheating; deception
diwà	जीव (jīva, “the principle of life, vital breath”)	spirit; soul
diwatà	देवता (devatā, “divinity”)	fairy, goddess, nymph
dukhâ	दुःख (duḥkha, “sorrow, misery, hardship”)	poverty
dusa	दोष (doṣa, “harm, damage, bad consequence”)	suffering
dustá	दूषित (dūṣita, “defiled, violated, injured”)	ignominiously insulted
gadyâ	गज (gaja, “elephant”)	elephant
gandá	गन्ध (gandha, “aroma, fragrance”)	beauty; beautiful
gurò	गुरु (guru, “master, teacher”)	mentor; teacher
halagá	अर्घ (argha, “value”)	price; value; worth
halatâ	अर्थय (arthaya, “perceive”)	noticeable; perceptible; obvious
harayà	हृदय (hṛdaya, “heart”)	imagination
hinà	हीन (hīna, “weaker/lower than, abandoned, deficient”)	weakness; fragility
hiwagà	विहग (vihaga, “bird”)	mystery; miracle
kasubhâ	कुसुम्भ (kusumbha, “ Carthamus tinctorius ”)	Carthamus tinctorius
kastulì	कस्तूरी (kastūrī, “ Abelmoschus moschatus ”)	Abelmoschus moschatus
kathâ	कथा (kathā, “a feigned story, fable”)	literary composition; fiction; invention
katâ-katâ	Reduplication of कथा (kathā, “story, fable”)	legend; fable; folk tale
kalapati; palapati	पारापत (pārāpata, “pigeon”)	pigeon
kubà	कुब्ज (kubja, “hunchback”)	hunchback
kutà	कोट (koṭa, “fort, stronghold”)	fort
ladyâ	राज (rāja, “king, chief, sovereign”)	Raja
lagundî	निर्गुण्डी (nirguṇḍī, “ Vitex negundo”)	Vitex negundo
lahò	राहु (rāhu, “Rāhu”)	eclipse; to vanish
lasa	रस (rasa, “taste, savour”)	taste
likhâ	लेखा (lekhā, “drawing, figure”)	to create
madlâ	मण्डल (maṇḍala, “circle, multitude”)	the general public
maharlikâ	महर्द्धिक (maharddhika, “prosperous”)	nobility; prehispanic Tagalog social class composed of freedmen
makatà	Tagalog prefix ma- + Sanskrit कथा (kathā, “story, fable”)	poet
mukhâ	मुख (mukha, “face”)	face
mulâ	मूल (mūla, “basis, foundation, origin, beginning”)	from; since; origin
mutyâ	मुत्य (mutya, “pearl”)	amulet; charm; jewel; pearl
naga	नाग (nāga, “serpent”)	dragon
paksâ	पक्ष (pakṣa, “a point or matter under discussion”)	theme; topic; subject
palibhasà	परिभाषा (paribhāṣā, “speech, censure, reproof”)	irony; sarcasm; criticism
parusa	Tagalog prefix pa- + dusa, from Sanskrit दोष (doṣa)	punishment
patola	पटोल (paṭola, “ Trichosanthes dioica ”)	Luffa acutangula
raha	राज (rāja, “king or royal”, via Spanish)	king / royal (historical)
saksí	साक्षी (sākṣī, “eye-witness”)	witness
sakunâ	शकुन (śakuna, “a bird of omen”)	disaster
salamuhà	समूह (samūha, “gathering, crowd”)	to mingle with people
salantâ	श्रान्त (śrānta, “maimed, crippled”)	infirm
salitâ	चरित (carita, “behaviour, acts, deeds, adventures”)	to speak; to talk; word
samantalà	समान्तर (samāntara, “parallel”)	meanwhile
sampalataya	सम्प्रत्यय (sampratyaya, “trust, confidence”)	to have faith, to believe in God
sandata	संयत्त (saṃyatta, “prepared, being on one's guard”)	weapon
siglá	शीघ्र (śīghra, “swift, quick, speedy”)	enthusiasm; vitality
sintá	चिन्ता (cintā, “thought”)	love
sukà	चुक्र (cukra, “vinegar”)	vinegar
sutlâ	सूत्र (sūtra, “thread, string, wire”)	silk
talà	तारा (tārā, “star”)	star, Tala (goddess)
tanikalâ	शृङ्खल (śṛṅkhala, “chain”)	chain
tinggâ	तीव्र (tīvra, “tin, iron, steel”)	tin
tsampaka	चम्पक (campaka, “ Magnolia champaca ”)	Magnolia champaca
upang	उप (upa, “towards, near to”)	so as to, in order to

Tamil

Close contact through commercial networks between India and Maritime Southeast Asia for more than two millennia, bolstered by the establishment of Tamil as a literary language in India starting from the 9th century, allowed the spread of Dravidian loanwords in several local languages of Southeast Asia, including Old Malay and Tagalog. A list of Tagalog words with Tamil origins are shown below. ^[77]

Tagalog	Tamil	Meaning in Tamil	Meaning in Tagalog
bagay [77]	வகை (vakai)	kind, class, sort; goods; property; means of livelihood	thing; object; article
baríl [77]	வெடில் (veṭil)	explosion	gun; to shoot (with a gun)
bilanggô [77]	விலங்கு (vilaṅku)	fetters; shackles; manacles	captive; prisoner
gulay [77]	குழை (kuḻai)	to become soft, pulpy, as well-cooked	vegetable
kalikam [13] : 302	காரிக்கம் (kārikkam)	unbleached plain cotton cloth	embroidered breeches from Brunei
kawal [77]	காவல் (kāval)	watchman; guard	soldier; warrior
kawalì [77]	குவளை (kuvaḷai)	wide-mouthed vessel; cup	frying pan, skillet
kiyapò [77]	கயப்பூ (kayappū)	aquatic flower	Pistia stratiotes
manggá [77]	மாங்காய் (māṅkāy)	unripe mango fruit	mango (in general)
malunggáy [77]	முருங்கை (muruṅkai)	Moringa oleifera	Moringa oleifera
misáy [77]	மீசை (mīcai)	moustache	moustache
palisay [77]	பரிசை (paricai)	shield; buckler	shield used in warrior dances
puto [77]	புட்டு (puṭṭu)	a kind of confectionery	rice cake
tupa [13] : 303	ஆட்டுப்பட்டி (āṭṭuppaṭṭi)	a flock of sheep	sheep

Arabic and Persian

There are very few words in Tagalog that are identified as Arabic or Persian in origin, but some of them are very frequently use terms such as “salamat,” meaning “thank you.” According to Jean-Paul Potet, there are 60 Tagalog words that are identified with reasonable confidence as derived from Arabic or Persian, half of which are probably (roughly 23%) or unquestionably (roughly 26%) borrowed indirectly through Malay. ^[78] The other half of the identified loanwords are directly derived from Arabic or Persian. The table below shows different Arabic loanwords, including archaic and poetic ones, incorporated into the Tagalog lexicon. If an Arabic loanword is considered to be borrowed through the mediation of Malay, the intermediate Malay term is also specified.

Several Spanish loanwords incorporated into Tagalog have origins in the Arabic language. ^[79] Examples include alahas (meaning jewel, from Sp. alhaja and ultimately from Arabic الْحَاجَة, al-ḥāja, “the necessary or valuable thing”), albayalde (meaning white lead, from Sp. albayalde and ultimately from Arabic الْبَيَاض, al-bayāḍ, meaning "white" or "whiteness"), alkansiya (meaning piggy bank, from Sp. alcancía and ultimately from Arabic كَنْز, kanz, meaning "treasure"), alkatsopas (meaning artichoke, from Sp. alcachofa and ultimately from Arabic الخُرْشُوف‎, al-ḵuršūf), almires (meaning small mortar, from Sp. almirez and ultimately from Arabic المِهْرَاس, al-mihrās), asapran (meaning saffron, from Sp. azafrán from Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان‎, az-zaʽfarān ^[80] ), baryo (meaning village, from Sp. barrio and ultimately from Arabic بَرِّيّ‎ , barriyy), kapre (a Filipino mythological creature, from Sp. cafre and ultimately from Arabic كَافِر‎, kāfir), kisame (meaning ceiling, from Sp. zaquizamí and ultimately from Arabic سَقْف فِي اَلْسَمَاء, saqf fī l-samāʼ, meaning "ceiling in the sky"), etc. The table below does not include these numerous Hispano-Arabic terms as it will only focus on those loanwords which are directly borrowed from Arabic or Persian, or indirectly borrowed through Malay.

Tagalog	Arabic/Persian	Malay intermediate	Meaning in Tagalog
agimat [13] : 331	Arabic عَزِيمَة (ʽazīma, “amulet, talisman, magic spell”)	azimat (“talisman”)	amulet; talisman
alak [13] : 331	Arabic عَرَق (ʽaraq, “liquor”)	arak (“liquor”)	liquor
anakura [81]	Persian ناخدا (nāxuḏā, “ship's captain”)	nakhoda (“ship's captain”)	ship's captain
daulat [13] : 331	Arabic دَوْلَة‎ (dawla, “rotation, turn of fortune”)	daulat (“prosperity, happiness”)	good fortune
hukóm [13] : 331	Arabic حُكْم‎ (ḥukm, “judgment”)	hukum (“judgment, law”)	judge
katan [13] : 331	Arabic خَتْن (ḵatn, “circumcision”)	khatan (“circumcision”)	circumcised
kupyâ [13] : 332	Arabic كُوفِيَّة (kūfiyya, “headgear, keffiyeh”)	kopiah (“cap”)	iron helmet or similar headgear
malim [13] : 332	Arabic مُعَلِّم (muʽallim, “teacher; navigator”)	malim (“maritime pilot; expert”)	maritime pilot
mansigit [13] : 332	Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid, “mosque”)		temple, worship place
paham [13] : 332	Arabic فَهْم (fahm, “understanding”)	faham (“science, understanding”)	a learned person; scholar
pangadyî	Tag. pang- + Arabic حَجِّي (ḥajjī, “pilgrim to Mecca”)	pengajian (“recitation, reading”)	Muslim prayer; prayer to a Tagalog deity
pinggán [82]	Persian پنگان (pingān, “cup, bowl”)	pinggan (“dish, plate, saucer”)	dish plate
salabát [13] : 332	Arabic شَرْبَة (šarba, “any non-alcoholic drink”)		ginger tea
salamat [83]	Persian سَلَامَت (salāmat, “good health”), from Arabic سَلَامَة, (salāma, “peace; blessings”, greeting or thanking word)		thank you
salapî [13] : 333	Arabic صَرْف (ṣarf, “to pay, to earn”)		coin; money
salawál [82]	Persian شلوار (šalvār, “bloomers, pantaloons, trousers”)	seluar (“breeches, trousers”)	underpants, pre-colonial dhoti -like men's garment
siyák [13] : 333	Arabic شَيْخ‎ (šayḵ, “elder, master, teacher, sheik”)	syeikh (“a mosque caretaker”)	Muslim cleric
sultán	Arabic سُلْطَان‎ (sulṭān, “strength sorveignty or authority”)	sultan (“king or royal”)	king or royal (historical)
sumbali [13] : 333	Arabic بِاسْمِ اللّٰه‎ (bismi llāh, “in the name of God”)	sembelih (“butcher an animal”)	cutting the throat of an animal
sunát [13] : 333	Arabic سُنَّة (sunna, “tradition, specifically Islamic traditions”)	sunat (“circumcision”)	excision of the clitoris

Hokkien

See also: Philippine Hokkien

Most Chinese loanwords in Tagalog were derived from Hokkien, the Southern Chinese language most widely spoken in the Philippines. Most of the 163 Hokkien-derived terms collected and analyzed by Gloria Chan-Yap are fairly recent and do not appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog. ^{[13] : 334} Many loanwords such as pancit ^[84] entered the Tagalog vocabulary during the Spanish colonial era when the Philippines experienced an increased influx of Chinese immigrants (mostly from the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong in Southern China ^[85] ) as Manila became an international entrepôt with the flourishing of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. ^{[86] [87]} Attractive economic opportunities boosted Chinese immigration to Spanish Manila and the new Chinese settlers brought with them their skills, culinary traditions and language, with the latter then influencing the native languages of the Philippines in the form of loanwords, most of which are related to cookery. ^{[88] : 5  [89]}

Tagalog	Hokkien	Meaning in Hokkien	Meaning in Tagalog
angkák [88] : 137	紅麴 (âng-khak)	red yeast rice	red yeast rice
apyán [88] : 131	鴉片 (a-phiàn)	opium	opium
ate [88] : 141	阿姊 (á-ché)	appellation for elder sister	appellation for elder sister
baktáw [88] : 143	墨斗 (ba̍k-táu)	carpenter's ink marker	carpenter's ink marker
bakyâ [88] : 130	木屐 (ba̍k-kiah)	wooden clogs	wooden clogs
bataw [88] : 135	肉豆 (bah-tāu)	hyacinth bean ( Lablab purpureus )	hyacinth bean ( Lablab purpureus )
batsoy [88] : 137	肉碎 (bah-chhùi)	dish with loin of pork as main ingredient	batchoy
bihon [88] : 137	米粉 (bí-hún)	rice vermicelli	rice vermicelli
biko [88] : 137	米糕 (bí-ko)	sweetened rice cake	sweetened rice cake
bilawo [88] : 140	米漏 (bí-lāu)	rice winnower	flat round-shaped rice winnower and food container
bimpo [88] : 130	面布 (bīn-pò͘ )	face towel	face towel
bithay [13] : 338  [88] : 140	米篩 (bí-thai)	rice sifter	sieve (for sifting grain and sand)
bitso [88] : 137	米棗 (bí chó)	fried cake made of rice flour	youtiao
betsin	味精 (bī-cheng)	Monosodium glutamate	Monosodium glutamate
buwisit	無衣食 (bô-ui-si̍t)	out of luck, unlucky	nuisance
diko [88] : 141	二哥 (jī-ko) [90] [91]	appellation for second eldest brother	appellation for second eldest brother
disó	二嫂 (jī-só) [92]	second eldest brother's wife	sister-in-law
ditsé [88] : 141	二姊 (jī-ché) [91]	appellation for second eldest sister	appellation for second eldest sister
gintô [93]	金條 (kim-tiâu)	gold bar	gold (Au)
goto [88] : 135	牛肚 (gû-tǒ͘)	ox tripe	goto – rice porridge with ox/beef tripe
gunggóng [88] : 132	戇戇 (gōng-gōng)	stupid	stupid
hikaw [88] : 130	耳鉤 (hǐ-kau)	earrings	earrings
hopya [88] : 137	好餅 (hó piáⁿ)	sweet mung bean cake	sweet mung bean cake
hukbô [88] : 142	服務 (ho̍k-bū)	service	army
husi [88] : 130	富紗 (hù se)	rich yarn	cloth made from pineapple fibre
huwepe [88] : 131	火把 (hóe-pé) [94]	torch	torch
huweteng [88] : 145	花當 (hoe-tǹg)	Jueteng	Jueteng
impó [95]	姆婆 (ḿ-pô) [96] or 引婆 (ín-pô) [97]	grandmother	grandmother
ingkóng [88] : 142  [95]	引公 (ín-kong) [98]	grandfather	grandfather
insó [88] : 142	引嫂 (ín-só) [92]	sister-in-law	wife of an elder brother or male cousin
Intsík	引叔 (ín-chek) [99] [100]	uncle	(informal) Chinese people, language, or culture
katay [88] : 145	共伊刣 (kā i thâi)	have it slaughtered	to slaughter
kikyam [101]	雞繭 (ke-kián)	sausage-like roll seasoned with five-spice powder	sausage-like roll seasoned with five-spice powder
kintsáy [88] : 136	芹菜 (khîn-chhài)	celery (Apium graveolens)	celery (Apium graveolens)
kitî [88] : 134	雞稚 (ke-tī)	young chick	young chick
kutsáy [88] : 136	韭菜 (kú-chhài)	Chinese chives (Allium ramosum)	Chinese chives (Allium ramosum)
kusot [88] : 143	鋸屑 (kù-sut)	sawdust	sawdust
kuya [88] : 141	哥仔 (ko-iá) [102]	appellation for elder brother	appellation for elder brother
lawin [88] : 134	老鷹 (lāu-eng)	any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae	any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae
lawláw [88] : 109	落落 (làu-làu)	loose	dangling; sagging; hanging loose
litháw [103] [88] : 142	犁頭 (lê-thâu)	plough	ploughshare
lomi [88] : 138	滷麵 (ló͘-mī)	lor mee – Chinese noodle dish	lomi (a Filipino-Chinese noodle dish)
lumpiyâ [88] : 138	潤餅 (lūn-piáⁿ)	fried or fresh spring rolls	fried or fresh spring rolls
mami [88] : 138	肉麵 (mah-mī)	meat and noodles in soup	meat and noodles in soup
maselan [88] : 132	Tagalog ma- + 西人 (se-lâng)	Westerner; Of the Western world	delicate; sensitive; hard to please
miswa [88] : 138	麵線 (mī-soàⁿ)	misua – Chinese salted noodles	very thin variety of salted noodle Misua soup
pansít [88] : 139	扁食 (pán-si̍t)	kneaded food	pancit – any noodle dish
pakyáw [88] : 145	縛繳 (pa̍k-kiáu)	to submit by bundles	wholesale buying
pasláng [88] : 133	拍死人 (phah-sí lāng)	to beat people to death	to kill
petsay [88] : 136	白菜 (pe̍h-chhài)	Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)	Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)
pesà [88] : 139	白煠魚 (pe̍h-sa̍h hî)	plain boiled fish	plain boiled fish
pinsé [88] : 131	硼砂 (phêng-se)	borax	borax
puntáw [88] : 131	糞斗 (pùn-táu)	dustpan	dustpan
putháw [104]	斧頭 (pú-thâu)	axe	hatchet; small axe
sampán	舢板 (sam-pán)	Chinese boat; Chinese junk	Chinese boat; Chinese junk
samyô [88] : 135	散藥 (sám io̍h)	to sprinkle medicinal powder	aroma; fragrance; sweet odor
sangko [88] : 142	三哥 (saⁿ-ko)	appellation for third eldest brother	appellation for third eldest brother
sangkî [88] : 139	三紀 (saⁿ-kì)	Chinese star anise ( Illicium verum )	Chinese star anise ( Illicium verum )
sansé [88] : 142	三姊 (saⁿ-ché)	appellation for third eldest sister	appellation for third eldest sister
singkî [88] : 133	新客 (sin-kheh)	new guest or customer	newcomer; beginner
sitaw [88] : 136	青豆 (chhiⁿ-tāu)	Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)	Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)
siyaho	姐夫 (chiá-hu) [105]	brother-in-law (elder sister's husband)	husband of an elder sister or female cousin
siyakoy	油炸粿 (iû-cha̍h-kóe)	youtiao	shakoy
siyansí [88] : 141	煎匙 (chian-sî)	kitchen turner	kitchen turner
sotanghon [88] : 139	山東粉 (soaⁿ-tang-hún)	cellophane noodles	cellophane noodles
sukì [106]	主客 (chú-kheh)	special guest	regular customer; patron
sungkî [88] : 130	伸齒 (chhun-khí)	protruding tooth	buck tooth
susì [88] : 131	鎖匙 (só-sî)	key	key
suwahe [88] : 134	沙蝦 (soa-hê)	greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis)	greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis)
suyà [88] : 133	衰啊 (soe-a)	expression for "How unlucky!"	disgust
siyokoy [88] : 146	水鬼 (chúi-kúi)	water spirit; water devil	merman
siyomay [88] : 139	燒賣 (sio-mai)	steamed dumpling	shumai / siomai – steamed dumpling
siyopaw [88] : 139	燒包 (sio-pau)	meat-filled steamed bun	siopao – meat-filled steamed bun
tahô [88] : 139	豆腐 (tāu-hū)	tofu	taho
táhuré (var. táhurí) [88] : 139	豆乳 (tāu-jí)	soy milk; fermended bean curd	fermented tofu in soy sauce
tanga [107] [88] : 134	蟲仔 (thâng-á)	little insect/bug/worm	clothes moth
tangláw [88] : 132	燈樓 (teng-lâu)	lamp; lantern; lit. 'light tower'	light
tansô [88] : 144	銅索 (tâng-soh)	copper wire	copper (Cu), bronze
tawsî [88] : 140	豆豉 (tāu-sīⁿ)	beans preserved in soy sauce	beans preserved in soy sauce
timsím (var. tingsím) [88] : 132	燈芯 (teng-sim)	lampwick	lampwick
tinghóy [88] : 132	燈火 (teng-hóe)	wick lamp	wick lamp in glass filled with oil
tikoy [88] : 140	甜粿 (tiⁿ-kóe)	nian gao – sweetened rice cake	Sweetened rice cake
titò [88] : 136	豬肚 (ti-tǒ͘)	pig tripe	pork tito – pig tripe
tiyák: 134	的 (tiak)	true; real	sure; certain
toge [88] : 136	豆芽 (tāu-gê)	bean sprout	bean sprout
tokwa [88] : 140	豆乾 (tāu-koaⁿ)	tofu	tofu
totso [88] : 140	豆油醋魚 (tāu-iû- chhò͘-hî)	fish cooked in soy sauce and vinegar	sautéed fish with tahure
toyò [88] : 140	豆油 (tāu-iû)	soy sauce	soy sauce
tutsang [88] : 131	頭鬃 (thâu-chang)	hair	short hair on a woman's head
upo [88] : 136	葫匏 (ô͘-pû)	bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)	bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)
utaw [88] : 136	烏豆 (o͘-tāu)	black soybean (Glycine max)	soybean (Glycine max)
wansóy (var. unsóy, yansóy) [88] : 137	芫荽 (oân-sui)	coriander/cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)	coriander/cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)

Japanese

There are very few Tagalog words that are derived from Japanese. ^{[13] : 343} Many of them were introduced as recently as the twentieth century like tansan ^[108] (bottle cap, from the Japanese 炭酸 which originally means refers to soda and carbonated drinks) and karaoke (from the Japanese カラオケ, literally means "empty orchestra") although there are very few Japanese words that appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog such as katana (Japanese sword, from the Japanese かたな with the same meaning).

Some Filipino jokes are based on comical reinterpretation of Japanese terms as Tagalog words like for example in the case of otousan (from the Japanese お父さん meaning "father") which is reinterpreted as utusan (meaning "servant" or "maid") in Tagalog. ^{[13] : 346} As for the Tagalog word Japayuki, it refers to the Filipino migrants who flocked to Japan starting in the 1980s to work as entertainers and it is a portmanteau of the English word Japan and the Japanese word yuki (or 行き, meaning "going" or "bound to").

Tagalog	Japanese	Meaning in Japanese	Meaning in Tagalog
bonsay [35] : 22	盆栽 (bonsai)	bonsai; miniature potted plant	bonsai; miniature potted plant; (slang) Short in height;
dorobo [35] : 41	泥棒 (dorobō)	thief; burglar; robber	thief; burglar; robber
dyak en poy [109] or jak en poy	じゃん拳ぽん (jankenpon)	rock–paper–scissors game	rock–paper–scissors game
karaoke	カラオケ (karaoke)	karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment)	karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment)
karate [50]	空手 (karate)	karate	karate
katanà [13] : 343	刀 (katana)	katana; a Japanese sword	katana; a Japanese sword
katól [13] : 344	蚊取り線香 (katorisenkō)	mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense	mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense
kimono [13] : 344	着物 (kimono)	kimono (or other trad. Japanese clothing)	traditional Philippine blouse made of piña or jusi
kiréy [13] : 344	奇麗 (kirei)	pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair	(slang) pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair
kokang [13] : 344	交換 (kōkan)	exchange; interchange	(slang) exchange; interchange
pampam [13] : 344	ぱんぱん (panpan)	(slang) prostitute (esp. just after WWII)	(slang) prostitute
shabú	シャブ (shabu)	(slang) methamphetamine hydrochloride	methamphetamine hydrochloride
taksan-taksan [13] : 344	沢山 (takusan)	much; many	(slang) much; many
tansan	炭酸 (tansan)	carbonated water	bottle cap
tsunami	津波 (tsunami)	tsunami; tidal wave	tsunami; tidal wave
toto	おとうと (otōto)	younger brother or child	young boy [110] [111]

Nahuatl

Tagalog gained Nahuatl words via Spanish from the Galleon trade with the Viceroyalty of New Spain during the Hispanic era. ^[112]

Here are some examples:

Tagalog Word	Nahuatl Root Word	Spanish Word	Meaning and Further Comments
Abokado	Ahuacatl	Aguacate	Avocado
Akapulko (var. kapurko)	Acapolco	Acapulco	Senna alata ; tropical American medicinal plant
Alpasotis (var. pasotis)	Epazotl	Epazote	Dysphaniaambrosioides; South American plant used in herbal tea
Atole [113]	Atolli	Atole	Paste made from flour
Atsuwete	Achiotl	Achiote	Achiote
Guwatsinanggo	Cuauchilnacatl	Guachinango	Shrewd; cunning; astute
Kakaw	Cacáhuatl	Cacao	Cacao
Kakawati (var. kakawate)	Cacáhuatl	Cacahuate	Gliricidia sepium ; a tropical legume plant
Kalatsutsi (var. kalanotse)	Cacaloxochitl	Cacalosúchil	Plumeria rubra ; a tropical dedicious tree
Kamatis	Xitomatl	Jitomates	Tomato
Kamatsile	Cuamóchitl	Guamúchil	Pithecellobium dulce ; a Central American tree in the pea family
Kamote	Camotli	Camote	Sweet potato
Koyote (var. kayote)	Coyotl	Coyote	Coyote
Kulitis	Quilitl	Quelite	Amaranth
Mekate	Mecatl	Mecate	Rope or cord made out of abaca
Mehiko	Mēxihco	Mexico	Mexico
Nanay [114] [115]	Nantli	Nana	Mother
Paruparo [116] [112] (var. paparo)	Papalotl	Papalote	Butterfly
Petate [117]	Petlatl	Petate	Woven palm-matting
Peyote	Peyotl	Peyote	Peyote
Pitaka	Petlacalli	Petaca	Coin purse
Sakate	Zacatl	Zacate	Hay or grass for fodder
Sangkaka	Chiancaca	Chancaca	Cakes of hardened molasses
Sapote	Tzapotl	Zapote	Pouteria sapota ; a Latin American fruit tree
Sayote	Chayotli	Chayote	Chayote; a type of Central American gourd
Sili	Chīlli	Chile	Chili pepper
Singkamas	Xicamatl	Jícama	Mexican turnip
Sisiwa	Chichiua	Chichigua	Wet nurse
Tamalis (var. tamales)	Tamalli	Tamal	Rice-based tamales wrapped in banana leaves or corn husks
Tapangko [118]	Tlapanco	Tapanco	Awning
Tatay [114] [119]	Tahtli	Tata	Father
Tisa	Tizatl	Tiza	Chalk
Tiyangge (var. tsangge)	Tianquiztli	Tianguis	Open-air market
Tokayo (var. tukayo, katukayo)	Tocayotia	Tocayo	Namesake
Tsiklet (var. tsikle)	Chictli	Chicle	Chewing gum
Tsiko	Tzicozapotl	Chicozapote	Manilkara zapota ; a tropical American evergreen fruit tree
Tsokolate	Xocolatl	Chocolate	Chocolate

Quechua

Tagalog also absorbed Quechua vocabulary, ^[120] from South America at the Viceroyalty of Peru, especially after Don Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera former Governor of Panama, imported Peruvian soldiers and settlers to serve in the Philippines. ^[121]

Tagalog Word	Quechua Root Word	Spanish Word	Meaning and Further Comments
Alpaka	Alpaca	Alpaca	Alpaca, a certain kind of ruminant and its wool
Koka	Coca	Coca	certain bush
Kondor	Condor	Condor	Vultur gryphus
Gautso	Gaucho	Gaucho	"Gaucho, cowboy, herder"
Guwano	Guano	Guano	excrement of sea birds used as manure
Hipihapa	Jipijapa	Jipijapa	Fibre extracted from the leaves of the palm tree to make hats; the hat made of this material.
Pampa	Pampa	Pampa	Prairie
Papas	Papa	Papa	Potato
Kinina	Quinina	Quinina	Quinine , febrifugal substance extracted from the bark of certain trees

Cebuano

Tagalog has loanwords from Cebuano, mostly due to Cebuano and Bisayan migration to Tagalog-speaking regions. Some of these terms refer to concepts that did not previously exist in Tagalog or relate to Cebuano or Bisaya culture; some others have pre-existing equivalents and are introduced to Tagalog by native Cebuano speakers. Some Tagalog slang are of Cebuano provenance (e.g. Tagalog jombag, from Cebuano sumbag).

Tagalog	Cebuano	Meaning in Tagalog	Meaning in Cebuano
bayot	bayot	gay; homosexual man	gay; homosexual man; non-binary; trans woman; coward
buang, buwang	buang	crazy; insane; mad	crazy; fool; idiot; hippie
daks	dakô	(slang) having a large penis; well-endowed	big
dugong	dugong	dugong; sea cow	dugong; sea cow
habal-habal	habal-habal	motorcycle taxi	motorcycle taxi (from habal "to copulate")
indáy	indáy	a term of address for a female housemaid	a young girl
juts	diyotay	(slang) not hung; having a small penis; not well-endowed	small; minute
katarungan	katarongan	justice (coined in the early 20th century by Eusebio T. Daluz)	reason, justification (from tarong "straight; right; proper; sane")
kawatán	kawatán	robber; burglar; thief; criminal	robber; burglar; thief (from kawat "to steal; to rob")
kawáy	gawáy	waving of hands; calling someone by waving	tentacles
kuskos-balungos	kuskos balungos	fuss; excessive activity, worry, bother, or talk about something	to scratch, scrape, or rub one's pubic hair
Lumad	lumád	any of the indigenous non-Muslim peoples of Mindanao	native
lungsód	lúngsod	city (introduced during the early 20th century by Eusebio T. Daluz)	town/municipality
tulisán	tulisán	highway robber; brigand; bandit; outlaw	bandit; mugger
ukay-ukay	ukay-ukay	thrift store selling second-hand clothings, shoes and apparels	thrift store selling second-hand clothings, shoes and apparels (from ukáy; "to dig")

Central Bicol

Tagalog	Bicol	Meaning in Tagalog	Meaning in Bicol (Central)
kataga	kataga	word	word (ka + root word "taga")

See also

• Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities
• Spanish language in the Philippines
• Philippine Spanish
• Philippine Hokkien

References

1. Quilis, Antonio; Casado Fresnillo, Celia (2008). La lengua española en Filipinas historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos (in Spanish). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN   978-84-00-08635-0. OCLC   433949018.
2. Stolz, Thomas; Bakker, Dik; Salas Palomo, Rosa (2008). "Hispanisation processes in the Philippines (Patrick O. Steinkrüger)". Hispanisation: the impact of Spanish on the lexicon and grammar of the indigenous languages of Austronesia and the Americas. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 203–236. ISBN   978-3-11-020723-1. OCLC   651862960.
3. Baklanova, Ekaterina (June 2019). The impact of Spanish and English hybrids on contemporary Tagalog. 11th International Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference.
4. "Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino" . Retrieved June 22, 2010.
5. Forastieri Braschi, Eduardo; Cardona, Julia; López Morales, Humberto. Estudios de lingüística hispánica : homenaje a María Vaquero.
6. Alcantara y Antonio, Teresita (1999). Mga hispanismo sa Filipino: batay sa komunikasyong pangmadla ng Filipinas : pag-aaral lingguwistiko. Diliman, Quezon City : Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. ISBN   978-9718781777.
7. Muñiz, Adolfo Cuadrado; Iberoamericana, Oficina de Educación (1972). Hispanismos en el tagalo (in Spanish). Oficina de Educación Iberoamericana.
8. Quilis, Antonio (1992). La lengua española en cuatro mundos (in Spanish). Editiorial MAPFRE. p. 135. ISBN   978-84-7100-522-9.
9. Lopez, Cecilio (January 1, 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". Lingua. 14: 481. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN   0024-3841.
10. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – d". www.trussel2.com. Apparently a phonologically modified borrowing of Spanish tintâ 'dye'.
11. Torres Panganiban, Consuelo (1952). "Spanish Elements in the Tagalog Language". Unitas. 25. University of Santo Tomás: 108.
12. Vidal, José Montero y (1894). Historia general de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuestras días (in Spanish). M. Tello. p. 128. Con motivo de la escasez que había en Manila de monedas de cobre, el regidor decano del Ayuntamiento, D. Domingo Gómez de la Sierra, pidió autorización en 1766 para fabricar dichas monedas, con el nombre de barrillas, porque su figura era la de un paralelogramo.
13. Potet, Jean-Paul (2016). Tagalog borrowings and cognates. Jean-Paul G. Potet. ISBN   978-1-326-61579-6. OCLC   962269309.
14. Lopez, Cecilio (January 1, 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". Lingua. 14: 480. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN   0024-3841. T. ladrilyo : laryo 'brick. tile'
15. Villanueva, Joaquín A. García-Medall (2013). "En torno a los primeros préstamos hispánicos en Tagalo". Cuaderno Internacional de Estudios Humanísticos y Literatura (CIEHL) (19): 51–66. ISSN   1521-8007.
16. Sayahi, Lotfi; Westmoreland, Maurice (2005). "Code-switching or Borrowing? No sé so no puedo decir, you know (John M. Lipski)". Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project. p. 2. ISBN   978-1-57473-405-8. A number of indigenous languages that have coexisted with Spanish for long periods of time have fully incorporated Spanish functional words, at times producing syntactic innovations that depart significantly from the base structures of the borrowing language. Thus Tagalog has pirmi < firme `always,' para (sa) `for the benefit of' (e.g. Ito ay álaala ko para sa aking iná `this is my gift for my mother'), puwede `can, may, [to be] possible' gustó `like, desire,' siguro `maybe,' por eso, pero, puwés < pues `therefore,' etc. (Oficina de Educación Iberoamericana 1972).
17. Schachter, Paul; Otanes, Fe T (1983). Tagalog reference grammar. University of California Press. p. 514. ISBN   978-0-520-04943-7. OCLC   9371508. Kumustá, which is derived from Spanish cómo está 'how is', is used as the interrogative substitute for an adjective of quality.
18. Ramos, Teresita V.; Cena, Resty M. (1990). Modern Tagalog. University of Hawaii Press. p. 72. ISBN   978-0-8248-1332-1. Non-Equality mas, sa/ kaysa (sa)/ (kaysa) kay
19. Gallego, Maria Kristina S. (2015). "Ang mga Nominal Marker ng Filipino at Ivatan". Daluyan: Journal Ng Wikang Filipino (in Tagalog). 21 (1): 86. ISSN   2244-6001 . Retrieved September 5, 2019. Ang comparison o paghahambing ay ipinapahayag gamit ang kumpara, kaysa, o katulad kasama ng nominal marker. Ang paghahambing sa (63a) ay nagpapakita ng pagkakaiba, samantalang ang sa (63b) ay nagpapakita ng pagkakatulad.
20. Sabbagh, Joseph (June 1, 2011). "Adjectival passives and the structure of VP in Tagalog". Lingua. 121 (8): 1439. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.006. ISSN   0024-3841. Significantly, there is a way to express a meaning that is quite similar to the sentences in (42), using the adverbial pareho ('same'). Consider the examples in (43).
21. Martin, J.R. (June 1990). "Interpersonal Grammatization: Mood and Modality in Tagalog" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Linguistics. 21: 23. Modulation (or deontic modality) is concerned with inclination, obligation and ability. In Tagalog, modulation is grammaticized through what Schachter and Otanes (1972:261-73) refer to as 'pseudo-verbs', which for them are a subclass of adjectivals.
22. Asarina, Alya; Holt, Anna (September 2005). "Syntax and Semantics of Tagalog Modals" (PDF). UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics: 13. Puwede and maaarì may both be translated as 'can'. There seems to be little semantic difference between the two.
23. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 38–39. doi: 10.13185/KK2017.02803 (inactive May 20, 2024). ISSN   1656-152X. I have to disagree with Patrick Steinkrüger's assumption that "none of the numerous discourse particles in Tagalog are of Spanish origin".
24. Tanangkingsing, Michael (2013). "A Study of Second-Position Enclitics in Cebuano". Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (1): 224. doi:10.1353/ol.2013.0015. ISSN   0029-8115. JSTOR   43286767. S2CID   145347214. = siguro (epistemic)
25. Lee, Celeste Chia Yen (January 24, 2013). "Clitic pronouns in Masbatenyo". SIL International: 5. siguro 'probably'
26. Blake, Frank R. (Frank Ringgold) (1925). A grammar of the Tagálog language, the chief native idiom of the Philippine Islands. New Haven, Conn., American oriental society. p. 77. Retrieved September 8, 2019. kun 'or'.
27. Elli, Vea. "ON THE STUDY OF TAGALOG, KAPAMPANGAN, IBANAG AND ITAWIS COORDINATING CONSTRUCTIONS" . Retrieved September 8, 2019. Adversative conjunctions often are optional orzero-morpheme coordinators in these languages. In Tagalog, there are coordinators like 'pero', 'kaso', 'kaya lang', 'subalit', 'datapwat', 'bagkus', and 'ngunit'.
28. Cardoso, Hugo C.; Baxter, Alan N.; Nunes, Mário Pinharanda (2012). "Nenang, nino, nem não, ni no: Similarities and differences (Mauro Fernandez)". Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 228. ISBN   9789027252692. There are two formats in Tagalog for expressing the scalar value 'not even'. The first and possibly the older configuration consists of the addition of the particle man to the negator, followed by the particle lang ('only, just'): for example, "hindi man lang tumawag si John 'John didn't even call'" (De Vos 20I0:322). The second schema, described in the reference grammar compiled by Schachter & Otanes (1972), involves the loan particle ni from Spanish, stripped of all coordinate value and supplemented by a second negator.
29. Cardoso, Hugo C.; Baxter, Alan N.; Nunes, Mário Pinharanda (2012). ""'Maskin', 'maski', 'masque' ... in the Spanish and Portuguese creoles of Asia: Same particle, same provenance?" (Mauro Fernandez)". Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 187. ISBN   9789027252692. It is worth noting that in no instance was maski ever used to replace a corresponding concessive conjunction in the indigenous language. Still in use, therefore, are Kapampangan bista, Tagalog kahit, Bikol minsan, Visaya bisan and others, to cite just one equivalent conjunction among many still found in each of these languages.
30. Schachter, Paul; Otanes, Fe T (1983). Tagalog reference grammar. University of California Press. p. 477. ISBN   978-0-520-04943-7. OCLC   9371508. Porke is used only in informal contexts, and expresses an ironic or critical attitude (often expressible in English by 'just because').
31. "Common Names Summary – Lactarius lactarius". www.fishbase.de. Remarks: Also spelled 'Algudon'. 'algodon' borrowed from Spanish 'algodón', i.e., cotton.
32. "alpahór". CulturEd: Philippine Cultural Education Online. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021.
33. "GabbyDictionary.com". www.gabbydictionary.com. mouse pad -- almohadilya (Sp.: almohadilla)
34. Zorc, R. David. "Tagalog slang" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Linguistics. 21 (1990). Linguistic Society of the Philippines: 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2019. asar upset, angry [Sp. asar 'roast']
35. Zorc, R. David Paul; San Miguel, Rachel L.; Sarra, Annabella M. (1991). Tagalog Slang Dictionary. Dunwoody Press. ISBN   978-0-931745-56-0.
36. Orosa, Rosalinda L. "Victory Liner takes you to 'Perya Nostalgia' | Philstar.com". philstar.com. In this day and age of throwbacks and flashbacks on social media, perya enthusiasts would be pleased to still find classic carnival rides like the tsubibo (carousel), ruweda (Ferris wheel), the tame rollercoaster dubbed the Caterpillar, the topsy-turvy Octopus, and the Flying Swing.
37. Bundang, Rebekah (1997). Spanish Loanwords in Tagalog (PDF) (B.A.). Swarthmore College. Dept. of Linguistics. p. 10. Some Spanish loanwords appear in Tagalog in what would be their plural form in Spanish, marked with -s or -es; therefore, when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i. e., by placing the morpheme mga
38. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 204. ISBN   978-1-291-45726-1.
39. Blanco, Manuel (1837). Flora de Filipinas: según el sistema sexual de Linneo (in Spanish). en la imprenta de Sto. Thomas, por Candido Lopez. p. 326. El fruto del lanzón cultivado, no deja ser sabroso: su corteza despide una leche pegajosa, y las semillas son verdes y amargas. Es conocido de todos en las Islas; pero ignoro si la palabra lanzones ó lansones es extranjera ó del país: ella tiene semejanza con lasona, que es cebolla
40. Colmeiro y Penido, Miguel (1871). Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo, con la correspondencia científica y la indicacion abreviada de los unos é igualmente de la familia á que pertenece cada planta (in Spanish). G. Alhambra. p. 173.
41. Garcia, J. Neil C (2008). Philippine gay culture: binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM. University of the Philippines Press. p. 134. ISBN   9789715425773. OCLC   300977671. It roughly translates to "bisexual", although as with bakla, the cultural marker of this particular variety of sexual being is mostly not sexuality per se, but predictably enough, gender: the silahis is a male who looks every bit like a "real man" – he may even be married and with a family – but who, in all this time, would rather swish and wear skirts and scream "like a woman".
42. Lopez, Cecilio (January 1, 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". Lingua. 14: 477. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN   0024-3841.
43. Santos, Lope K. (2019). Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa (PDF) (in Tagalog) (4 ed.). Komisyon Sa Wikang Filipino. p. 21. ISBN   9786218064577 . Retrieved February 2, 2020. dupikál (repicar)
44. Cariño, Linda Grace. "How Swardspeak was born, truly-ly! | Philstar.com". philstar.com.
45. Bello, Walden F.; Guzman, Alfonso de (1971). Modernization: Its Impact in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 39. The state of the body A, together with the state of nature B, leads to disorder X; e.g., hunger together with getting wet causes pasmá (< Spanish pasmar 'to astonish, to cause spasms').
46. Baklanova, Ekaterina (January 24, 2013). "Morphological assimilation of borrowings in Tagalog". SIL International: 10. While adopting a borrowing the recipient language may replace some part of the borrowing (mostly the root or its part) with the native lexical material, thus making a HYBRID LOANWORD. In the case of Tagalog borrowed morphemes may be substituted with those of PREVIOUSLY ASSIMILATED loanwords, thus some of the Tagalog hybrid loans consist only of borrowed material
47. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 42–43. doi: 10.13185/KK2017.02803 (inactive May 20, 2024).
48. Baklanova, Ekaterina (January 24, 2013). "Morphological assimilation of borrowings in Tagalog". SIL International: 10. There are much more HYBRID NEOLOGISMS (CREATIONS) in the modern Tagalog, i.e. new words invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated borrowed material.
49. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 45. doi: 10.13185/KK2017.02803 (inactive May 20, 2024).
50. Tagalog English dictionary amosbooks.net
51. "Computer in Tagalog – English-Tagalog Dictionary | Glosbe".
52. Sawikaan 2007: Mga Salita ng Taon. UP Press. 2008. ISBN   9789715425834.
53. "SELPON: Tagalog to English: Dictionary Online ▷". February 2, 2021.
54. "SYOTA... Saan nagmula ang salitang ito?". August 2020.
55. "mate - Diksiyonaryo". diksiyonaryo.ph. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
56. Santos, Lope K.; Bernardo, Gabriel A. (1938). Sources and means for further enrichment of Tagalog as our national language. University of the Philippines. p. 26. The late linguist, Eusebio Daluz, was the first among our modern Tagalog writers to add Malay loan-words to our dictionary. Some of the loan-words that he proposed to adopt found general acceptance, although many others were not accepted. Of those words may be mentioned bansâ (nation), gurò (teacher), arang (individual), nama (name or noun), dalam (royal household), burong (bird), etc.
57. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 42. doi: 10.13185/KK2017.02803 (inactive May 20, 2024). ISSN   1656-152X.
58. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – r". www.trussel2.com.
59. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2018). Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs. Lulu.com. p. 214. ISBN   978-0-244-34873-1.
60. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing, most likely from Malay. Under this hypothesis the consistent partial reduplication in Philippine forms is unexplained, but no borrowing hypothesis in the other direction appears plausible.
61. Hall, D. G. E; Cowan, C. D; Wolters, O. W (1976). Southeast Asian history and historiography: essays presented to D.G.E. Hall. Cornell University Press. p. 353. ISBN   978-0-8014-0841-0. OCLC   2185469.
62. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing from Malay.
63. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 133. ISBN   978-1-291-45726-1.
64. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – o". www.trussel2.com.
65. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 37. doi: 10.13185/KK2017.02803 (inactive May 20, 2024). ISSN   1656-152X. Mal. /kanan/ (< *ka-wanan) [Wolff 1976]
66. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – w". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Tamil.
67. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – m". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *kulambu 'curtain'.
68. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – t". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing of Malay gergaji 'a saw; to saw'.
69. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – s". www.trussel2.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. This extremely widespread loanword appears to be of Mon-Khmer origin (Thurgood 1999:360). It evidently was acquired by Malay as a result of contacts on the mainland of Southeast Asia, and then spread throughout much of western Indonesia-Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan through trade contacts, perhaps mediated by the Dutch presence in southwest Taiwan from 1624–1661, and the Spanish presence in northeast Taiwan from 1626–1642 (the latter out of Manila).
70. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – m". www.trussel2.com. Also Balinese pijar 'borax, solder'. Borrowing from Malay.
71. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – u". www.trussel2.com. Also Balinese takeh 'measure (large amount)', takeh-an 'a measure of volume'. Borrowing from Malay.
72. Odé, Cecilia (1997). Proceedings of the seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Leiden 22-27 August 1994. Rodopi. p. 607. ISBN   9789042002531. OCLC   38290304. Tag tangháliʔ 'noon' represents *tengáq + *qaRi but is clearly a loan from Malay tengah hari.
73. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – g". www.trussel2.com. The forms cited here are conspicuous for their multiple phonological irregularities and apparent morphological reanalyses. This strongly suggests that the form has been borrowed, probably from Malay. According to Alton L. Becker (p.c.) a similar folk belief is found in Burma. If true it is tempting to hypothesize that the puntianak belief was ultimately borrowed by speakers of an early form of Malay from a mainland Southeast Asian source and subsequently disseminated through much of island Southeast Asia.
74. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff's (1934–38) inclusion of Fijian vosa 'speak, talk' under a reconstruction *ucap 'speak, converse with' appears unjustified.
75. Haspelmath, Martin (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 724. ISBN   978-3-11-021843-5.
76. Hoogervorst, Tom; Blench, Roger; Landmann, Alexandra (March 10, 2017). 9. The Role of "Prakrit" in Maritime Southeast Asia through 101 Etymologies. ISEAS Publishing. doi:10.1355/9789814762779-011. ISBN   978-981-4762-77-9.
77. Hoogervorst, Tom (April 15, 2015). "Detecting pre-modern lexical influence from South India in Maritime Southeast Asia". Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien (89): 63–93. doi: 10.4000/archipel.490 . ISSN   0044-8613.
78. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. pp. 285–286. ISBN   978-1-291-45726-1.
79. Donoso, Isaac J. (2010). "The Hispanic Moros y Cristianos and the Philippine Komedya". Philippine Humanities Review. 11: 87–120. ISSN   0031-7802. Thus, Arabic words became integrated into Philippine languages through Spanish (e.g., alahas (alhaja, al- haja), alkalde (alcalde, al-qadi), alkampor (alcanfor, al-kafiir), alkansiya (alcancia, al-kanziyya), aldaba (aldaba, al-dabba), almires (almirez, al-mihras), baryo (barrio, al-barri), kapre (cafre, kafir), kisame (zaquizami, saqf fassami), etc.);
80. Asbaghi, Asya (1988). Persische Lehnwörter im Arabischen. Wiesbaden: O. Harrasowitz. ISBN   978-3-447-02757-1. OCLC   19588893.
81. Donoso Jiménez, Isaac (2017). "Relaciones culturales filipino-persas (II): La lingua franca islámica en el Índico y algunos persianismos en tagalo". Revista Filipina. ISSN   1496-4538. El préstamo más reseñable es anakura, cuya etimología procede incuestionablemente del persa nājūdā / ناخوذا.
82. Donoso Jiménez, Isaac (2017). "Relaciones culturales filipino-persas (II): La lingua franca islámica en el Índico y algunos persianismos en tagalo". Revista Filipina. ISSN   1496-4538. Igualmente persas son las palabras tagalas pingan, "plato" (desde pinggaan / ﭙﻨﮔان) y salawal, "pantalones" (desde sirvaal / سروال).
83. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 152. ISBN   978-1-291-45726-1.
84. Albala, Ken (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. ISBN   978-0-313-37626-9. Pancit (also spelled pansit), or noodles, is a main-stay ingredient that has undergone significant adaptations in the preparation process. Filipinos use different types of noodles, such as those made from rice, egg, wheat, and mung beans, to make various pancit dishes. Introduced by the Chinese during the Spanish period, the dish has been Filipinized, and various regions have come up with their own versions as well.
85. Pacho, Arturo (1986). "The Chinese Community in the Philippines: Status and Conditions". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 1 (1): 76–91. doi:10.1355/SJ1-1E. JSTOR   41056696.
86. Wickberg, Edgar (1962). "Early Chinese Economic Influence in the Philippines, 1850–1898". Pacific Affairs. 35 (3): 275–285. JSTOR   2753187. It is known that the arrival of the Spanish in the late sixteenth century provided attractive economic opportunities which stimulated Chinese immigration to the Philippines in much greater volume than ever before. By the beginning of the seventeenth century there were over 20,000 Chinese in the Manila area – a number many times that of the Spanish settler.
87. Sánchez de Mora, Antonio (2016). Sabores que cruzaron los océanos = Flavors that sail across the seas. AECID Biblioteca Digital AECID. p. 64. OCLC   973021471.
88. Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN   978-0-85883-225-1.
89. Joaquin, Nick (2004). Culture and history. Pasig. p. 42. ISBN   978-9712714269. OCLC   976189040.
90. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 283/261.
91. Chu, Richard T. (2012). Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s. BRILL. p. 187. ISBN   9789047426851.
92. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 170/151.
93. Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 201. ISBN   978-9715501354. OCLC   433091144.
94. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. p. 511/486.
95. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 23/10.
96. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 23/10 & 170/151 & 322/300.
97. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 23/10 & 488/463 & 322/300.
98. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 23/10 & 488/463 & 378/356.
99. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 170/151 & 522/497.
100. Chu, Richard T. (2012). Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN   9789047426851.
101. "Kikiam". April 5, 2013.
102. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. p. 344/366.
103. Chee-Beng, Tan (2012). Chinese Food and Foodways in Southeast Asia and Beyond. NUS Press. p. 129. ISBN   9789971695484.
104. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – a". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing of Hokkien pú-thâu 'axe'. This comparison was pointed out by Daniel Kaufman.
105. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. p. 170/151.
106. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c". www.trussel2.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. Borrowed from Hokkien.
107. Philippine Journal of Linguistics. 1974. p. 50. Hok. /thàng/ 'worm', /à/ 'diminutive particle' in Tag. /tanga/, 'clothes moth'
108. Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 9, 2013). "Making useless information useful". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. The trade and cultural exchange between the Philippines and Japan runs deep. In prewar Manila, Tansan was a popular brand of fizzy water ("tansan" in Japanese refers to carbonated mineral water). It was sold with the distinct metal bottle caps that have since been called tansan by Filipinos.
109. Ocampo, Ambeth R. (June 27, 2014). "Japan under our skin". Philippine Daily Inquirer. The childhood game "jak en poy," with a nonsense rhyme in Filipino that accompanies the hand gestures of rock, scissors, and paper, traces its origin to the Japanese "janken pon."
110. "You will never guess these Filipino words came from Japanese terms". October 10, 2016.
111. "Meaning of Toto - Tagalog Dictionary" . Retrieved May 8, 2024.
112. Albalá, Paloma (2003). "Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines". Philippine Studies. 51 (1): 125–146. JSTOR   42633639.
113. Panganiban, José Villa (1964). "Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo". Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 264. JSTOR   25135261. ATOLE (MLP), en México, bebida preparada con sustancias harinosas y no-alcohólica. En Filipinas atole significa actualmente una pasta de harina, empleada como adhesivo, no comestible.
114. León-Portilla, Miguel (1960). "Algunos nahuatlismos en el castellano de Filipinas". Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (in Spanish) (2): 135–138. ISSN   0071-1675.
115. Panganiban, José Villa (1964). "Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo". Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 268. ISSN   0185-0172. JSTOR   25135261. NANA (MLP), azteca "nantli" (madre), en tagalo nanay significa "madre" o "abuela".
116. Casado-Fresnillo, Antonio Quilis, Celia; Casado Fresnillo, Celia (2008). La lengua española en Filipinas : historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos (1st ed.). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. p. 410. ISBN   978-8400086350.
117. Albalá, Paloma (March 1, 2003). "Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 51 (1): 133. ISSN   2244-1638. petate "woven palm-matting" > Ceb. petate, Tag. petate;
118. Albalá, Paloma (March 1, 2003). "Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 51 (1): 133. ISSN   2244-1638. tapanco "raised platform for storing lumber" > Kap. tapanko, Tag. tapangko;
119. Panganiban, José Villa (1964). "Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo". Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 270. ISSN   0185-0172. JSTOR   25135261. TATA (MLP), azteca "tahtli" (padre). Tata, tatay y tatang son denominaciones comunes de "padre" en diversos idiomas de Filipinas
120. Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines Page 136-137
121. "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."