List of sunken battleships

A list of sunken battleships. Red symbols sunken battleships, purple symbols denote battleships sunk as aircraft carriers, and stars denote more than one battleship in an area.

Sunken battleships are the wrecks of large capital ships built from the 1880s to the mid-20th century that were either destroyed in battle, mined, deliberately destroyed in a weapons test, or scuttled. The battleship, as the might of a nation personified in a warship, played a vital role in the prestige, diplomacy, and military strategies of 20th century nations. The importance placed on battleships also meant massive arms races between the great powers of the 20th century such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, United States, France, Italy, Russia, and the Soviet Union.

The term "battleship" first entered common parlance to describe certain types of ironclad warships in the 1880s, ^[1] now referred to as pre-dreadnoughts. The commissioning and putting to sea of HMS Dreadnought, in part inspired by the results of the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905, ^[2] marked the dawn of a new era in naval warfare and defining an entire generation of warships: the battleships. This first generation, known as the "Dreadnoughts", came to be built in rapid succession in Europe, the Americas, and Japan with ever more tension growing between the major naval powers. However, despite the enormous sums of money and resources dedicated to the construction and maintenance of the increasing number of battleships in the world, they typically saw little combat. With the exception of the naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War and Jutland, which would be one of the last large-scale battles between capital ships, ^[3] no decisive naval battles between battleships were fought. When the First World War ended in 1918, much of the German High Seas Fleet was escorted to Scapa Flow, where almost all of the fleet was scuttled to prevent its being divided amongst the victorious Allies. Numerous other battleships were scuttled for similar reasoning.

Between the wars, the Washington Naval Treaty and the subsequent London Naval Treaty limited the tonnage and firepower of capital ships permitted to the navies of the world. The United Kingdom and the United States scrapped many of their aging dreadnoughts, while the Japanese began converting battlecruisers into fast battleships in the 1930s. In 1936, Italy and Japan refused to sign the Second London Naval Treaty and withdrew from the earlier treaties, prompting the United States and the United Kingdom to invoke an escalator clause in the treaty that allowed them to increase the displacement and armament of planned ships. The naval combat of World War II saw many battleships belonging to the various nations destroyed as air power began to be realized as being crucial to naval warfare, rather than massive capital ships. As the battleship began to fall out of favor, some captured capital ships were decommissioned, stripped, and deliberately sunk in nuclear weapons tests.

Losses

Much like battlecruisers, battleships typically sank with large loss of life if and when they were destroyed in battle. The first battleship to be sunk by gunfire alone, ^[4] the Russian battleship Oslyabya, sank with half of her crew at the Battle of Tsushima when the ship was pummeled by a seemingly endless stream of Japanese shells striking the ship repeatedly, killing crew with direct hits to several guns, the conning tower, and the water line or below it, which became the cause of the ship's sinking. ^{[5] [6]} Battleships also proved to be very vulnerable to mines, as was evidenced in the Russo-Japanese War and both World Wars. After the Battle of Port Arthur, ^[7] a number of Russian and Japanese vessels were struck by mines and either sank or were scuttled to prevent their capture. A decade later, the Marine Nationale and Royal Navy lost three battleships, HMS Irresistible, HMS Ocean, and Bouvet, to Turkish mines in the waters of the Dardanelles. Torpedoes were also very capable of sinking battleships. On 21 November 1944, USS Sealion sank Kongō with over 1200 casualties. ^[8] HMS Barham was struck by three torpedoes fired from German submarine U-331. ^{[lower-alpha 1]} Barham could not make an attempt to dodge the incoming torpedoes and sank with 862 fatalities as a result of several magazine explosions that occurred after she had initially been hit by U-331's torpedoes. ^[11]

Although mines and torpedoes constantly threatened the battleship's dominance, it was the refinement of aerial technology and tactics that led to the replacement of the battleship with the aircraft carrier as the most important naval vessel. Initially, the large scale use of aircraft in naval combat was underrated and the idea that they could destroy battleships was dismissed. Still, the United States and the Japanese Empire experimented with offensive roles for aircraft carriers in their fleets. ^[12] One pioneer of aviation in a naval role was US Army General Billy Mitchell, who commandeered SMS Ostfriesland for testing of his theory in July 1921. Though these tests did not impress his contemporaries, they forced the US Navy to begin diverting some of its budget towards researching the matter further. ^[13] The belief that the aircraft carrier was junior to the battleship began to evaporate when the Imperial Japanese Navy, in a surprise attack, nearly destroyed the United States Pacific Fleet while it was at anchor at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. ^[14] The captain of the Bismarck, Ernst Lindemann, had almost dodged the Royal Navy until he was undone by British reconnaissance aircraft. Although almost every sea battle in World War II involved gunfire between surface warships to some degree, their time as the senior ship of a nation's fleet had run its course. ^[15]

Those battleships belonging to the Central Powers that survived World War I often did not survive its aftermath. The German High Seas Fleet was scuttled at Scapa Flow by its sailors in June 1919 following their surrender and internment the previous November. ^[16] On 1 November 1918, as the Austrian battleship Viribus Unitis was being transferred to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, she was mined and sunk at Pola by two Italian frogmen, Raffaele Paolucci  [ it ] and Raffaele Rossetti, who were unaware of the transfer. ^[17] On 27 November 1942 the Vichy French government scuttled the majority of the French fleet at Toulon. ^[18]

Sunk in combat

Name	Navy	Casualties	Date sunk	Location	Condition	Relics	Image
Poltava [lower-alpha 2]	Imperial Russian Navy	—	5 December 1904 [19]	Port Arthur [19]	Scrapped [23]	—
Pobeda [lower-alpha 3]	Imperial Russian Navy	—	7 December 1904 [26]	Port Arthur [19]	Scrapped [26]	—
Oslyabya	Imperial Russian Navy	470–514 killed [lower-alpha 4]	27 May 1905 [4]	Tsushima Strait [28]	Unknown	—
Imperator Aleksandr III	Imperial Russian Navy	Lost with all hands [29]	27 May 1905 [30]	Tsushima Strait [31]	Unknown	—
Borodino	Imperial Russian Navy	854 killed, 1 captured [31]	27 May 1905 [32]	Tsushima Strait [30]	Unknown	—
Knyaz Suvorov	Imperial Russian Navy	908 killed, 20 captured [29]	27 May 1905 [33]	Tsushima Strait [30]	Unknown	—
Navarin	Imperial Russian Navy	741 killed, 1 captured [34] [35]	28 May 1905 [36]	Tsushima Strait [35]	Unknown	—
Sissoi Veliky	Imperial Russian Navy	47 killed, 613 captured [37]	28 May 1905 [38]	Tsushima Strait [30]	Unknown	—
HMS Formidable	Royal Navy	547 killed [39]	1 January 1915 [39]	50°13′N3°4′W / 50.217°N 3.067°W / 50.217; -3.067 (HMS Formidable (1898)) Off Portland Bill, English Channel [39]	Unknown	—
HMS Irresistible	Royal Navy	150 killed [40]	18 March 1915 [41]	Dardanelles [12]	Unknown	—
HMS Goliath	Royal Navy	570 killed [42]	13 May 1915 [42]	Dardanelles [42]	Unknown	—
HMS Triumph [lower-alpha 5]	Royal Navy	78 killed [44]	25 May 1915 [44]	Near Gaba Tepe, Gallipoli Peninsula [44]	Unknown	—
HMS Majestic	Royal Navy	40–49 killed [lower-alpha 6]	27 May 1915 [46]	40°02′30″N26°11′02″E / 40.04167°N 26.18389°E / 40.04167; 26.18389 (HMS Majestic (1895)) Cape Helles, Gallipoli Peninsula [46]	Unknown	—
Barbaros Hayreddin [lower-alpha 7]	Ottoman Navy	258 killed [48]	8 August 1915 [49]	Dardanelles [50]	Unknown	—
SMS Pommern	Imperial German Navy	Lost with all hands [51]	1 June 1916 [51]	North Sea [52]	Unknown	—
Suffren	French Navy	Lost with all hands [53]	26 November 1916 [53]	39°10′N10°48′W / 39.167°N 10.800°W / 39.167; -10.800 (French battleship Suffren) Off Lisbon, Portugal [53]	Unknown	—
Gaulois	French Navy	Four killed [54]	27 December 1916 [55]	36°15′N23°42′E / 36.250°N 23.700°E / 36.250; 23.700 (French battleship Gaulois) Off Cape Maleas, Aegean Sea [54]	Unknown	—
HMS Cornwallis	Royal Navy	15 killed [56]	9 January 1917 [57]	35°06′N15°11′E / 35.100°N 15.183°E / 35.100; 15.183 (HMS Cornwallis (1901)) Off Malta [57] [58]	Unknown	—
Danton	French Navy	296 killed [59]	19 March 1917 [59]	38°45′35″N8°3′30″E / 38.75972°N 8.05833°E / 38.75972; 8.05833 (French battleship Danton) Mediterranean Sea [59]	Upright under 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of water. [59]	—
SMS Szent István	Austro-Hungarian Navy	89 killed [60]	10 June 1918 [60]	44°12′07″N14°27′05″E / 44.20194°N 14.45139°E / 44.20194; 14.45139 (SMS Szent István) Premuda, Adriatic Sea	Capsized under 66 meters (217 ft) of water. [61]	—
SMS Viribus Unitis	Austro-Hungarian Navy	300 killed [62]	1 November 1918 [62]	44°52′9″N13°49′9″E / 44.86917°N 13.81917°E / 44.86917; 13.81917 (SMS Viribus Unitis) Pula, Croatia [62]	Unknown	—
HMS Britannia	Royal Navy	50 killed, 80 injured [63]	9 November 1918 [64]	35°53′N5°53′W / 35.883°N 5.883°W / 35.883; -5.883 (HMS Britannia (1904)) Off Cape Trafalgar, Strait of Gibraltar [64]	Unknown	—
HMS Royal Oak	Royal Navy	833 killed [65]	14 October 1939 [66]	58°55′N2°59′W / 58.917°N 2.983°W / 58.917; -2.983 (HMS Royal Oak (08)) Scapa Flow [67]	Capsized under 33 meters (108 ft) of water. [68]	Royal Oak's bell is the centerpiece to a memorial to those who died aboard Royal Oak at St Magnus' Cathedral in Kirkwall. [69]
Bretagne	French Navy	977 killed [70]	3 July 1940 [71]	Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria [71]	Scrapped [72]	—
Kilkis [lower-alpha 8]	Royal Hellenic Navy	—	23 April 1941 [74]	Salamis Naval Base, near Salamis [74]	Scrapped [75]	—
Lemnos [lower-alpha 9]	Royal Hellenic Navy	—	23 April 1941 [74]	Salamis Naval Base, near Salamis [74]	Scrapped [77]	—
Bismarck	Kriegsmarine	2,086 killed, 115 captured. [78]	27 May 1941 [79]	48°10′N16°12′W / 48.167°N 16.200°W / 48.167; -16.200 (German battleship Bismarck) 650 kilometers (400 mi) from Brest, North Atlantic [80]	Bismarck was found in great condition. She sank after being heavily bombarded by English ships. Bismarck sank stern first in her plunge to the ocean floor. Her bridge and stern ripped away as she spiraled downwards, and as she settled on the side of an extinct underwater volcano, the down blast from all the water she displaced hit her and caused her to slide down the volcano on a water avalanche of sorts. Soon a mud slide occurred due to the shifting of the soil caused by the massive ship and it began to carry her down. She finally settled upright under 4,791 meters (15,719 ft) of water. She slid half a mile. [80]	—
Marat [lower-alpha 10]	Soviet Navy	326 killed [83]	23 September 1941 [83]	Leningrad [83]	Scrapped [82]	—
HMS Barham	Royal Navy	862 killed [84] [85]	25 November 1941 [86]	32°34′N26°24′E / 32.567°N 26.400°E / 32.567; 26.400 (HMS Barham (04)) Off Egypt [84]	Unknown	—
USS Arizona	United States Navy	1,177 killed [87]	7 December 1941 [88]	21°21′53″N157°57′0″W / 21.36472°N 157.95000°W / 21.36472; -157.95000 (USS Arizona (BB-39)) Pearl Harbor [87]	Heavily damaged as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor. After being struck off the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1942, Arizona was found to be in such terrible condition that she could not be made serviceable again even after salvaging. [89] Arizona's surviving superstructure was removed in 1942, followed by her main armament over the next year and a half. [90]	The amidships section had served as a ceremonial platform on the wreck but was cut away to make room for today's overlying memorial. One of the ship's bells is at the University of Arizona, [91] an anchor and a restored gun barrel is located at the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza, and several of her guns were later used aboard USS Nevada. [92] Other artifacts from the ship, such as items from the ship's silver service, are on permanent exhibit in the Arizona State Capitol Museum. [93]
USS Utah	United States Navy	64 killed [94]	7 December 1941 [94]	21°22′7″N157°57′44″W / 21.36861°N 157.96222°W / 21.36861; -157.96222 (USS Utah (BB-36)) Pearl Harbor	Utah capsized during the attack, and was partially salvaged but not recovered. [95] Utah's wreck is almost completely submerged, with a small amount of highly corroded superstructure visible above the surface. [94]	In 1972, a memorial consisting of a 70 ft (21 m) walkway from nearby Ford Island that terminates in a platform with a flagpole and a plaque. [96] Other relics of the Utah are preserved at the Utah State Capitol and are regularly on display. [97]
HMS Prince of Wales	Royal Navy	327 killed [98]	10 December 1941 [99]	3°33′36″N104°28′42″E / 3.56000°N 104.47833°E / 3.56000; 104.47833 (HMS Prince of Wales (53)) South China Sea [100]	Capsized under 71 meters (233 ft) of water. Reported to have been heavily salvaged. [100]	Prince of Wale's bell was recovered, restored, and displayed in the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool. [100]
Asahi	Imperial Japanese Navy	16 killed [101]	25 May 1942 [102]	10°N110°E / 10°N 110°E / 10; 110 (Japanese battleships Asahi) 100 miles (160 km) from Cape Paderan, Vietnam [102]	Unknown	—
Hiei	Imperial Japanese Navy	188 killed [103]	13 November 1942 [103]	9°N159°E / 9°N 159°E / 9; 159 (Japanese battleship Hiei) Off Guadalcanal [104]	Capsized under 900 meters (3,000 ft) of water. [105]	—
Kirishima	Imperial Japanese Navy	212 killed [106]	15 November 1942 [106]	Off Guadalcanal [104]	Capsized under 1,100 meters (3,600 ft) of water. [107]	—
Roma	Regia Marina	1,393 killed [108]	9 September 1943 [109]	41°9′28″N8°17′35″E / 41.15778°N 8.29306°E / 41.15778; 8.29306 (Italian battleship Roma (1940)) 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of Sardinia	Capsized and blown in half under 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). [110]	—
Scharnhorst	Kriegsmarine	1,932 killed, 36 captured [111]	26 December 1943 [112]	72°16′N28°41′E / 72.267°N 28.683°E / 72.267; 28.683 (German battleship Scharnhorst) near the Norwegian North Cape [113]	Capsized under 290 meters (950 ft). [114]	—
Strasbourg	French Navy	—	18 August 1944 [115]	Bay of Lazaret [115]	Scrapped [115]	—
Jean Bart [lower-alpha 11]	French Navy	—	28 August 1944 [117]	Toulon, France [117]	Scrapped [118]	—
Musashi	Imperial Japanese Navy	1,023 killed [119]	24 October 1944 [120]	13°7′N122°32′E / 13.117°N 122.533°E / 13.117; 122.533 (Japanese battleship Musashi) Sibuyan Sea [121]	Heavily damaged and in multiple pieces under 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of water. [122] [123]	—
Fusō	Imperial Japanese Navy	1,620 killed [124]	25 October 1944 [124]	Surigao Strait [124]	Capsized 185 meters (607 ft) of water with pagoda mast snapped off. [125]	—
Yamashiro	Imperial Japanese Navy	1,626 killed [126]	25 October 1944 [127]	Surigao Strait [127]	Capsized in 191 meters (627 ft) of water with bow folded back over the keel of the rest of the hull, and engine room collapsed. [128]	—
Tirpitz	Kriegsmarine	950–1,204 killed [lower-alpha 12]	12 November 1944 [113]	69°38′50″N18°48′30″E / 69.64722°N 18.80833°E / 69.64722; 18.80833 (German battleship Tirpitz) Håkøybotn Bay, Norway [134]	Somewhat salvaged after the Second World War. [131]	—
Kongō	Imperial Japanese Navy	1250 killed [106]	21 November 1944 [135]	26°9′N121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383 (Japanese battleship Kongō) Taiwan Strait [135]	Unknown	—
Conte di Cavour	Regia Marina	—	23 February 1945 [136]	Taranto Harbor [137]	Scrapped [138]	—
Yamato	Imperial Japanese Navy	3,055 [139]	7 April 1945 [140]	30°22′N128°4′E / 30.367°N 128.067°E / 30.367; 128.067 (Japanese battleship Yamato) East China Sea [141]	Broken in half under 340 meters (1,120 ft) of water. [141]	—
Haruna	Imperial Japanese Navy	65 killed [106]	24 July 1945 [106]	Kure, Japan [106]	Scrapped [106]	—
Settsu	Imperial Japanese Navy	—	29 July 1945 [142]	Kure, Japan [142]	Scrapped [142]	—
Ise	Imperial Japanese Navy	50 killed [143]	28 July 1945 [143]	Kure, Japan [143]	Scrapped [143]	—
Hyūga	Imperial Japanese Navy	200+ killed [144]	1 August 1945 [144]	34°10′N132°33′E / 34.167°N 132.550°E / 34.167; 132.550 (Japanese battleship Hyūga) Kure, Japan [144]	Scrapped [144]	—

Converted battleships

Name	Navy	Casualties	Date sunk	Location	Condition	Image
Kaga	Imperial Japanese Navy	811 killed [145]	4 June 1942 [146]	30°23′N179°17′W / 30.383°N 179.283°W / 30.383; -179.283 (Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga)	Unknown
HMS Eagle	Royal Navy	131 killed [147]	11 August 1942 [147]	38°3′0″N3°1′12″E / 38.05000°N 3.02000°E / 38.05000; 3.02000 (HMS Eagle (1918)) near Majorca [147]	Unknown
Shinano	Imperial Japanese Navy	1435 killed [148]	29 November 1944 [148]	32°7′N137°4′E / 32.117°N 137.067°E / 32.117; 137.067 (Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano) 105 kilometers (65 mi) south of mainland Japan. [148]	Unknown

Lost at sea

Name	Navy	Casualties	Date sunk	Location	Condition	Image
Petropavlovsk	Imperial Russian Navy	679 killed [149]	13 April 1904 [150]	Yellow Sea [151]	Unknown
Hatsuse	Imperial Japanese Navy	496 killed [152]	15 May 1904 [153]	38°37′N121°20′E / 38.617°N 121.333°E / 38.617; 121.333 (Japanese battleship Hatsuse) Yellow Sea [154]	Unknown
Yashima	Imperial Japanese Navy	—	15 May 1904 [155]	38°34′N121°40′E / 38.567°N 121.667°E / 38.567; 121.667 (Japanese battleship Yashima) Yellow Sea [156]	Unknown
HMS Montagu	Royal Navy	—	30 May 1906 [157]	Lundy Island, England [157]	Almost entirely salvaged. [158]
Iéna	French Navy	120 killed [159]	12 March 1907 [160]	Toulon, France [160]	Scrapped [161]
Liberté	French Navy	250 killed [162]	25 September 1911 [162]	Toulon, France [163]	Scrapped [163]
HMS Audacious	Royal Navy	One killed [164]	27 October 1914 [164]	55°32′16″N7°24′33″W / 55.53778°N 7.40917°W / 55.53778; -7.40917 (HMS Audacious (1912)) 39 kilometers (24 mi) of Tory Island [165]	Capsized under 64 meters (210 ft) of water. [166] [165]
HMS Bulwark	Royal Navy	736 killed [167]	26 November 1914 [167]	51°25′N0°39′E / 51.417°N 0.650°E / 51.417; 0.650 (HMS Bulwark (1899)) Off Sheerness, England [167]	Unknown
HMS Ocean	Royal Navy	Unknown	18 March 1915 [168]	Dardanelles [168]	Unknown
Bouvet	French Navy	639 killed [55]	18 March 1915 [169]	40°01′15″N26°16′30″E / 40.02083°N 26.27500°E / 40.02083; 26.27500 (French battleship Bouvet) Dardanelles [169]	Unknown
Benedetto Brin	Regia Marina	454 killed [170]	27 September 1915 [170]	Brindisi, Italy [170]	Unknown
HMS King Edward VII	Royal Navy	—	6 January 1916 [171]	Off Cape Wrath, Scotland. [171]	Capsized under 108 meters (354 ft) of water. [172]
HMS Russell	Royal Navy	125 killed [173]	27 April 1916 [174]	35°54′N14°36′E / 35.900°N 14.600°E / 35.900; 14.600 (HMS Russell (1901)) Off Valletta, Malta [173] [174]	Capsized under 110 meters (360 ft) of water. [173] [174]
Leonardo da Vinci	Regia Marina	448 killed [175]	2 August 1916 [176]	Taranto, Italy [177]	Scrapped [176] [178]
Imperatritsa Mariya	Imperial Russian Navy	228 killed [179]	20 October 1916 [180]	Sevastopol, Ukraine [180]	Scrapped [181]
Regina Margherita	Regia Marina	675 killed [182]	12 December 1916 [183]	Off Valona, Albania [183]	Laying on her starboard side under 68 meters (223 ft). [184]
Peresvet [lower-alpha 13]	Imperial Russian Navy	116–167 killed [lower-alpha 14]	4 January 1917 [187]	Off Port Said, Egypt [187]	Unknown
HMS Vanguard	Royal Navy	843 killed [189]	9 July 1917 [190]	58°51′24″N3°6′22″W / 58.85667°N 3.10611°W / 58.85667; -3.10611 (HMS Vanguard (1909)) Scapa Flow [190]	Unknown, rests under 14.2 meters (47 ft) of water. [190]
Kawachi	Imperial Japanese Navy	600–700 killed [lower-alpha 15]	2 July 1918 [193]	34°0′N131°36′E / 34.000°N 131.600°E / 34.000; 131.600 (Japanese battleship Kawachi)	Partially salvaged. [195]
HMS Prince George [lower-alpha 16]	Royal Navy	—	30 December 1921 [196]	52°44′5″N4°38′23″E / 52.73472°N 4.63972°E / 52.73472; 4.63972 (HMS Prince George (1856)) Off Camperduin, the Netherlands [196]	Upright and visible from shore, partially scrapped. [196]
France	French Navy	Three killed [197]	26 August 1922 [197]	47°27′6″N3°2′0″W / 47.45167°N 3.03333°W / 47.45167; -3.03333 (French battleship France) Quiberon Bay, France [197]	Unknown
España	Spanish Navy	—	26 August 1923 [198]	Cape Tres Forcas, Morocco [198]	Somewhat salvaged, including a 305 mm (12.0 in) and a 102 mm (4.0 in) gun, but mostly destroyed by severe storms. [198]
Alfonso XIII [lower-alpha 17]	Spanish Navy	Five killed [200]	30 April 1937 [200]	43°31′26″N3°40′44″W / 43.52389°N 3.67889°W / 43.52389; -3.67889 (Spanish battleship Alfonso XIII) Off Santander, Spain [200]	Unknown
Jaime I	Spanish Republican Navy	—	17 June 1937 [201]	Cartagena, Spain	Scrapped [202]
Schlesien	Kriegsmarine	—	3 May 1945 [203]	Off Zinnowitz, Germany [203]	Scrapped [204] [203]
Mutsu	Imperial Japanese Navy	1121 killed [205]	8 June 1943 [206]	33°58′N132°24′E / 33.967°N 132.400°E / 33.967; 132.400 (Japanese battleship Mutsu) Seto Inland Sea [206]	Due to salvaging efforts that ceased in the 1990s, [206] the only major piece of the wreckage that remains is a 35-meter (115 ft) stretch of the hull from the bridge to turret No. 1 at a depth of about 12 meters (39 ft). [207]
USS Oklahoma	United States Navy	—	17 May 1947 [208]	Unknown, northeast of Hawaii [208]	Capsized in Pearl Harbor Attack. Salvaged.
São Paulo	Brazilian Navy	—	November 1951 [209]	Unknown	Unknown
Novorossiysk [lower-alpha 18]	Soviet Navy	608 killed [211]	29 October 1955	44°37′7″N33°32′8″E / 44.61861°N 33.53556°E / 44.61861; 33.53556 (Italian battleship Giulio Cesare) Sevastopol, Ukraine	Scrapped [212]

Scuttled battleships

Name	Navy	Casualties	Date sunk	Location	Condition	Relics	Image
Sevastopol	Imperial Russian Navy	11 killed [213]	2 January 1905 [214]	Port Arthur [213]	Unknown	—
HMS Hood	Royal Navy	—	4 November 1914 [215]	50°34′9″N2°25′16″W / 50.56917°N 2.42111°W / 50.56917; -2.42111 (HMS Hood (1891)) Portland Harbour [215]	—	—
Masséna	French Navy	—	9 November 1915 [216]	Cape Helles, Gallipoli [216]	Unknown	—
Slava	Imperial Russian Navy	Three killed [217]	17 October 1917 [218]	Moon Sound, Estonia [218]	Scrapped [219]	—
Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya [lower-alpha 19]	Imperial Russian Navy	—	18 June 1918 [181]	44°42′23″N37°48′43″E / 44.70639°N 37.81194°E / 44.70639; 37.81194 (Russian battleship Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya) Novorossiysk, Russia [181]	Unknown	—
SMS König	Imperial German Navy	—	21 June 1919 [222]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [222]	Capsized under about 35 meters (115 ft) of water. [223] Somewhat damaged by metal scavenging. [224]	—
Kronprinz Wilhelm	Imperial German Navy	One killed [225]	21 June 1919 [225]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [225]	Capsized under about 45 meters (148 ft) of water. [226]	—
SMS Markgraf	Imperial German Navy	Two killed [227]	21 June 1919 [227]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [227]	Capsized under about 45 meters (148 ft) of water. [228]	—
SMS Kaiser	Imperial German Navy	—	21 June 1919 [229]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [229]	Scrapped [229]	—
SMS Friedrich der Grosse	Imperial German Navy	—	21 June 1919 [229]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [229]	Scrapped [229]	Friedrich der Grosse's bell was returned to the Federal Republic of Germany and today is on display at the German Navy sea base at Glücksburg. [229]
SMS Kaiserin	Imperial German Navy	—	21 June 1919 [229]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [229]	Scrapped [229]	—
SMS Prinzregent Luitpold	Imperial German Navy	—	21 June 1919 [229]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [229]	Scrapped [229]	—
SMS König Albert	Imperial German Navy	—	21 June 1919 [229]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [229]	Scrapped [229]	—
SMS Grosser Kurfürst	Imperial German Navy	—	21 June 1919 [222]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [222]	Scrapped [222]	Grosser Kurfürst's bell was purchased at auction by the National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, Hampshire. [230]
SMS Bayern	Imperial German Navy	—	21 June 1919 [231]	Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow [231]	Scrapped [231]	Bayern's bell is on display at the Kiel Fördeklub. [231]
Rostislav	Imperial Russian Navy	—	November 1920 [232]	45°25′0″N36°37′43″E / 45.41667°N 36.62861°E / 45.41667; 36.62861 (Russian battleship Rostislav) Strait of Kerch [232]	Partially salvaged, reported to be extant albeit sinking into silt. [233]	—
Dunkerque	French Navy	—	27 November 1942 [234]	Toulon, France [234]	Scrapped [234]	—
Provence	French Navy		27 November 1942 [72]	Toulon, France [72]	Scrapped [72]	—
HMS Centurion	Royal Navy	—	9 June 1944 [235]	Off Normandy [235]	Unknown	HMS Centurion's badge is on display at Shugborough Hall. [236]
Courbet	French Navy	—	9 June 1944 [237]	Off Sword Beach, Normandy [237]	Scrapped [237]	—
Schleswig-Holstein	Kriegsmarine	—	21 March 1945 [238]	Off Osmussaar, Gulf of Finland [239]	Wreckage buried in 1966. [240]	Schleswig-Holstein's bell is on display in the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden as of 1990. [204]
Gneisenau	Kriegsmarine	—	27 March 1945 [241] [242]	Gotenhafen (Gdynia), Poland [242]	Scrapped [243]	Her aft main turret was removed and placed at Austrått Fort, near Trondheim, as the coastal gun "Orlandert." [242]
Zähringen	Kriegsmarine	—	26 March 1945 [244]	Gotenhafen (Gdynia), Poland [244]	Scrapped [244]	—

Expended as targets

Name	Navy	Date sunk	Location	Condition	Image
USS Texas [lower-alpha 20]	United States Navy	22 March 1912 [246]	37°43′10″N76°05′0″W / 37.71944°N 76.08333°W / 37.71944; -76.08333 (USS Texas (1892)) Tangier Sound, Chesapeake Bay [246]	Remains demolished and buried [247]
HMS Empress of India	Royal Navy	4 November 1913 [248]	Lyme Bay [248]	Capsized under about 32 meters (105 ft) of water. [249]
Iki [lower-alpha 21]	Imperial Japanese Navy	3 October 1915 [250]	Unknown	Unknown
USS Indiana	United States Navy	1 November 1920 [251]	Chesapeake Bay [251]	Scrapped [251]
USS Massachusetts	United States Navy	January 1921 [252]	Off Pensacola, Florida [253]	Sunk as an artificial reef [253]
SMS Ostfriesland	Imperial German Navy	21 July 1921 [254]	37°9′8″N74°34′3″W / 37.15222°N 74.56750°W / 37.15222; -74.56750 (SMS Ostfriesland) Chesapeake Bay [254]	Lying upside down under 370 feet of water. [255]
SMS Baden	Imperial German Navy	16 August 1921 [256]	49°49′42″N2°23′21″W / 49.82833°N 2.38917°W / 49.82833; -2.38917 (SMS Baden) Hurd Deep, English Channel [256]	Unknown, under 180 meters (590 ft) of water. [256]
USS Alabama	United States Navy	27 September 1921 [257]	Chesapeake Bay [257]	Scrapped [257]
SMS Prinz Eugen	Austro-Hungarian Navy	June 1922 [258]	Near Toulon [258]	Unknown
USS Iowa [lower-alpha 22]	United States Navy	23 March 1923 [259] [260]	Gulf of Panama [259]	Unknown
USS New Jersey	United States Navy	5 September 1923 [261]	Diamond Shoals, Cape Hatteras [261]	Upside down in 320 feet of water. [262]
USS Virginia	United States Navy	5 September 1923 [263]	Diamond Shoals, Cape Hatteras [263]	Upside down under 385 feet of water. [264]
Hizen [lower-alpha 23]	Imperial Japanese Navy	25 July 1924 [265]	Bungo Channel [266]	Unknown
Iwami [lower-alpha 24]	Imperial Japanese Navy	10 July 1924 [267]	Off Jōgashima, Tokyo Bay [267]	Unknown
Aki	Imperial Japanese Navy	2 September 1924 [194]	35°1′30″N139°51′22″E / 35.02500°N 139.85611°E / 35.02500; 139.85611 (Japanese battleship Aki) Tokyo Bay [194]	Unknown
Satsuma	Imperial Japanese Navy	7 September 1924 [268]	Bōsō Peninsula, Tokyo Bay [268]	Unknown
HMS Monarch	Royal Navy	21 January 1925 [269]	Hurd's Deep [269]	Unknown
HMS Emperor of India	Royal Navy	6 June 1931 [270]	Owers Bank [270]	Scrapped [271]
USS Arkansas	United States Navy	25 July 1946 [272]	Bikini Atoll [273]	Capsized under 180 feet (55 m) of water. [273] Participated in Operation Crossroads. [272]
Nagato	Imperial Japanese Navy	30 July 1946 [274]	Bikini Atoll [275]	Capsized under 33.5 meters (110 ft) of water. [276] Participated in Operation Crossroads. [274]
USS Pennsylvania	United States Navy	10 February 1948 [277]	Off Kwajalein Atoll [277]	Participated in Operation Crossroads [277]
USS New York	United States Navy	8 July 1948 [278]	Pacific Ocean [278]	Participated in Operation Crossroads [278]
USS Nevada	United States Navy	31 July 1948 [279]	About 60–65 miles (97–105 km) off Pearl Harbor [279]	Participated in Operation Crossroads, but was sunk by naval aircraft. [280]

See also

• List of sunken battlecruisers
• List of sunken aircraft carriers
• List of sunken nuclear submarines

Notes

Footnotes

1. U-331's captain, Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Diedrich von Tiesenhausen, believed that only one of his torpedoes struck Barham. ^[9] von Tiesenhausen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for this action. ^[10]
2. Poltava was sunk by Japanese artillery 5 December 1904 during the Siege of Port Arthur, ^[19] then she was captured, refloated, given the Japanese name Tango, and refitted. ^{[20] [21] [22]} She was sold back to the Russian Empire during World War I and renamed Chesma. ^{[21] [23]}
3. Pobeda, like Poltava, was sunk by Japanese artillery at the Siege of Port Arthur on 7 December 1904, ^[24] but was refloated by the Japanese and given the name Suwo, and also refitted. ^[25]
4. McLaughlin gives a death toll of 470 men, ^[27] while Campbell gives 514. ^[6] Neither Forczyk nor McLaughlin give numbers for the amount of sailors rescued, ^[4] but Campbell states that 385 men were saved by Russian destroyers. ^[6]
5. Originally, Triumph was built for the Chilean Navy and christened Libertad, or Liberty. ^[43]
6. R. A. Burt's British Battleships 1889–1904 states 49 men died in HMS Majestic's sinking, ^[45] while according to Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 , only 40 men were killed. ^[46]
7. SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was sold to the Ottoman Empire in 1910, and she was renamed Barbaros Hayreddin. ^[47]
8. Prior to her service in the Hellenic Navy, Kilkis was the American battleship USS Mississippi. ^[73]
9. Before being purchased by the Greek government and renamed, Lemnos was the American battleship USS Idaho. ^[76]
10. Formerly known as Petropavlovsk, later renamed to Marat, after the French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat, ^[81] and later to Volkhov. ^[82]
11. In 1936, Jean Bart was renamed the Océan to free the name up for the Richelieu-class battleship of the same name, then under construction. ^[116]
12. Ranges for casualties aboard the Tirpitz range wildly. William Garzke and Robert Dulin place fatalities at "about 950"; ^[129] Siegfried Breyer and Erich Gröner give a sum of 1204 deaths; ^{[130] [131]} Niklas Zetterling and Michael Tamelander estimated nearly 1000 fatalities; ^[132] and John Sweetman gives 1000 out of a crew of 1900 as lost with the Tirpitz. ^[133]
13. The ship launched as Peresvet and was scuttled by the Russian Empire at the Siege of Port Arthur on 7 December 1904, but was raised and put to sea again by the Japanese and christened the Sagami. ^[185] The Japanese then sold the ship back to the Russians, who gave her the name Chesma. ^[186]
14. Antony Preston gives the death toll of the ship's second (and final) sinking at 167 ^[187] while McLaughlin, in Russian & Soviet Battleships , gives a more modest 116 fatalities. ^[188]
15. The number of casualties that resulted from the explosion of the Kawachi are high, they are disputed amongst the sources provided. Hans Lengerer's journal Battleships Kawachi and Settsu says that 600 men died, ^[191] and Sander Kingsepp tacks on an additional 18 fatalities. ^[192] Gardiner and Gray and Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, however, agree on a figure of 700 killed. ^{[193] [194]}
16. Sometime in mid-1918, Prince George was renamed Victoria II, ^[196] after her sister ship HMS Victorious, ^[46] but her name reverted to Prince George in February 1919. ^[46]
17. The Alonso XIII was renamed the España, ^[199] the name of her sister ship, which had foundered in 1923, ^[198] after the unpopular king of Spain had been exiled. ^[199]
18. Former Italian battleship Giulio Cesare given to the Soviet Union after World War II. ^{[210] [211]}
19. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was laid down as Ekaterina II, but this was only a formality. ^[220] Later, she was renamed Svobodnaya Rossiya (Russian: Free Russia) by February Revolutionists. ^[221]
20. USS Texas was renamed the San Marcos 15 February 1911 to free the name for USS Texas. ^[245]
21. Formerly Russian battleship Imperator Nikolai I and was renamed Iki on 6 June 1905. ^[250]
22. On 30 April 1919, the Iowa was renamed Coast Battleship No. 4 to free her name for one of the six new South Dakota-class battleships, ^[259] which would be abandoned.
23. After being raised and put into Japanese service, the former Russian Retvizan was renamed the Hizen. ^[265]
24. After being captured by the Japanese, the former Russian Oryol was given the name Iwami. ^[267]

Citations

1. Stoll, J. Steaming in the Dark?, Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 36 No. 2, June 1992.
2. Breyer 1973, p. 115.
3. Jeremy Black, "Jutland's Place in History," Naval History (June 2016) 30#3 pp. 16–21.
4. Forczyk 2009, p. 62.
5. Forczyk 2009, pp. 61–62.
6. Campbell 1978, pp. 128–31.
7. Grant 2008, p. 239.
8. Stille 2008, p. 10.
9. Jones 1979, pp. 225–32.
10. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Kapitänleutnant Freiherr Hans-Diedrich von Tiesenhausen". uboat.net. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
11. Jones 1979, pp. 258–59.
12. Grant 2008, p. 273
13. Reid, John Alden. "Bomb the Dread Noughts!" Air Classics, 2006.
14. Grant 2008, p. 274.
15. Grant 2008, pp. 272–74.
16. Herwig 1980, p. 256.
17. Franco Favre, La Marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico, pp. 262–64.
18. Jordan & Dumas 2009, pp. 92–93.
19. McLaughlin 2003, p. 164.
20. McLaughlin 2003, p. 451.
21. Lengerer (September 2008), Tango, p. 52.
22. Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 19.
23. McLaughlin 2003, p. 91.
24. McLaughlin 2003, pp. 115, 163–64.
25. Lengerer (September 2008), Sagami, pp. 41, 43–44.
26. Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 20.
27. McLaughlin 2003, p. 61.
28. Grant 2008, p. 251.
29. Forczyk 2009, p. 67.
30. Grant 2008, p. 250.
31. Campbell 1978, p. 135.
32. Forczyk 2009, pp. 67, 70.
33. Campbell 1978, p. 187.
34. Forczyk 2009, p. 70.
35. Warner & Warner 2002, p. 514.
36. Evans & Peattie 1997, p. 122.
37. McLaughlin 2003, p. 83.
38. Bogdanov 2004, p. 77.
39. Burt 1988, pp. 170–72.
40. Burt 1988, p. 174.
41. Chesneau 1979, p. 8.
42. Burt 1988, pp. 158–59.
43. Burt 1988, p. 262.
44. Burt 1988, p. 276.
45. Burt 1988, p. 131.
46. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 7.
47. Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, pp. 16–17.
48. Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 28.
49. Hore 2006, p. 66.
50. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 390.
51. Staff 2010, p. 13.
52. Campbell 1998, p. 338.
53. Caresse 2010, p. 26.
54. Caresse 2012, pp. 133–34.
55. Grant 2008, p. 263.
56. Burt 1988, p. 209.
57. Burt 1988, p. 214.
58. Chesneau 1979, p. 37.
59. Amos, Jonathan (19 February 2009). "Danton wreck found in deep water". BBC News. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
60. Sieche 1991, pp. 127, 131.
61. Sieche 1991, pp. 138, 142.
62. "Slučaj bojnog broda 'Viribus Unitis'" (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
63. Burt 1988, p. 253.
64. "HMS Britannia Sunk". The Daily Telegraph . 11 November 1918.
65. Grant 2008, p. 291.
66. Friedman 2015, p. 352.
67. Grant 2008, p. 290.
68. "Wreck of HMS Royal Oak". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
69. "HMS Royal Oak Ship's Bell and Book of Remembrance". Imperial War Museum . Retrieved 15 September 2019.
70. Rohwer 2005, p. 31.
71. Grant 2008, p. 302.
72. Whitley 1998, p. 44.
73. Gardiner 1979, p. 144.
74. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 384.
75. Hore 2006, p. 89.
76. Sondhaus 2014, pp. 24–25.
77. "Idaho". Naval History & Heritage Command. 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
78. Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 246.
79. Grant 2008, pp. 282–83.
80. Ballard 1990, p. 221.
81. McLaughlin 2003, p. 324.
82. McLaughlin 2003, pp. 413–14.
83. McLaughlin 2003, p. 402.
84. Burt 2012, p. 135.
85. Rohwer 2005, p. 118.
86. Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 201–02.
87. DANFS Arizona.
88. "Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941, USS Arizona during the Pearl Harbor Attack". Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
89. Stillwell 1991, p. 279.
90. Wright 2002, pp. 78, 80.
91. "U.S.S. Arizona Bell". University of Arizona. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
92. DANFS Nevada.
93. "Flagship of the Fleet: Life and Death of the USS Arizona". Current Exhibits. Arizona Capitol Museum. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
94. DANFS Utah.
95. National Park Service. "USS Arizona Memorial: Submerged Cultural Resources Study (Chapter 2)" . Retrieved 21 July 2013.
96. "Pearl Harbor Area Attractions" . Retrieved 5 May 2013.
97. "USS Utah – The 100th Anniversary". Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
98. Chesneau 1980, p. 13.
99. Garzke, William; Dulin, Robert; Denlay, Kevin. "Death of a Battleship: A Reanalysis of the Tragic Loss of HMS Prince of Wales" (PDF). Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
100. Julian Ryall, Tokyo; Joel Gunter (25 October 2014). "Celebrated British warships being stripped bare for scrap metal". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
101. Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander & Cundall, Peter (2013). "IJN Subchaser CH-9: Tabular Record of Movement". Kusentei!. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
102. Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander (2010). "IJN Repair Ship Asahi: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
103. "Combined Fleet – tabular history of Hiei". Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
104. Grant 2008, p. 318.
105. Werner, Ben (2 February 2019). "Wreck of First Japanese Battleship Sunk By U.S. Navy in WWII Found". USNI News. United States Naval Institute . Retrieved 14 September 2019.
106. Stille 2008, p. 20.
107. Lundgren, Robert. DiGiulian, Tony (ed.). "Kirishima Damage Analysis" (PDF). Retrieved 28 September 2010.
108. Mattesini 2002, pp. 529–30.
109. Garzke & Dulin 1985, pp. 404, 428.
110. "Divers locate wreck of battleships sunk on way to Malta". Times of Malta . 28 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
111. Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 176.
112. Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 165.
113. Grant 2008, p. 281.
114. Fenton, Norman (17 February 2011). "The Sinking of the 'Scharnhorst', Wreck discovery". BBC History . Retrieved 2 July 2012.
115. Jordan & Dumas 2009, p. 93.
116. Le Masson 1969, p. 65.
117. Whitley 1998, p. 36.
118. Dumas 1985, p. 231.
119. Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. "IJN Battleship MUSASHI: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Imperial Battleships.
120. Grant 2008, p. 322.
121. Patricia Denise Chiu (March 3, 2015). "Explorers find 'most famous' Japanese WWII battleship off Romblon's Sibuyan Island". GMA News.
122. "Microsoft's Allen Says WWII Battleship Musashi Found". The Japan Times. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
123. Yamaguchi, Mari (13 March 2015). "Japanese WWII battleship Musashi Exploded Under Water, New Footage Suggests". StarTribune. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
124. Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Allyn Nevitt. "Fuso Tabular record of movements". Imperial Japanese Navy Page. Combinedfleet.com.
125. "IJN Fuso". RV Petrl. Paul Allen . Retrieved 15 September 2019.
126. Tully 2009, p. 21.
127. Grant 2008, p. 323.
128. "IJN YAMASHIRO". R/V Petrel. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
129. Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 273.
130. Breyer 1989, p. 26.
131. Gröner 1990, p. 35.
132. Zetterling & Tamelander 2009, p. 327.
133. Sweetman 2004, p. 248.
134. Hafsten 1991, p. 221.
135. Wheeler 1980, p. 183.
136. Cernuschi & O'Hara 2010, pp. 92–93.
137. Cernuschi & O'Hara 2010, pp. 81–85, 88.
138. Brescia 2012, p. 59.
139. "Combined Fleet – tabular history of Yamato". Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt. 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
140. Grant 2008, p. 327.
141. "Remains of sunken Japanese battleship Yamato discovered". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. 4 August 1985. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
142. Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. "IJN SETTSU: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Combined Fleet.
143. Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars. "IJN ISE: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Combined Fleet.
144. Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. "IJN HYUGA: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Combined Fleet.
145. Parshall & Tully 2005, p. 476.
146. Parshall & Tully 2005, p. 338.
147. Smith 1995, p. 189.
148. Tully, Anthony P. (2001). "IJN Shinano: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
149. Taras 2000, p. 27.
150. Balakin 2004, p. 39.
151. Vinogradov & Fedechkin 2011, pp. 72–73.
152. Forczyk 2009, p. 46–47.
153. Forczyk 2009, p. 46.
154. Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 18.
155. Warner & Warner 2002, pp. 279–82.
156. Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 16.
157. Burt 1988, p. 205.
158. Burt 1988, p. 206.
159. Caresse 2007, p. 132.
160. Caresse 2007, p. 129–130.
161. Caresse 2007, pp. 137–38.
162. Windsor 1911, p. 651.
163. Gardiner 1979, p. 297.
164. Jellicoe 1919, p. 141.
165. "HMS Audacious". Deep image underwater shipwreck exploring. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
166. Brown 2003, p. 161.
167. Para 2015, p. 24.
168. Burt 1988, pp. 156, 174.
169. Gardiner 1979, p. 295.
170. Hocking 1990, p. 79.
171. Burt 1988, pp. 247–48.
172. Burt 1988, pp. 249, 251.
173. Burt 1988, p. 211.
174. Chesneau 1979, p. 9.
175. Whitley 1998, pp. 157–58.
176. Preston 1972, p. 176.
177. Giorgerini 1980, pp. 272, 277.
178. Allen 1964, pp. 23–26.
179. McLaughlin 2003, pp. 242, 306–07.
180. McLaughlin 2003, p. 306.
181. McLaughlin 2003, pp. 242, 310.
182. Hocking 1990, p. 583.
183. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 343.
184. Ruberti, Fabio. "Regina Margherita" (PDF). iantexpeditions.com. IANTD Expedditions. Retrieved 14 September 2005.
185. Lengerer (September 2008), Sagami, p. 44.
186. McLaughlin (September 2008), pp. 47, 55.
187. Preston 1972, p. 207.
188. McLaughlin 2003, p. 115.
189. "People associated with HMS Vanguard". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
190. "History of HMS Vanguard". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
191. Lengerer 2006, pp. 66–84.
192. Kingsepp 2007, pp. 99–100.
193. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 239.
194. Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 24.
195. Lengerer 2006, pp. 83–84.
196. Burt 1988, p. 133.
197. New York Times, 27 August 1922.
198. Fernández & March 2007, p. 106.
199. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 378.
200. Proceedings 1940, p. 813.
201. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 376.
202. Platón 2001, p. 75.
203. Slavick 2003, p. 233.
204. Gröner 1990, p. 22.
205. Williams 2009, p. 132.
206. Williams 2009, pp. 129–32.
207. Williams 2009, pp. 140–41.
208. Newell 1957, pp. 39, 42.
209. Whitley 1998, p. 29.
210. Whitley 1998, p. 162.
211. McLaughlin 2003, pp. 419, 422.
212. McLaughlin 2003, p. 423.
213. Balakin 2004, p. 52.
214. Forczyk 2009, p. 47.
215. Burt 1988, p. 90.
216. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 192.
217. Staff 2008, p. 116.
218. Staff 2008, pp. 116–17.
219. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 294.
220. McLaughlin 2003, p. 228.
221. McLaughlin 2003, p. 242.
222. Gröner 1990, p. 28.
223. "SMS König 3D Shipwreck". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Wrecks.
224. MacDonald 1998, p. 73–75.
225. Staff 2010, p. 37.
226. "SMS Kronprinz 3D Shipwreck". scapaflowwrecks.com. Scapa Flow Historic Wreck Site.
227. Staff 2010, p. 36.
228. "SMS Markgraf 3D Shipwreck". Scapa Flow Historic Wreck Site. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
229. Gröner 1990, p. 26.
230. "Bristol garden's WW1 German battleship bell sells for £5,000". BBC News. 22 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
231. Gröner 1990, p. 30.
232. Melnikov 2006, p. 47.
233. Yolkin, A. "Kladbische korablei (Кладбище кораблей)". www.wreck.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
234. Whitley 1998, p. 52.
235. Lenton 1998, p. 574.
236. "The Mansion House". Staffordshire County Council. n.d. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
237. Whitley 1998, p. 38.
238. Schultz 1992, pp. 228–48.
239. Breyer 1992, p. 40.
240. "The battleship that started World War II". Diver. May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
241. Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 153.
242. Gröner 1990, p. 32.
243. Breyer 1990, p. 34.
244. Gröner 1990, p. 17.
245. DANFS Texas.
246. Allen 1993, p. 250.
247. Reilly & Scheina 1980, p. 48.
248. Brown 1997, pp. 176–77.
249. "HMS Empress of India Wreck in Lyme Bay". Teign Dive. Teign Diving Centre. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
250. McLaughlin 2003, pp. 44–45.
251. DANFS Indiana.
252. DANFS Massachusetts.
253. "USS Massachusetts learn about the history audio transcript" (PDF). Florida's "Museums in the Sea". Retrieved 23 July 2010.
254. "The Naval Bombing Experiments: Bombing Operations". Naval History & Heritage Command. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
255. "Ostfriesland". 23 May 2015.
256. Schleihauf 2007, p. 81.
257. DANFS Alabama.
258. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 334.
259. DANFS Iowa.
260. "USS Iowa (Battleship # 4), 1897–1923. Later renamed Coast Battleship # 4". Department of the Navy — Naval Historical Center. 13 April 2003. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
261. Wildenberg 2014, p. 114.
262. "Ex-USS New Jersey | Monitor National Marine Sanctuary".
263. DANFS Virginia.
264. "Ex-USS Virginia | Monitor National Marine Sanctuary".
265. Lengerer (September 2008), Hizen, p. 59.
266. McLaughlin 2000, p. 64.
267. Lengerer (September 2008), Iwami, p. 66.
268. Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 23.
269. London Times, 22 January 1925.
270. Brown 2006, p. 22.
271. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 32.
272. Ireland 1996, pp. 186–87.
273. Delgado & Murphy 1991.
274. Tully, A.P. (2003). "Nagato's Last Year: July 1945 – July 1946". Mysteries/Untold Sagas of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
275. London Times, 3 March 2007.
276. "Bikini Atoll Dive Tourism Information". Bikini Atoll Divers. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
277. DANFS Pennsylvania.
278. Banks 2002, p. 38.
279. Friedman 1985, p. 420.
280. Bonner 1996, p. 108.

References

• Admiralty Historical Section (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941. Whitehall Histories, Naval Staff Histories. Vol. 2. Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass. ISBN   0-7146-5205-9.
• Balakin, Sergei (2004). Морские сражения русско-японской войны 1904–1905 (in Russian). LCCN   2005429592.
• Ballard, Robert D. (1990). Bismarck: Germany's Greatest Battleship Gives Up its Secrets. Madison Publishing. ISBN   978-0-7858-2205-9.
• Banks, Herbert C. (2002). USS New York (BB-34): The Old Lady of the Sea. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN   978-1-56311-809-8.
• Bogdanov, M. A. (2004). Eskadrenny bronenosets Sissoi Veliky (Эскадренный броненосец "Сисой Великий"). Stapel Series (in Russian). Vol. 1. M. A. Leonov. ISBN   5-902236-12-6.
• Bonner, Kermit (1996). Final Voyages. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN   978-1-56311-289-8.
• Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-59114-544-8.
• Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, 1905–1970. Macdonald/Jane's. ISBN   0-356-04191-3.
• Breyer, Siegfried (1989). Battleship "Tirpitz". Schiffer Pub. ISBN   978-0-88740-184-8.
• Breyer, Siegfried (1990). The German Battleship Gneisenau. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN   978-0-88740-290-6.
• Breyer, Siegfriend (1992). Linienschiffe Schleswig-Holstein und Schlesien: Die "Bügeleisen" der Ostsee (in German). Podzun-Pallas-Verlag GmbH. ISBN   3-7909-0463-5.
• Brown, David K. (1997). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. Chatham. ISBN   1-86176-022-1.
• Brown, David K. (2003). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1921 (reprint of the 1999 ed.). Caxton Editions. ISBN   1-84067-531-4.
• Brown, David K. (2006) [2000]. Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Design and Development, 1923–1945. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-59114-602-5.
• Burt, R. A (1988). British Battleships 1889–1904. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   0-87021-061-0.
• Burt, R. A. (2012). British Battleships 1919–1945 (2nd ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-59114-052-8.
• Campbell, N.J.M. (1978). Preston, Antony (ed.). The Battle of Tsu-Shima, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4. Vol. II. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   0-87021-976-6.
• Campbell, N.J.M. (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   978-1-55821-759-1.
• Caresse, Philippe (2007). "The Iéna Disaster, 1907". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2007. Conway. ISBN   978-1-84486-041-8.
• Caresse, Philippe (2010). "The Drama of the Battleship Suffren". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2010. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   978-1-84486-110-1.
• Caresse, Philippe (2012). "The Battleship Gaulois". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2012. Conway. ISBN   978-1-84486-156-9.
• Cernuschi, Enrico; O'Hara, Vincent P. (2010). "Taranto: The Raid and the Aftermath". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2010. Conway. ISBN   978-1-84486-110-1.
• Chesneau, Roger (1979). Kolesnik, Eugene (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   0-85177-133-5.
• Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   0-85177-146-7.
• Delgado, James P.; Murphy, Larry E. (1991). "Chapter 4: Site Descriptions". The Archeology of the Atomic Bomb. National Park Service. ASIN   B0014H9NEW . Retrieved 2011-09-21.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• Dumas, Robert (1985). "The French Dreadnoughts: The 23,500 ton Courbet Class". In John Roberts (ed.). Warship. Vol. IX. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   0-87021-984-7. OCLC   26058427.
• Evans, David; Peattie, Mark (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   0-87021-192-7.
• Friedman, Norman (1985). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   0-87021-715-1. OCLC   12214729.
• Friedman, Norman (2015). The British Battleship: 1906–1946. Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-59114-254-6.
• Forczyk, Robert (2009). Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05. Osprey Publishing. ISBN   978-1-84603-330-8.
• Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 . Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   0-8317-0302-4.
• Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-0-87021-907-8. OCLC   12119866.
• Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-0-87021-101-0.
• Grant, R.G. (18 August 2008). Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare . Dorling Kindersley. ISBN   978-0-7566-3973-0.
• Giorgerini, Giorgio (1980). "The Cavour & Duilio Class Battleships". In Roberts, John (ed.). Warship IV. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   0-85177-205-6.
• Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-0-87021-790-6. OCLC   22101769.
• Hafsten, Bjørn (1991). Flyalarm: Luftkrigen over Norge 1939–1945. Sem & Stenersen. ISBN   82-7046-058-3.
• Herwig, Holger (1980). "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Humanity Books. ISBN   978-1-57392-286-9.
• Hocking, Charles (1990). Dictionary of Disasters at Sea During The Age of Steam. The London Stamp Exchange. ISBN   0-948130-68-7.
• Hore, Peter (2006). The Ironclads: An Illustrated History of Battleships From 1860 to the First World War . Southwater Publishing. ISBN   978-1-84476-299-6.
• Ireland, Bernard (1996). Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century. Harper Collins. ISBN   978-0-00-470997-0.
• Jellicoe, John (1919). The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development, and Work. George H. Doran Company. OCLC   13614571.
• Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   0-87021-893-X.
• Jones, Geoffrey P. (1979). Battleship Barham. William Kimber. ISBN   0-7183-0416-0.
• Jordan, John; Dumas, Robert (2009). French Battleships 1922–1956. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN   978-1-84832-034-5.
• Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   978-0-85177-610-1.
• Le Masson, Henri (1969). The French Navy 1. Navies of the Second World War. Doubleday.
• Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Naval Institute Press. ISBN   1-55750-048-7.
• MacDonald, Rod (1998). Dive Scapa Flow. Mainstream. ISBN   978-1-85158-983-8.
• Mattesini, Francesco (2002). La Marina e l'8 settembre (in Italian). Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare. OCLC   61487486.
• McLaughlin, Stephen (2000). Preston, Antony (ed.). The Retvizan: An American Battleship for the Czar. Warship. Vol. 2000–2001. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   0-85177-791-0.
• McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-55750-481-4.
• Melnikov, R. M. (2006). Eskadrenny bronenosets "Rostislav" (1893–1920) (Эскадренный броненосец "Ростислав" (1893–1920)) (in Russian). M. A. Leonov. ISBN   5-902236-34-7.
• Newell, Gordon (1957). Pacific Tugboats. Superior Publishing.
• Para, Andy (23 September 2015). Call the Hands. Lulu.com. ISBN   978-1-326-40929-6.
• Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway . Potomac Books. ISBN   1-57488-923-0.
• Platón, Miguel (2001). Hablan los militares: testimonios para la historia, 1939–1996 (in Spanish). Planeta. ISBN   84-08-03783-8.
• Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918. Galahad Books. ISBN   0-88365-300-1.
• Reilly, John C.; Scheina, Robert L. (1980). American Battleships 1896–1923: Predreadnought Design and Construction. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-0-87021-524-7.
• Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War II. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-59114-119-8.
• Schleihauf, William (2007). "The Baden Trials". In Preston, Antony (ed.). Warship 2007. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-84486-041-8.
• Schultz, Willi (1992). Linienschiff Schleswig-Holstein: Flottendienst in drei Marinen (in German). Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN   3-7822-0502-2.
• Slavick, Joseph P. (2003). The Cruise of the German Raider Atlantis. Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-55750-537-8.
• Smith, Peter C. (1995). Eagle's War: War Diary of an Aircraft Carrier. Crécy Books. ISBN   0-947554-60-2.
• Sondhaus, Lawrence (2014). The Great War at Sea: A Naval History of the First World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-107-03690-1.
• Staff, Gary (2008). Battle for the Baltic Islands 1917: Triumph of the Imperial German Navy. Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN   978-1-84415-787-7.
• Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918 (1). Osprey Books. ISBN   978-1-84603-467-1.
• Stille, Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945. Osprey Publishing. ISBN   978-1-84603-280-6.
• Stillwell, Paul (1991). Battleship Arizona: An Illustrated History. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   0-87021-023-8. OCLC   2365447.
• Sweetman, John (2004). Tirpitz: Hunting the Beast. Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN   978-0-7509-3755-9.
• Taras, Alexander (2000). Корабли Российского императорского флота 1892–1917 гг[Ships of the Imperial Russian Navy 1892–1917]. Library of Military History (in Russian). Minsk: Kharvest. ISBN   978-985-433-888-0.
• Tully, Anthony P. (2009). Battle of Surigao Strait. Indiana University Press. ISBN   978-0-253-35242-2.
• Vinogradov, Sergei; Fedechkin, Aleksei (2011). Bronenosnyi kreyser "Bayan" i yego potomki. Od Port-Artura do Moonzunda (in Russian). Yauza / EKSMO. ISBN   978-5-699-51559-2.
• Warner, Denis; Warner, Peggy (2002). The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 (2nd ed.). Frank Cass. ISBN   0-7146-5256-3.
• Wheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. Time-Life Books. ISBN   0-8094-3376-1.
• Whitley, M. J. (1998). Battleships of World War II. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   1-55750-184-X.
• Wildenberg, Thomas (2014). Billy Mitchell's War with the Navy: The Army Air Corps and the Challenge to Seapower. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-61251-332-4.
• Williams, Mike (2009). Jordan, John (ed.). Mutsu – An Exploration of the Circumstances Surrounding Her Loss. Warship 2009. Conway. ISBN   978-1-84486-089-0.
• Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Tirpitz: The Life and Death of Germany's Last Super Battleship. Casemate. ISBN   978-1-935149-18-7.

Journals

• Allen, M. J. (1964). "The Loss & Salvage of the "Leonardo da Vinci"". Warship International. Naval Records Club. I (Reprint).
• Allen, Francis J. (1993). ""Old Hoodoo": The Story of the U.S.S. Texas". Warship International. International Naval Research Organization. XXX (3). ISSN   0043-0374.
• Fernández, Rafael; Mitiukov, Nicholas; Crawford, Kent (March 2007). "The Spanish Dreadnoughts of the España class". Warship International. International Naval Research Organization. 44 (1): 106. ISSN   0043-0374. OCLC   1647131.
• Windsor, H. H., ed. (November 1911). "French Battleship Blown up in Toulon Harbor". Popular Mechanics. 16 (5).
• Kingsepp, Sander (March 2007). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Reader Reactions and Questions". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper II).(subscription required)
• Lengerer, Hans (September 2006). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Battleships Kawachi and Settsu". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper I).(subscription required)
• Lengerer, Hans (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Tango (ex-Poltava)". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V).(subscription required)
• Lengerer, Hans (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Hizen (ex-Retvizan)". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V).(subscription required)
• Lengerer, Hans (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Sagami (ex-Peresvet) and Suwō (ex-Pobeda)". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V).(subscription required)
• Lengerer, Hans (September 2008b). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Iwami (ex-Orël)". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V): 64–66.(subscription required)
• McLaughlin, Stephen (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Peresvet and Pobéda". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V).(subscription required)
• "Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute". Proceedings . United States Naval Institute. 66. 1940.
• Sieche, Erwin F. (1991). "S.M.S. Szent István: Hungaria's Only and Ill-Fated Dreadnought". Warship International. International Warship Research Organization. XXVII (2). ISSN   0043-0374.
• Wright, Christopher C., ed. (March 2002). "The US Navy's Study of the Loss of the Battleship Arizona". Warship International. International Naval Research Organization. XXXIX–XL (3–4, 1). ISSN   0043-0374.

Online resources

• Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. "Combined Fleet". combinedfleet.com.
• "Alabama II (Battleship No. 8)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Naval History & Heritage Command. 9 November 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
• "Arizona". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Naval History & Heritage Command (NH&HC). 9 November 2004. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
• "Indiana". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 14 March 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
• "Iowa". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 28 September 2011.
• "Massachusetts". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 13 January 2017.
• "Nevada". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 17 October 2008.
• "Texas". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 13 January 2017.
• "Utah". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 20 October 2015.
• "Virginia". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 6 June 2015.
• "Pennsylvania". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 6 December 2016.

News publications

• "The Sinking of H.M.S. Monarch". No. 43866. The Times. 22 January 1925. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
• Ecott, Tim (3 March 2007). "World's best wreck diving". The Times. Retrieved 11 September 2009.(subscription required)
• "French Battleship wrecked, 3 men lost". New York Times . 27 August 1922. Retrieved 30 November 2009.

External links

• USS Maine (Navy Historical Center)
• USS Maine Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery
• Gordon Smith, Naval-History.net