Lobaria

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Lobaria
Lobaria pulmonaria 010108c.jpg
Lobaria pulmonaria
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Peltigeraceae
Genus: Lobaria
(Schreb.) Hoffm. (1796)
Type species
Lobaria pulmonaria
(L.) Hoffm. (1796)
Synonyms [1]
  • Lichen sect. LobariaSchreb. (1791)
  • PulmonariaHoffm. (1789) [1790]
  • Reticularia Baumg. (1790)
  • Lobariomyces E.A.Thomas (1939)
  • RicasoliomycesE.A.Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. (1953)
  • StictomycesE.A.Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. (1953)
  • AnomalobariaMoncada & Lücking (2013)

Lobaria is a genus of foliose lichens, formerly classified in the family Lobariaceae, but now placed in the Peltigeraceae. They are commonly known as "lung wort" or "lungmoss" as their physical shape somewhat resembles a lung, and their ecological niche is similar to that of moss.

Contents

Lobaria are unusual in that they have a three-part symbiosis, containing a fungus, and an alga (as other lichens do), but also a cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen.

Taxonomy

Lobaria was originally described as a section of the eponymous genus Lichen by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1786. It was proposed as a genus by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1796. [2] The establishment of Lobaria remained uncertain until Edvard Vainio also described it. He divided the genus into two sections based on different morphologies of the mature spore: Lobaria and Ricasolia. [3] In 2013, the concept of family Lobariaceae was revised with the help of molecular phylogenetics, and, in addition to the creation of several new genera, Ricasolia was promoted to generic status. [4] The family Lobariaceae was synonymized with the Peltigeraceae in 2018. [5]

Ecology

Lichenicolous fungi that have been found growing on Lobaria species include Stigmidium lobariae , [6] Calycina alstrupii , [7] and Abrothallus halei . [8]

A Lobaria-associated actinobacterium, Subtercola lobariae , was isolated from L. retigera collected from the Jiaozi Snow Mountain in Yunnan Province, China. [9] About a third of the bacteria found colonizing the thallus surface of Lobaria pulmonaria were found to belong to the Rhizobiales. This order of bacteria is well-known in their role as beneficial partners in plant-microbe interactions. Advantages conferred by the presence of the bacteria include auxin and vitamin production, nitrogen fixation, and stress protection. Although the bacteria were most prevalent on the thallus surface, they were shown to be able to penetrate into the interhyphal gelatinous matrix of the upper lichen cortical layer. Occasionally, some bacteria colonize the interior of the fungal hyphae. [10]

Hydration traits determine much of a lichen's distribution pattern along a climatic gradient. A study demonstrated that Lobaria amplissima thalli with external cephalodia need more rain than thalli without, consistent with reports of decreasing frequency of external cephalodia from wet to drier climates. [11]

A study using ecological niche modelling of occurrence data of three Lobaria species found in Italy predicts that climate change will impact their distribution range across the country and that there is a high extinction risk resulting from reduction of their range. [12]

Evolutionary history

A fossil impression found in a 12–24  Myr-old Miocene deposit from Trinity County in northern California [13] has strong similarities to extant species of Lobaria, particularly L. pulmonaria and other species with reticulated edges, including L. anomala and L. retigera . [14] Using a molecular clock-calibrated phylogeny to obtain a time estimate for Lobaria yielded a stem age (the time that that clade descended from a common ancestor with its sister clade) of nearly 30 Mya. The evidence suggests that the paleoclimate and the closing or opening of the Bering Strait played a significant role in determining the distribution of most Lobaria species. [15]

Species

Lobaria macaronesica Lobaria macaronesica C. Cornejo & Scheid 407117.jpg
Lobaria macaronesica
Lobaria retigera Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trevisan (AM AK178765-1).jpg
Lobaria retigera

Several species formerly classified in Lobaria have been transferred to other genera in view of modern molecular phylogenetic studies. Examples include Lobaria quercizans and Lobaria amplissima (now in Ricasolia ), and Lobaria scrobiculata (now in Lobarina ).

Chemistry

Retigeranic acid is a sesterterpene compound isolated from Lobaria retigera. [21] The ethyl acetate extract of Lobaria orientalis collected in Central Vietnam led to the isolation of new β-orcinol depsidones, lobarientalones A and B, and several diphenyl ethers, lobariethers A–E. [22]

Uses

Three species of Lobaria are used as food by ethnic peoples in Yunnan Province (China): L. isidiophora , L. kurokawae , and L. yoshimurae . [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roccellaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Roccellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Arthoniomycetes. Most taxa are lichenized with green algae, although some are lichenicolous, growing on other lichens.

<i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> Species of lichen

Lobaria pulmonaria is a large epiphytic lichen consisting of an ascomycete fungus and a green algal partner living together in a symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium—a symbiosis involving members of three kingdoms of organisms. Commonly known by various names like tree lungwort, lung lichen, lung moss, lungwort lichen, oak lungs or oak lungwort, it is sensitive to air pollution and is also harmed by habitat loss and changes in forestry practices. Its population has declined across Europe and L. pulmonaria is considered endangered in many lowland areas. The species has a history of use in herbal medicines, and recent research has corroborated some medicinal properties of lichen extracts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peltigeraceae</span> Family of lichenized fungi in the order Peltigerales

The Peltigeraceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. The Peltigeraceae, which contains 15 genera and about 600 species, has recently (2018) been emended to include the families Lobariaceae and Nephromataceae. Many Peltigeraceae species have large and conspicuous, leathery thalli. They largely occur in cool-temperate to tropical montane climates. Tripartite thalli involving fungus, green algae and cyanobacteria are common in this family.

<i>Sticta</i> Genus of lichens

Sticta is a genus of lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical areas, and includes about 114 species. These lichens have a leafy appearance, and are colored brown or black. Sticta species with cyanobacteria as photobionts can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, and due to their relative abundance and high turnover, they contribute appreciably to the rainforest ecosystem. They are commonly called spotted felt lichens.

Lasioloma is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pilocarpaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Swedish lichenologist Rolf Santesson in 1952, with Lasioloma arachnoideum assigned as the type species. Found predominantly in tropical rainforests, genus Lasioloma contains both foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) and corticolous (bark-dwelling) species. The foliicolous species are distinguished by their woolly prothallus, a thallus that ranges from dispersed to continuous, and a hairy apothecial margin. In contrast, corticolous species typically do not have a woolly prothallus, and their thalli are usually continuous, or unbroken. Regardless of the substrate they inhabit, all known Lasioloma species are characterized by the production of campylidia and branched conidia.

<i>Byssoloma</i> Genus of lichen

Byssoloma is a genus of leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Pilocarpaceae.

Seirophora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has eight species. The genus was circumscribed by Czech lichenologist Josef Poelt in 1983, with Seirophora magara assigned as the type species. Several species were transferred to Seirophora in 2004 when the genus was emended by Patrik Frödén and Per Lassen to include some species segregated from Teloschistes.

<i>Hypogymnia</i> Genus of lichens

Hypogymnia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees.

<i>Abrothallus</i> Genus of fungi

Abrothallus is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales.

<i>Candelariella</i> Genus of lichens

Candelariella is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was circumscribed in 1894 by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, with Candelariella vitellina assigned as the type species.

Calenia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi within the family Gomphillaceae.

<i>Porpidia</i> Genus of lichenised fungi in the family Lecideaceae

Porpidia is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Lecideaceae.

<i>Anzia</i> Genus of fungi

Anzia is a genus of foliose lichens known as black-foam lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formerly included in the monogeneric family Anziaceae, but this has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae.

<i>Catillaria</i> Genus of lichen

Catillaria is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Catillariaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1852. It is the type genus of Catillariaceae, which was circumscribed by Austrian lichenologist Josef Hafellner in 1984.

<i>Coenogonium</i> Genus of lichen

Coenogonium is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are restricted to growth on termite nests. The genus was circumscribed in 1820 by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.

<i>Lobariella</i> Genus of lichens

Lobariella is a genus of lichens belonging to the family Peltigeraceae.

<i>Lobaria macaronesica</i> Species of lichen

Lobaria macaronesica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Macaronesia, it was formally described as a new species in 2010 by Carolina Cornejo and Christoph Scheidegger. The type specimen was collected on Madeira (Portugal), south of the Ribeira da Janela, at an elevation of 1,225 m (4,019 ft).

Yoshimuriella is a genus of foliose (leafy) lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. It has nine species.

<i>Crocodia</i> Genus of fungi

Crocodia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. It has eight species. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species occur in temperate and tropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The main characteristics of the genus that separate it from its parent genus, Pseudocyphellaria, include a yellow medulla and yellow pseudocyphellae on the lower thallus surface.

Trinathotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Stictidaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2011 by Robert Lücking, Eimy Rivas Plata, and Armin Mangold, with Trinathotrema stictideum assigned as the type species. The genus name is an imperfect anagram in honour of American lichenologist Thomas Nash III, combining the letters -tho, -na, and -tri. Although most members of the Stictidaceae have chlorococcoid green algae as their photobiont partner, Trinathotrema associates with a trentepohlioid photobiont.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Lobaria (Schreb.) Hoffm". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  2. ↑ Hoffmann GF. Deutschlands Flora: oder, botanisches Taschenbuch für das Iahr. Erlangen: Bey Iohann lacob Palm;1796. p. 1–14
  3. ↑ Wainio EA. Etude sur la classification naturelle et lamorphologie des lichens du Brésil. Acta Soc Fauna Fla Fenn1890;7:1-247
  4. ↑ Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert; Betancourt-Macuase, Luisa (2013). "Phylogeny of the Lobariaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales), with a reappraisal of the genus Lobariella". The Lichenologist. 45 (2): 203–263. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000825. S2CID   86082520.
  5. ↑ Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (3): 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060.
  6. ↑ Zhurbenko, M.P.; Etayo, J. (2012). "Stigmidium lobariae, a new lichenicolous fungus from the Holarctic". Mycosphere. 3 (1): 62–64. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/3/1/7.
  7. ↑ Suija, Ave; Motiejūnaitė, Jurga (2017). "Calycina alstrupii sp. nov. (Pezizellaceae, Helotiales), a new lichenicolous fungus from Norway". Phytotaxa. 307 (2): 113–122. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.307.2.2.
  8. ↑ Suija, Ave; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Hawksworth, David L. (2010). "Abrothallus halei (Ascomycota, incertae sedis), a new lichenicolous fungus on Lobaria species in Europe and North America". The Lichenologist. 43 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1017/S002428291000054X. S2CID   86335273.
  9. ↑ Si, Hong-Li; Shi, Fei-Xiang; Zhang, Lu-Lu; Yue, Hong-Shan; Wang, Hai-Ying; Zhao, Zun-Tian (2017). "Subtercola lobariae sp. nov., an actinobacterium of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from the lichen Lobaria retigera". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67 (5): 1516–1521. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001753. PMID   28005519.
  10. ↑ Erlacher, Armin; Cernava, Tomislav; Cardinale, Massimiliano; Soh, Jung; Sensen, Christoph W.; Grube, Martin; Berg, Gabriele (2015). "Rhizobiales as functional and endosymbiontic members in the lichen symbiosis of Lobaria pulmonaria L." Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 53. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00053 . PMC   4322706 . PMID   25713563.
  11. ↑ Gauslaa, Yngvar; Johlander, Stina; Nordén, Björn (2019). "Lobaria amplissima thalli with external cephalodia need more rain than thalli without". The Lichenologist. 51 (3): 281–286. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000197. S2CID   196685184.
  12. ↑ Nascimbene, Juri; Casazza, Gabriele; Benesperi, Renato; Catalano, Immacolata; Cataldo, Daniela; Grillo, Maria; Isocrono, Deborah; Matteucci, Enrica; Ongaro, Silvia; Potenza, Giovanna; Puntillo, Domenico; Ravera, Sonia; Zedda, Luciana; Giordani, Paolo (2016). "Climate change fosters the decline of epiphytic Lobaria species in Italy". Biological Conservation. 201: 377–384. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.003. hdl:11585/587210.
  13. ↑ MacGinitie, H. D. (1937) The flora of the Weaverville beds of Trinity County, California. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 465: 83–151.
  14. ↑ Peterson, E.B. (2000). "An overlooked fossil lichen (Lobariaceae)". The Lichenologist. 32 (3): 298–300. doi:10.1006/lich.1999.0257. S2CID   83629248.
  15. ↑ Cornejo, Carolina; Scheidegger, Christoph (2018). "Estimating the timescale of Lobaria diversification". The Lichenologist. 50 (1): 113–121. doi:10.1017/S0024282917000676. S2CID   89794079.
  16. 1 2 3 Sipman, H.J.M. (2004). "The species of Lobaria (lichenized Ascomycetes) in New Guinea". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 573–606.
  17. 1 2 3 Miao, C.C.; Wang, X.Y.; Scheidegger, C.; Wang, L.S.; Zhao, Z.T. (2018). "Three new cyanobacterial species of Lobaria (Lobariaceae, Peltigerales) from the Hengduan Mountains, China". Mycosystema. 37 (7): 838–848. doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.180018.
  18. ↑ Upreti, D.K.; Divakar, P.K. (2008). "Notes on some interesting macrolichens from India". Nova Hedwigia. 86 (3): 525–528. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2008/0086-0525. S2CID   84359249.
  19. ↑ Yoshimura, I. (1971). "The genus Lobaria of Eastern Asia". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 34: 231–364.
  20. ↑ Cornejo, Carolina; Scheidegger, Christoph (2010). "Lobaria macaronesica sp. nov., and the phylogeny of Lobaria sect. Lobaria (Lobariaceae) in Macaronesia". The Bryologist. 113 (3): 590–604. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.3.590. S2CID   84925065.
  21. ↑ Kaneda, Miyuki; Takahashi, Rumiko; Iitaka, Yoichi; Shibata, Shoji (1972). "Retigeranic acid, a novel sesterterpene isolated from the lichens of group". Tetrahedron Letters. 13 (45): 4609–4611. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)94378-3.
  22. ↑ Nguyen, Dung M.T.; Do, Lien M.T.; Nguyen, Vy T.; Chavasiri, Warinthorn; Mortier, Jacques; Nguyen, Phung P.K. (2017). "Phenolic compounds from the lichen Lobaria orientalis". Journal of Natural Products. 80 (2): 261–268. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00465. PMID   28181807.
  23. ↑ Wang, Li-song; Narui, Takao; Harada, Hiroshi; Culberson, Chicita F.; Culberson, William Louis (2001). "Ethnic uses of lichens in Yunnan, China". The Bryologist. 104 (3): 345–349. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0345:EUOLIY]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   86316534.
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