Lycopodiella

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Lycopodiella
Lycopodiella inundata 005.jpg
Lycopodiella inundata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Lycophytes
Class: Lycopodiopsida
Order: Lycopodiales
Family: Lycopodiaceae
Subfamily: Lycopodielloideae
Genus: Lycopodiella
Holub
Species

See text

Lycopodiella is a genus in the clubmoss family Lycopodiaceae. The genus members are commonly called bog clubmosses, describing their wetland habitat. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, [1] with centers of diversity in the tropical New World and New Guinea. In the past, the genus was often incorporated within the related genus Lycopodium , but was segregated in 1964. [2] In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Lycopodiella is placed in the subfamily Lycopodielloideae, along with three other genera. In this circumscription, the genus has about 15 species. [3] Other sources use a wider circumscription, in which the genus is equivalent to the Lycopodielloideae of PPG I, in which case about 40 species and hybrids are accepted.

Contents

Description

Lycopodiella are non-flowering plants. They have leafy rhizomes that grow along the ground and vertical, leafy shoots, also known as peduncles. [4] Fertile peduncles have strobili at the top of the shoot. [4] Individuals can have short, creeping rhizomes with simple strobili, branching rhizomes with many strobili, or anywhere in between. [1] The North American specimens are typically shorter, have thinner shoots, and have fewer vertical shoots in the North than specimen in the South. [5]

Life cycle

Lycopodiella life cycles include an independent sporophyte stage and a long-lived gametophyte stage. [6] Individuals reproduce by single-celled spores that disperse and germinate into small plants when in suitable conditions. [2] This part of the plant is called the gametophyte; it produces the eggs and sperm. [2] In Lycopodiella the gametophytes grow on the surface of the soil and are partially photosynthetic. [7] After fertilization, the embryos grow into sporophytes, which are larger spore-bearing plants. [2] The sporophyte is the vegetative part of the plant seen in nature. Juvenile individuals typically re-sprout in the spring or after a fire. [4] Individuals have a base chromosome number of 78. [8]

Taxonomy

In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Lycopodiella is placed in the subfamily Lycopodielloideae, along with three other genera ( Lateristachys , Palhinhaea and Pseudolycopodiella ). [3] In 2022, an additional monotypic genus, Brownseya , was segregated from Pseudolycopodiella to render the latter monophyletic. [9] Other sources do not recognize these genera, submerging them into Lycopodiella. [10] [11]

Extant species

Lycopodiella inundata Lycopodiella inundata 001.jpg
Lycopodiella inundata

As of February 2023, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized the following species: [12]

Some hybrids have also been described: [12]

Distribution and habitat

Lycopodiella is found worldwide, but typically in temperate and tropical areas, a majority of which are found in North and South America. [13] Individuals are typically found in terrestrial lowlands or montane forests on poor soils. [14] Much of the soils are sandy and saturated and have little to no organic layer. [2]

North America

The known Lycopodiella in North America consists of six species and four hybrids. [15] All but one species of Lycopodiella, Lycopodiella inundata, are limited to the East coast, Gulf of Mexico, and/or Great Lakes region. [15] L. inundata is found from New England to Alaska and down into California. [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Huperzia</i> Genus of vascular plants

Huperzia is a genus of lycophyte plants, sometimes known as the firmosses or fir clubmosses; the Flora of North America calls them gemma fir-mosses. This genus was originally included in the related genus Lycopodium, from which it differs in having undifferentiated sporangial leaves, and the sporangia not formed into apical cones. The common name firmoss, used for some of the north temperate species, refers to their superficial resemblance to branches of fir (Abies), a conifer. As of 2020, two very different circumscriptions of the genus were in use. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, Huperzia is one of three genera in the subfamily Huperzioideae of the family Lycopodiaceae. Most species in the subfamily are placed in the genus Phlegmariurus. Huperzia is left with about 25 species, although not all have been formally transferred to other genera. Other sources recognize only Huperzia, which then has about 340 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycopodiaceae</span> Family of vascular plants

The Lycopodiaceae are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 16 accepted genera and about 400 known species. This family originated about 380 million years ago in the early Devonian, though the diversity within the family has been much more recent. "Wolf foot" is another common name for this family due to the resemblance of either the roots or branch tips to a wolf's paw.

<i>Lycopodium</i> Genus of vascular plants in the family Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium is a genus of clubmosses, also known as ground pines or creeping cedars, in the family Lycopodiaceae. Two very different circumscriptions of the genus are in use. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, Lycopodium is one of nine genera in the subfamily Lycopodioideae, and has from nine to 15 species. In other classifications, the genus is equivalent to the whole of the subfamily, since it includes all of the other genera. More than 40 species are accepted.

<i>Diphasiastrum</i> Genus of vascular plants in the clubmoss family Lycopodiaceae

Diphasiastrum is a genus of clubmosses in the plant family Lycopodiaceae. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is placed in the subfamily Lycopodioideae. It is closely related to the genus Lycopodium, and some botanists treat it within a broad view of that genus as a section, Lycopodium sect. Complanata. Some species superficially resemble diminutive gymnosperms and have been given common names such as ground-pine or ground-cedar.

<i>Dendrolycopodium dendroideum</i> Species of spore-bearing plant

Dendrolycopodium dendroideum, synonym Lycopodium dendroideum, known as tree groundpine, is a North American species of clubmoss. It is part of a complex of species colloquially known as groundpine, which taxa were formerly lumped into the species Lycopodium obscurum. The species is native to Russia and also to the colder parts of North America. The genus Dendrolycopodium is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, but not in other classifications, which submerge the genus in Lycopodium.

<i>Diphasiastrum digitatum</i> Species of plant

Diphasiastrum digitatum is known as groundcedar, running cedar or crowsfoot, along with other members of its genus, but the common name fan clubmoss can be used to refer to it specifically. It is the most common species of Diphasiastrum in North America. It is a type of plant known as a clubmoss, which is within one of the three main divisions of living vascular plants. It was formerly included in the superspecies Diphasiastrum complanatum. For many years, this species was known as Lycopodium flabelliforme or Lycopodium digitatum.

<i>Palhinhaea cernua</i> Species of plant

Palhinhaea cernua, synonym Lycopodiella cernua and Lycopodium cernuum, is a plant in the family Lycopodiaceae, commonly known as the staghorn clubmoss. The Hawaiian name for the plant is wāwaeʻiole, or "rat's foot". It has a substantial number of scientific synonyms in several genera. The genus Palhinhaea is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, but not in other classifications which submerge the genus in Lycopodiella. It is the largest of the clubmosses, having rhizomes up to 5 m (16 ft) in length, with leafy uprights up to 2.5 m in height.

<i>Dendrolycopodium</i> Genus of spore-bearing plants

The genus Dendrolycopodium is a clubmoss genus in the family Lycopodiaceae. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is placed in the subfamily Lycopodioideae. Some sources do not recognize the genus, sinking it into Lycopodium. It is treated as section Obscura when retained within Lycopodium. The genus includes a discrete group of plants with similar morphologies. All have erect to semi-erect, branched stems.

<i>Dendrolycopodium obscurum</i> Species of spore-bearing plant

Dendrolycopodium obscurum, synonym Lycopodium obscurum, commonly called rare clubmoss, ground pine, or princess pine, is a North American species of clubmoss in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is a close relative of other species such as D. dendroideum and D. hickeyi, also treelike. It is native to the eastern United States and southeastern Canada from Georgia to Minnesota to Nova Scotia. It grows in the understory of temperate coniferous and deciduous forests, where it is involved in seral secondary succession, growing in clonal colonies some years after disturbance has occurred. It has also been found in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Russian Far East, and northeastern China.

<i>Diphasiastrum sitchense</i> Species of spore-bearing plant

Diphasiastrum sitchense, the Sitka clubmoss, is a pteridophyte species native to northern North America and northeastern Asia. It is a terrestrial herb spreading by stolons running on the surface or the ground or just slightly below the surface. Leaves are appressed, broadly lanceolate, up to 3.2 mm long. Strobili are solitary on the ends of shoots. It is known from every province in Canada, plus the US States of Alaska, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It is also found in Greenland, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Yukon, Japan, and the Kamchatka Peninsula of Asiatic Russia. It can be found in alpine meadows, open rocky barrens, and coniferous woodlands.

<i>Pseudolycopodiella</i> Genus of spore-bearing plants

Pseudolycopodiella is a genus of non-seed plants in the Lycopodiaceae, long considered part of Lycopodium, but now recognized as a separate genus. It has 10–14 recognized species, only one in North America: Pseudolycopodiella caroliniana.

<i>Diphasiastrum tristachyum</i> Species of spore-bearing plant

Diphasiastrum tristachyum, commonly known as blue clubmoss, blue ground-cedar, ground pine, deep-rooted running-pine or ground cedar, is a North American and Eurasian species of clubmoss. In North America, it has been found from Newfoundland west to Manitoba, and south as far as Georgia and Alabama. In Eurasia, it ranges from southern Norway and Sweden south to France and Italy and it also occurs in the Caucasus.

<i>Dendrolycopodium hickeyi</i> Species of spore-bearing plant

Dendrolycopodium hickeyi known as Hickey's tree club-moss or Pennsylvania clubmoss, is a North American species of clubmoss in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is native to eastern and Central Canada and the eastern and north-central United States. The genus Dendrolycopodium is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, but not in other classifications, which submerge the genus in a larger Lycopodium.

<i>Lateristachys diffusa</i> Species of spore-bearing plant

Lateristachys diffusa, synonym Lycopodiella diffusa, known as carpet clubmoss, is a species of clubmoss in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is indigenous to New Zealand and to Tasmania, Australia.

<i>Lycopodiella alopecuroides</i> Species of spore-bearing plant

Lycopodiella alopecuroides, the foxtail clubmoss, is a species of perennial vascular plant in the club-moss family, Lycopodiaceae. It is commonly found along the Atlantic seaboard and has been recently been discovered in the state of Maine. The family, Lycopodiaceae contains nearly 15 genera and about 375 species

<i>Palhinhaea</i> Genus of plants

Palhinhaea is a genus of lycophytes in the family Lycopodiaceae. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is placed in the subfamily Lycopodielloideae. Some sources do not recognize the genus, sinking it into Lycopodiella. Palhinhaea species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics.

<i>Diphasium</i> Genus of spore-bearing plants

Diphasium is a genus of lycophytes in the family Lycopodiaceae. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is placed in the subfamily Lycopodioideae. Some sources do not recognize the genus, sinking it into Lycopodium, others include it in Diphasiastrum. Diphasium species are mostly native to the temperate southern hemisphere, but extend northwards into Central America and the Caribbean.

<i>Pseudolycopodium</i> Genus of spore-bearing plants

Pseudolycopodium is a genus of lycophyte in the family Lycopodiaceae with only one species, Pseudolycopodium densum, known as the bushy clubmoss. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, the genus is placed in the subfamily Lycopodioideae. Some sources do not recognize the genus, sinking it into Lycopodium. Pseudolycopodium densum is native to Australia, the North Island of New Zealand and New Caledonia. It is a spore-bearing vascular plant and grows up to a metre high. It is found in a wide variety of situations, often in high rainfall areas on sandy soils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycopodioideae</span> Subfamily of spore-bearing plants

Lycopodioideae is a subfamily in the family Lycopodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016. It is equivalent to a broad circumscription of the genus Lycopodium in other classifications. Like all lycophytes, members of the Lycopodioideae reproduce by spores. The oldest fossils of modern members of the subfamily date to the Early Cretaceous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycopodielloideae</span> Subfamily of plants

Lycopodielloideae is a subfamily in the family Lycopodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016. It is equivalent to a broad circumscription of the genus Lycopodiella in other classifications. Like all lycophytes, members of the Lycopodielloideae are vascular plants that reproduce by spores.

References

  1. 1 2 Wikström, Niklas; Kendrick, Paul (2000). "Relationships of Lycopodium and Lycopodiella Based on Combined Plastid rbcL Gene and trnL Intron Sequence Data". Relationships of Lycopodium and Lycopodiella Based on Combined Plastid RBCL Gene and TRNL Intron Sequence Data. 25 (3): 496.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Gilman, Arthur (2004). Lycopodiella alopecuroides (L.) Cranfill Foxtail bog clubmoss. pp. i, 3.
  3. 1 2 PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi: 10.1111/jse.12229 . S2CID   39980610.
  4. 1 2 3 Weakley, Alan (2010). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. pp. 18–19.
  5. ↑ Haines, Arthur (2003). "Lycopodiella ×gilmanii (Lycopodiaceae), a New Hybrid Bog Clubmoss from Northeastern North America". American Fern Journal. 93 (4): 196–197. doi:10.1640/0002-8444(2003)093[0196:LGLANH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   85779335.
  6. ↑ Winther, Jennifer; Friedman, William (2007). "Blackwell Publishing Ltd Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Lycopodiaceae". New Phytologist. 177 (3): 790–801. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02276.x . PMID   17971070.
  7. ↑ Conservation Assessment for Northern Appressed Club-moss and Northern Prostrate Club-moss
  8. ↑ Arana, Marcelo; Gonzalez, Andrés; Bonifacino, Mauricio; Brussa, Carlos (2017). "A Revision of Lycopodiaceae from Uruguay". International Journal of Advanced Research in Botany. 3 (4): 28.
  9. ↑ Chen, De-Kui; Zhou, Xin-Mao; Rothfels, Carl J.; Shepherd, Lara D.; Knapp, Ralf; Zhang, Liang; Lu, Ngan Thi; Fan, Xue-Ping; Wan, Xia; Gao, Xin-Fen; He, Hai; Zhang, Li-Bing (2022). "A global phylogeny of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodiales; lycophytes) with the description of a new genus, Brownseya, from Oceania". Taxon. 71 (1): 25–51. doi:10.1002/tax.12597. S2CID   243840820.
  10. ↑ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC   3936591 . PMID   24532607.
  11. ↑ "Lycopodiella Holub". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
  12. 1 2 Hassler, Michael (21 February 2023), "Lycopodiella", World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World, 14.10, retrieved 2023-02-25
  13. ↑ Øllgaard, Benjamin (1992). "Neotropical Lycopodiaceae - An Overview". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 79 (3): 711–712. doi:10.2307/2399760. JSTOR   2399760.
  14. ↑ Sahidan, NorShahidah; Choo, Chee Yan; Latiff, Abdul Rais; Jaman, Razali (2012). "Variations of huperzine A content in Lycopodiaceae species from tropics". Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 10 (2).
  15. 1 2 3 "BONAP's North American Plant Atlas". 2014.
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