Mail order

Last updated
Cover of a mail-order catalogue for scientific equipment. Central Scientific Co catalog cover.png
Cover of a mail-order catalogue for scientific equipment.

Mail order is the buying of goods or services by mail delivery. The buyer places an order for the desired products with the merchant through some remote methods such as:

Contents

Then, the products are delivered to the customer. The products are usually delivered directly to an address supplied by the customer, such as a home address, but occasionally the orders are delivered to a nearby retail location for the customer to pick up. Some merchants also allow the goods to be shipped directly to a third party consumer, which is an effective way to send a gift to an out-of-town recipient. Some merchants delivered the goods directly to the customer via their travelling agents.

A mail order catalogue is a publication containing a list of general merchandise from a company. Companies who publish and operate mail order catalogues are referred to as cataloguers within the industry. Cataloguers buy or manufacture goods then market those goods to prospects (prospective customers). Cataloguers may "rent" names from list brokers or cooperative databases. The catalogue itself is published in a similar fashion as any magazine publication and distributed through a variety of means, usually via a postal service and the internet.

Sometimes supermarket products do mail order promotions, whereby people can send in the UPC plus shipping and handling to get a product made especially for the company.

History

Early catalogues

In 1498, the publisher Aldus Manutius of Venice printed a catalogue of the books he was printing. In 1667, the English gardener William Lucas published a seed catalogue, which he mailed to his customers to inform them of his prices. Catalogues spread to British America, where Benjamin Franklin is believed to have been the first cataloguer. In 1744 he produced a catalogue of scientific and academic books. [2] In 1833, Antonio Fattorini started a mail order watch club in Bradford, which would eventually transform into Empire Stores. [3]

First mail order

Pryce-Jones could only dream of the impact his entrepreneurial vision would have on the world when he was selling Welsh flannel to Queen Victoria and Florence Nightingale in the late 1800s. Jones is credited as being the pioneer of a global mail order industry now worth about £75bn. Forget the internet and delivery drivers, Pryce-Jones used the superhighway of the day—the railway and parcel post.

—"The mail-order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry", BBC News, December 2020. [4]

The Welsh entrepreneur Pryce Pryce-Jones set up the first mail-order company in 1861. [5] [6] [7] Starting off as an apprentice to a local draper in Newtown, Wales, he took over the business in 1856 and renamed it the Royal Welsh Warehouse, selling local Welsh flannel. [4]

The establishment of the Uniform Penny Post in 1840, and the extension of the railway network, helped Pryce-Jones to eventually turn his small rural concern into a company with global renown. [4] Customers were able to order by mail for the first time—this following the creation of the modern postal service and the invention of the postage stamp (Penny Black) where there was a charge of one penny for carriage and delivery between any two places in the United Kingdom irrespective of distance—and the goods were delivered throughout the UK via the newly created railway system. [5] [8]

In 1861, Pryce-Jones hit upon a unique method of selling his wares. He distributed catalogues of his wares across the country, allowing people to choose the items they wished and order them via post; he would then dispatch the goods to the customer via the railways, promising next-day delivery. [8] It was an ideal way of meeting the needs of customers in isolated rural locations who were either too busy or unable to get into Newtown to shop directly. This was the world's first mail order business, an idea which would change the nature of retail in the coming century. [4] [9]

The further expansion of the railways in the years that followed allowed Pryce Jones to greatly expand his customer base and his business grew rapidly. He supplied his products to an impressive variety of famous clientele, including Florence Nightingale and Queen Victoria, the Princess of Wales and royal households across Europe. [4] He also began exporting drapery to the US and British colonies, amassing 200,000 customers around the UK and the world. [10]

One of his most popular products was the Euklisia Rug, [11] the forerunner of the modern sleeping bag, which Pryce-Jones exported around the world, at one point landing a contract with the Russian Army for 60,000 rugs. [12] By 1880, he had more than 100,000 customers in the UK alone and his success was rewarded in 1887 with a knighthood. [13]

In North America

The cover of the first Eaton's catalogue, published in 1884. The Eaton's catalogue would continue to be published until 1976. Eatons1884catalogue.jpg
The cover of the first Eaton's catalogue, published in 1884. The Eaton's catalogue would continue to be published until 1976.

In 1845, Tiffany's Blue Book was the first mail-order catalogue in the United States. [14] [15]

In 1872, Aaron Montgomery Ward of Chicago produced a mail-order catalogue for his Montgomery Ward mail order business. [16] By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Aaron Montgomery Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and to the benefit of the customer, lowering the prices drastically. [17]

His first catalogue was a single sheet of paper with a price list, 8 by 12 inches, showing the merchandise for sale and ordering instructions. Montgomery Ward identified a market of merchant-wary farmers in the Midwest. Within two decades, his single-page list of products grew into a 540-page illustrated book selling over 20,000 items.

From about 1921 to 1931, Ward sold prefabricated kit houses, called Wardway Homes, by mail order. [18]

Hammacher Schlemmer is the earliest still surviving mail-order business, established by Alfred Hammacher in New York City in 1848. Offering mechanic's tools and builder's hardware, its first catalogue was published in 1881. [19]

T. Eaton Co. Limited was founded in 1869 in Toronto by Timothy Eaton, an Irish immigrant. The first Eaton's catalogue was a 34-page booklet issued in 1884. As Eaton's grew, so did the catalogue. By 1920, Eaton's operated mail order warehouses in Winnipeg, Toronto and Moncton to serve its catalogue customers. Catalogue order offices were also established throughout the country, with the first opening in Oakville in 1916.

Sears

Sears, Roebuck and Company catalogue, 1918 Sears - Aids That Every Woman Appreciates.jpg
Sears, Roebuck and Company catalogue, 1918

Richard Warren Sears started a business selling watches through mail order catalogues in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, in 1888. By 1894, the Sears catalogue had grown to 322 pages, featuring sewing machines, bicycles, sporting goods, automobiles (produced from 1905–1915 by Lincoln Motor Car Works of Chicago, not related to the current Ford Motor Company brand of the same name) [20] and a host of other new items.

Organizing the company so it could handle orders on an economical and efficient basis, Chicago clothing manufacturer Julius Rosenwald became a part-owner in 1895. By the following year, dolls, refrigerators, stoves and groceries had been added to the catalog. Sears, Roebuck and Co. soon developed a reputation for high quality products and customer satisfaction. By 1895, the company was producing a 532-page catalogue with the largest variety of items that anybody at the time could have imagined. "In 1893, the sales topped 400,000 dollars. Two years later they exceeded 750,000 dollars."

In 1906 Sears opened its catalogue plant and the Sears Merchandise Building Tower. [21] And by that time, the Sears catalogue had become known in the industry as "the Consumers' Bible". In 1933, Sears, Roebuck and Co. produced the first of its famous Christmas catalogues known as the "Sears Wishbook", a catalogue featuring toys and gifts and separate from the annual Christmas catalogue.

From 1908 to 1940, Sears also sold kit houses by mail order, selling 70,000 to 75,000 such homes, many of which are still lived in today. [22]

Industrialization

The Outlook, American magazine advertisement from 1916 offering mail delivery of fish and seafood. Frank E. Davis Fish Company advertisement, 1916.jpg
The Outlook, American magazine advertisement from 1916 offering mail delivery of fish and seafood.

By creating a direct marketing industry through the mail order catalogue, Pryce Pryce-Jones and Aaron Montgomery Ward enabled the creation of a powerful global network that came to include everything from mail order, to telemarketing and social media. [17] Mail order changed the worldwide marketplace by introducing the concept of privacy and individuality into the retail industry. [23] Today, the mail order catalogue industry is worth approximately 100 billion dollars [23] and generates over 2 trillion in incremental sales. [17]

Moores

Sir John Moores was a British businessman and philanthropist most famous for the founding of the Littlewoods retail company that was located in Liverpool, England. Moores became a millionaire through the creation of the Littlewood Pool, one of the best-known names in sports gambling in England.

In January 1932, Moores was able to disengage himself sufficiently from the pools to start up Littlewoods Mail Order Store. This was followed on July 6, 1937 by the opening of the first Littlewoods department store in Blackpool. By the time World War II started there were 25 Littlewoods stores across the UK and over 50 by 1952.

The first Littlewoods catalogue was published in May 1932 with 168 pages. Its motta was: "We hoist our Flag in the Port of Supply, and right away we sail to the Ports of Demand—the Homes of the People. We intend to help the homely folk of this country help them to obtain some of the profits made by manufacturing and trading... to save money on things they must have. This Catalogue is our Ship... staffed by an All-British crew... You won't find sleepy, old-fashioned goods carried in the LITTLEWOODS ship. Only the newest of the new goods—honest, British-made merchandise." [24]

With the success of the catalogue business, Moores moved his business four times to larger buildings in 1932. Moores sailed to America to look at the operations of Montgomery Ward and Sears and Roebuck. By 1936, the business had hit the 4 million pound mark, making Moores a millionaire a second time over, by mail order. [24]

Penney

James Cash Penney started his first retail store in 1902 in Kemmerer, Wyoming. By 1925, J.C. Penney had 674 stores generating sales of $91 million. In 1962 J.C. Penney bought Wisconsin based General Merchandise Company with discount stores and a mail-order operation. Thus J.C. Penney entered the mail order catalogue business. J.C. Penney, a latecomer in catalogue operations, was different from many of its competitors because it had a large retail store base before launching into the mail-order business. The first J.C. Penney catalogue was mailed the next year in 1963. Customers could order from the catalogue inside J.C. Penney stores in eight states. The J.C. Penney Catalog Distribution Center was located in Milwaukee. [25]

Catalogues through the ages

Wunderman

Mail order had always relied on the innovative technique of selling products directly to the consumer at appealing prices, [17] but the term "direct marketing" was only coined in 1967, by Lester Wunderman — considered to be the father of contemporary direct marketing. He was behind the creation of the toll-free 1-800 number [17] and numerous mail order based loyalty marketing programs including the Columbia Record Club, the magazine subscription card, and the American Express Customer Rewards program. [26]

Rise of e-commerce

With the invention of the Internet, a company's website became the more usual way to order merchandise for delivery by mail. Unless the retailer provides a paper catalogue from which to order, that is if the products are mainly presented to and searched for by the customer on a web site or mobile app, the term "mail order" is rarely used to describe the ordering of goods over the Internet. It is more usual to refer to this as e-commerce or online shopping. Online shopping allows more detailed information (including audio and video) to be presented, and allows for faster ordering than by mailed form (though phone orders are also common for mail-order catalogues). Most traditional mail order companies now also sell over the Internet, in some cases with a PDF or tablet application which allows shoppers to browse an electronic catalog that resembles a paper one very closely, though by the late 2010s this has become increasingly rare, and product information is presented in a format designed for the Web and mobile apps, rather than a PDF.

Rising paper, printing, and postage costs have caused some traditional catalogue merchants, such as Bloomingdale's, to suspend their printed catalogues and sell only through websites. Also, while some Internet merchants are or were also catalogue merchants, many have never had a printed catalogue.

Catalogue publishing

Year Mail Order Catalogues were founded

Taxes

The objective of the direct marketing industry is to alter the sales distribution chain, in other words [bypass] the wholesaler and the retailer and go directly to the customer, reducing therefore tariffs and taxes. [48]

In the European Union, a "VAT union" is in force: the merchant selling to a buyer in a different EU member country adds the VAT of his own country to the price, and the buyer pays no additional tax. A buyer for resale may deduct that VAT, just as with purchases made within their own country.

Up until June 21, 2018, mail order retailers in the United States operated with the advantage of not being required to collect state sales tax, unless the retailer's business had a physical presence in the customer's state. Instead, most states required the resident purchaser to pay the applicable taxes. In 2018, after the United States Supreme Court heard the case of South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. and a five-justice majority overturned Quill Corp. v. North Dakota , ruling that the physical presence rule decided in Quill was "unsound and incorrect" in the current age of Internet services, American e-commerce and mail order retailers began collecting state sales tax on orders.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Package delivery</span> Type of delivery service

Package delivery or parcel delivery is the delivery of shipping containers, parcels, or high value mail as single shipments. The service is provided by most postal systems, express mail, private courier companies, and less than truckload shipping carriers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department store</span> Retail establishment; building which offers a wide range of consumer goods

A department store is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different areas of the store, each area ("department") specializing in a product category. In modern major cities, the department store made a dramatic appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, and the definition of service and luxury. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York (Stewart's).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sears</span> Department store chain in the United States

Sears, Roebuck and Co., commonly known as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded in 1892 by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck and reincorporated in 1906 by Richard Sears and Julius Rosenwald, with what began as a mail ordering catalog company migrating to opening retail locations in 1925, the first in Chicago. In 2005, the company was bought by the management of the American big box discount chain Kmart, which upon completion of the merger, formed Sears Holdings. Through the 1980s, Sears was the largest retailer in the United States. In 2018, it was the 31st-largest. After several years of declining sales, Sears's parent company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on October 15, 2018. It announced on January 16, 2019, that it had won its bankruptcy auction, and that a reduced number of 425 stores would remain open, including 223 Sears stores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">JCPenney</span> American department store chain

Penney OpCo LLC, doing business as JCPenney and often abbreviated JCP, is an American department store chain that operates 664 stores across 49 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. Departments inside JCPenney stores include Men's, Women's, Boys', Girls', Baby, Bedding, Home, Fine Jewelry, Shoes, Lingerie, JCPenney Salon, JCPenney Beauty, as well as leased departments such as Seattle's Best Coffee, US Vision optical centers, and Lifetouch portrait studios.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Direct marketing</span> Model of communicating discounts and other sales offers

Direct marketing is a form of communicating an offer, where organizations communicate directly to a pre-selected customer and supply a method for a direct response. Among practitioners, it is also known as direct response marketing. By contrast, advertising is of a mass-message nature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aaron Montgomery Ward</span> American businessman (c. 1843–1913)

Aaron Montgomery Ward was an American entrepreneur based in Chicago who made his fortune through the use of mail order for retail sales of general merchandise to rural customers. In 1872 he founded Montgomery Ward & Company, which became nationally known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montgomery Ward</span> Retailer in the United States

Montgomery Ward is the name of two successive U.S. retail corporations. The original Montgomery Ward & Co. was a world-pioneering mail-order business and later a leading department store chain that operated between 1872 and 2001. The current Montgomery Ward Inc. is a national online shopping and mail-order catalog retailer that started several years after the original Montgomery Ward shut down.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Very Group</span> Online retailer

The Very Group Limited is a multi-brand online retailer and financial services provider in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Its head offices are based in the Speke area of the city of Liverpool, England. The brand was established in November 2005 as a result of the merger of the former Littlewoods and Shop Direct companies, the retailer was known as Littlewoods Shop Direct Group until a corporate rebranding to Shop Direct Group in May 2008. In 2013, the company rebranded to Shop Direct, dropping the 'group' from its name. Shop Direct rebranded themselves to The Very Group in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GUS (retailer)</span> Former British retail, manufacturing and finance conglomerate

GUS plc was a FTSE 100 retailing, manufacturing and financial conglomerate based in the United Kingdom. GUS was an abbreviation of Great Universal Stores, the company's name before 2001, while it was also known as the Glorious Gussies amongst stockbrokers. The company started out as Universal Stores, a mail order business created by the Rose family. In 1931, Isaac Wolfson joined the mail order company and would, through a series of takeovers, turn it into a retail, manufacturing and financial conglomerate, becoming Europe's biggest mail order firm and with over 2,700 physical stores. His son, Leonard Wolfson, followed him as chairman, to be succeeded by his nephews David Wolfson (1996–2000) and Victor Barnett (2000–2002). During the 1980s, the business divested much of its physical retail and manufacturing subsidiaries under Leonard Wolfson to concentrate on mail order, property and finance. In October 2006, the company was split into two separate companies: Experian which continues to exist, and Home Retail Group which was bought by Sainsbury's in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pryce Pryce-Jones</span> Welsh businessman

Sir Pryce Pryce-Jones was a Welsh entrepreneur who formed the first mail order business, revolutionising how products were sold. Creating the first mail order catalogues in 1861 – which consisted of woollen goods – for the first time customers could order by post, and the goods were delivered by railway. The BBC summed up his legacy as "The mail order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spiegel (US retailer)</span> Former direct marketing retailer

Spiegel was an American direct marketing retailer founded in 1865 by Joseph Spiegel. Spiegel published a catalog, like its competitors Sears and Montgomery Ward, which advertised various brands of apparel, accessories, and footwear, as well as housewares, toys, tools, firearms, and electronics. Their company brands included Newport News, Shape FX, and Old Kraftsman, among others. They also operated brick-and-mortar stores.

A catalog merchant is a form of retailing. The typical merchant sells a wide variety of household and personal products, with many emphasizing jewelry. Unlike a self-serve retail store, most of the items are not displayed; customers select the products from printed catalogs in the store and fill out an order form. The order is brought to the sales counter, where a clerk retrieves the items from the warehouse area to a payment and checkout station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Littlewoods</span> Defunct retail and betting company

Loyalty marketing is a marketing strategy in which a company focuses on growing and retaining existing customers through incentives. Branding, product marketing, and loyalty marketing all form part of the customer proposition – the subjective assessment by the customer of whether to purchase a brand or not based on the integrated combination of the value they receive from each of these marketing disciplines.

Greengate Centre is an open-air power center in Hempfield Township, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located on U.S. Route 30. The center opened in 2005 on the site of the defunct Greengate Mall, which was demolished in 2003. Greengate Centre currently encompasses over 430,000 square feet (40,000 m2) of retail space, and more than 45 stores and restaurants. Anchor stores include Jo-Ann Fabrics, Petco, Ross Dress for Less, and Walmart. It also contains dozens of smaller retailers such as Five Below, GameStop, Lane Bryant, General Nutrition Centers, Oshkosh B'gosh, and Verizon Wireless. The Kroenke Group of Columbia, Missouri owns and manages the shopping center.

Home shopping is the electronic retailing and home shopping channels industry, which includes such billion dollar television-based and e-commerce companies as Shop LC, HSN, Gemporia, TJC, QVC, eBay, ShopHQ, Buy.com and Amazon.com, as well as traditional mail order and brick and mortar retailers as Hammacher Schlemmer and Sears, Roebuck and Co. Home shopping allows consumers to shop for goods from the privacy of their own home, as opposed to traditional shopping, which requires one to visit brick and mortar stores and shopping malls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. C. Penney Historic District</span> Historic district in Wyoming, United States

The J. C. Penney Historic District is a historic district in Kemmerer, Wyoming encompassing several properties associated with James Cash Penney (1875-1971). The district includes the Golden Rule Store, the first in what became the J. C. Penney department store chain, and Penney's home during the store's early years. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1978, for Penney's role in creating one of the first national department store chains.

Freemans is a British online clothing retailer headquartered in Bradford, England. Freemans offers a range of products, predominantly clothing, footwear and homewares.

Omnichannel is a neologism describing a business strategy. According to Frost & Sullivan, omnichannel is defined as "seamless and effortless, high-quality customer experiences that occur within and between contact channels".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of retail</span> Historical development of sales to consumers

The history of retail encompasses the sale of goods and services to consumers across all cultures and time periods from ancient history to the present.The first form of commerce was bargaining between early human civilizations. Beginning with Middle Eastern towns in the 7th millennium BCE, retail markets emerged when civilizations created money to allow commerce more easily. Open-air markets were created by numerous ancient Middle Eastern and European civilizations to enable merchants and other producers to sell goods to consumers. The earliest known permanent retail centers, the forums, were created in ancient Rome. Similar shopping centers are thought to have been created in China, but this information has been lost. Chinese retail was extensive by the first millennium BCE, and this included branding and packaging.

References

  1. ↑ Mail order retailing in Britain : a business and social history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 17. ISBN   0198296509.
  2. ↑ "A Brief History of Mail Order Catalogs". Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
  3. ↑ McCorkell, Graeme (1997). Direct and Database Marketing. p. 42. ISBN   9780749419608.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Shuttleworth, Peter (25 December 2020). "The mail-order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry". BBC News. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  5. 1 2 "Mail-order catalogue from Pryce-Jones". BBC. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  6. 1 2 Pryce Pryce-Jones, Newtown businessman who introduced mail order shopping to the world Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine BBC.co.uk
  7. ↑ "A Brief History of Newtown". Newtown Town Council. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
  8. 1 2 "Pryce-Jones: Pioneer of the Mail Order Industry". BBC. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  9. ↑ Pryce Jones and the Royal Welsh Warehouse Archived 2013-11-11 at the Wayback Machine Powys - A day in the life
  10. ↑ "Sir Pryce Pryce-Jones". Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
  11. ↑ "Euklisia Rug". A-day-in-the-life.powys.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  12. ↑ "A History of the World - Object : Euklisia Rug". BBC. 1970-01-01. Archived from the original on 2011-08-16. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  13. ↑ "Pryce-Jones: Pioneer of the Mail Order Industry". BBC. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25.
  14. ↑ "Legacy: The Tiffany Story". Tiffany & Co. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  15. ↑ "Last Weeks's Trivia Answer". Naples Florida Weekly . The Motley Fool. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  16. ↑ Woodham (1997), 15
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Brandweek 50,no.36.D1-D4 "The Next Generation of DIRECT MARKETING." Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, 2009,p.6.
  18. ↑ "Wardway Homes - Kit Houses by Montgomery Ward" . Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  19. ↑ About Hammacher Schlemmer Archived 2010-07-15 at the Wayback Machine from Hammacher Schlemmer's website
  20. ↑ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. (New York: Bonanza, 1950), p.90.
  21. ↑ Book: Historic Sears, Roebuck and Co. Catalog Plant ISBN   0-7385-3977-5, opening date.
  22. ↑ "What is a Sears Modern Home?". Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  23. 1 2 Root, Damon. "Marketplace of Ideas." Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, 2009, p.1.
  24. 1 2 3 "Littlewoods catalogue - Home Shopping - introduction part II". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  25. ↑ "History of J.C. Penney Company, Inc. – FundingUniverse". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  26. ↑ "Marketing Legend Lester Wunderman Live on 'The Alan Levy Show'". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  27. ↑ "A Brief History of Newtown". Newtown Town.
  28. ↑ "Great Universal Stores - GUS Home Shopping - GUS is now K and Co". Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  29. 1 2 "Freemans catalogue". Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  30. ↑ "Empire Stores catalogue - further historical information on Empire Stores". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  31. ↑ "Grattan - a background history on Grattan Catalogues". Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  32. ↑ "La Redoute - a background history on La Redoute Catalogues". Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  33. ↑ https://www.flickr.com/photos/57440551@N03/23945952122
  34. ↑ https://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/
  35. ↑ "About Us". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  36. ↑ "Taylor Gifts: About Our Company". taylorgifts.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  37. ↑ "Actress Glenn Close, husband sell FetchDog pet business". pressherald.com. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  38. ↑ https://womensbrickinitiative.com/a-history-of-lego-catalogs/
  39. ↑ "CarolWrightGifts.com | About Us". Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2013-06-17. About Carol Wright Gifts
  40. ↑ https://www.zippia.com/sharper-image-careers-165779/history/
  41. ↑ "DrLeonards.com | About Us". Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-26. About Dr Leonards Healthcare Catalog
  42. ↑ "COMPANY NEWS; Toys 'R' Us Offers Its First Catalogue". The New York Times. 1991-10-11. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-09-14.
  43. ↑ https://mcphee.com/blogs/news/the-first-archie-mcphee-catalog
  44. ↑ "Next Directory - a background history on Next Directory". Archived from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  45. ↑ https://deliascatalogs.tumblr.com/catalogs
  46. ↑ https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/urban-outfitters-inc
  47. ↑ https://www.ejbasnett.com/}%5B%5D
  48. ↑ Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 9, no. 4: 221-236. "Direct Marketing and E-Commerce Sources." Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, 2004,p.2

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.