Manihot

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Manihot
Manihot palmata.jpg
Manihot palmata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Crotonoideae
Tribe: Manihoteae
Genus: Manihot
Mill. 1754 not Adans. 1763 [1]
Type species
Manihot esculenta
Crantz. [2] [3]
Synonyms [4]

Manihot is a genus in the diverse milkspurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It was described as a genus in 1754. [5] [3]

Contents

Species of Manihot are monoecious [6] trees, shrubs and a few herbs that are native to the Americas, from Arizona in the United States south to Argentina and Uruguay. [4] The best known member of this genus is the widely cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta). [7]

Manihot species are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera including Endoclita sericeus and Hypercompe hambletoni .

Species [4]
  1. Manihot acuminatissima Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Bahia
  2. Manihot aesculifolia (Kunth) Pohl – Mexico, Central America
  3. Manihot alutacea D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás
  4. Manihot angustiloba (Torr.) Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Arizona
  5. Manihot anisophylla (Griseb.) Müll.Arg. – N Argentina
  6. Manihot anomala Pohl – South America
  7. Manihot attenuata Müll.Arg. - Goiás
  8. Manihot auriculata McVaugh – Jalisco, Nayarit
  9. Manihot baccata Allem – Fr Guiana, NE Brazil
  10. Manihot brachyandra Pax & K.Hoffm. – Bahia
  11. Manihot brachyloba Müll.Arg. – Central Amer, Dominican Rep, N South America
  12. Manihot brasiliana Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil
  13. Manihot breviloba – Sergipe
  14. Manihot caerulescens Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay
  15. Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. – N South America, Trinidad, Curaçao
  16. Manihot catingae Ule – Bahia, Minas Gerais
  17. Manihot caudata Greenm. – N Mexico
  18. Manihot cecropiifolia – Goiás, Distrito Federal
  19. Manihot chlorosticta Standl. & Goldman – Mexico
  20. Manihot compositifolia Allem – Bahia
  21. Manihot condensata D.J.Rogers & Appan – Bolivia
  22. Manihot congesta Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil
  23. Manihot corymbiflora Pax & K.Hoffm. – Rio de Janeiro
  24. Manihot crassisepala Pax & K.Hoffm. – México State, Morelos, Jalisco
  25. Manihot crotalariiformis Pohl – Minas Gerais
  26. Manihot davisiae Croizat – Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa
  27. Manihot diamantinensis Allem – Bahia
  28. Manihot dichotoma Ule – NE Brazil
  29. Manihot divergens Pohl – Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais
  30. Manihot epruinosa Pax & K.Hoffm. – Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia
  31. Manihot esculenta Crantz – from Mexico to Brazil
  32. Manihot falcata D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás, Distrito Federal
  33. Manihot filamentosa Pittier – NW Venezuela
  34. Manihot flemingiana D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso
  35. Manihot foetida (Kunth) Pohl – C + N Mexico
  36. Manihot fortalezensis Nassar, D.G.Ribeiro, Bomfim & P.T.C.Gomes – Ceará
  37. Manihot fruticulosa (Pax) D.J.Rogers & Appan – Brazil
  38. Manihot gabrielensis Allem – Goiás
  39. Manihot gracilis Pohl – Paraguay, Brazil
  40. Manihot grahamii Hook. – S Brazil, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
  41. Manihot guaranitica Chodat & Hassl. – N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia
  42. Manihot handroana Cruz – Minas Gerais
  43. Manihot hassleriana – Paraguay
  44. Manihot heptaphylla Ule – Bahia
  45. Manihot hilariana Baill. – Minas Gerais
  46. Manihot hunzikeriana Mart.Crov. – Rio Grande do Sul, Misiones
  47. Manihot incisa - Goiás, Brazil
  48. Manihot inflata Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná
  49. Manihot irwinii D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás
  50. Manihot jacobinensis Müll.Arg. – Mato Grosso, Bahia
  51. Manihot janiphoides Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Minas Gerais
  52. Manihot jolyana Cruz – São Paulo
  53. Manihot leptophylla Pax – NW South America
  54. Manihot longepetiolata Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  55. Manihot maracasensis Ule – Bahia
  56. Manihot marajoara Huber – Pará, Amapá
  57. Manihot mcvaughii V.W.Steinm. – Michoacán
  58. Manihot membranacea Pax & K.Hoffm. – Mato Grosso
  59. Manihot michaelis McVaugh – Colima, Jalisco
  60. Manihot mirabilis Pax – Paraguay
  61. Manihot mossamedensis Taub. – Goiás
  62. Manihot nana Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  63. Manihot neusana Nassar – Paraná
  64. Manihot nogueirae Allem – Distrito Federal
  65. Manihot oaxacana D.J.Rogers & Appan – Oaxaca
  66. Manihot obovata J.Jiménez Ram. – Guerrero
  67. Manihot oligantha Pax & K.Hoffm. – Goiás
  68. Manihot orbicularis Pohl – Goiás
  69. Manihot palmata Müll.Arg. – Rio de Janeiro
  70. Manihot pauciflora Brandegee – Puebla, Oaxaca
  71. Manihot paviifolia Pohl – Goiás
  72. Manihot peltata Pohl – Goiás
  73. Manihot pentaphylla Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay
  74. Manihot peruviana Müll.Arg. – Loreto, San Martin
  75. Manihot pilosa Pohl – E Brazil
  76. Manihot pinatiloba Goiás, Brazil
  77. Manihot pohliana Müll.Arg. – Bahia
  78. Manihot pohlii Wawra – Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
  79. Manihot populifolia Pax – Paraguay
  80. Manihot porphyrantha Goiás, Brazil
  81. Manihot pringlei S.Watson – Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro
  82. Manihot procumbens Müll.Arg. – Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraguay
  83. Manihot pruinosa Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  84. Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K.Hoffm. – Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba
  85. Manihot pulchrifolius M.J. Silva – Brazil
  86. Manihot purpureocostata Pohl – Goiás
  87. Manihot pusilla Pohl – Goiás
  88. Manihot quinquefolia Pohl – Bahia
  89. Manihot quinqueloba Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  90. Manihot quinquepartita Huber ex D.J.Rogers & Appan – Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso
  91. Manihot reniformis Pohl – Bahia
  92. Manihot reptans Pax – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  93. Manihot rhomboidea Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Central America
  94. Manihot rubricaulis I.M.Johnst. – Mexico
  95. Manihot sagittatopartita Pohl – Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais
  96. Manihot salicifolia Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  97. Manihot sparsifolia Pohl – Goiás
  98. Manihot stipularis Pax – Distrito Federal, Goiás
  99. Manihot stricta Baill. – Peru, Mato Grosso, Goiás
  100. Manihot subspicata Rogers & Appan – Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas
  101. Manihot surinamensis D.J.Rogers & Appan – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas
  102. Manihot tenella Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Paraguay
  103. Manihot tomatophylla Standl. – Morelos, Jalisco, Michoacán
  104. Manihot tomentosa Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  105. Manihot triloba (Sessé) McVaugh ex Miranda – Mexico
  106. Manihot tripartita (Spreng.) Müll.Arg. – Brazil, Paraguay
  107. Manihot triphylla Pohl – Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais
  108. Manihot tristis Müll.Arg. – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas, N Brazil
  109. Manihot variifolia Pax & K.Hoffm. – Paraguay
  110. Manihot violacea Pohl – Brazil
  111. Manihot walkerae Croizat – Texas, Tamaulipas
  112. Manihot websteri D.J.Rogers & Appan – Puebla, Oaxaca
  113. Manihot weddelliana Baill. – Goiás
  114. Manihot xavantinensis D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso
  115. Manihot zehntneri Ule – Bahia
variety treated as a species
  1. Manihot carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii = Manihot glaziovii (Müll.Arg.) Allem
formerly included [4]

moved to Aleurites Cnidoscolus Jatropha

  1. M. curcas – Jatropha curcas
  2. M. diversifolia – Jatropha diversifolia
  3. M. gossypiifolia – Jatropha gossypiifolia
  4. M. herbacea – Cnidoscolus urens
  5. M. moluccana – Aleurites moluccanus
  6. M. multifida – Jatropha multifida
  7. M. spinosissima – Cnidoscolus vitifolius
  8. M. urens – Cnidoscolus urens

Pollination

Monoecy was demonstrated by Jennings 1963 and George & Shifriss 1967. [6]

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  2. Eriope anamariaeHarley - Bahia
  3. Eriope angustifoliaEpling - Minas Gerais
  4. Eriope arenariaHarley - Minas Gerais
  5. Eriope blanchetii(Benth.) Harley - northeastern Brazil
  6. Eriope complicataMart. ex Benth. - Brazil
  7. Eriope confusaHarley - Bahia
  8. Eriope crassifoliaMart. ex Benth. - Bahia
  9. Eriope crassipesBenth. - Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela, French Guiana, Bolivia, Colombia
  10. Eriope exaltataHarley - Bahia
  11. Eriope filifoliaBenth. - Minas Gerais
  12. Eriope foetidaA.St.-Hil. ex Benth. - Brazil
  13. Eriope glandulosa(Harley) Harley - Bahia, Minas Gerais
  14. Eriope hypenioidesMart. ex Benth. - Bahia
  15. Eriope hypoleuca(Benth.) Harley - Bahia, Minas Gerais
  16. Eriope latifolia(Mart. ex Benth.) Harley - eastern Brazil
  17. Eriope luetzelburgiiHarley - Bahia
  18. Eriope machrisae(Epling) Harley - Goiás
  19. Eriope macrostachyaMart. ex Benth. - Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela
  20. Eriope montanaHarley - Bahia
  21. Eriope monticolaMart. ex Benth. - Bahia
  22. Eriope obovataEpling - northeastern Brazil
  23. Eriope parvifoliaMart. ex Benth. - Brazil
  24. Eriope polyphyllaMart. ex Benth. - Bahia
  25. Eriope salviifolia(Pohl ex Benth.) Harley - Bahia, Minas Gerais
  26. Eriope sincoranaHarley - Bahia
  27. Eriope tumidicaulisHarley - Bahia
  28. Eriope velutinaEpling - Brazil
  29. Eriope xavantiumHarley - Mato Grosso
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References

  1. 1 2 "Genus: Manihot Mill". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  2. ↑ lectotype designated by R.A. Howard, Fl. Lesser Antilles 5: 64 (1989)
  3. 1 2 Tropicos, Manihot Mill.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ↑ Miller, Philip. 1754. Gardeners Dictionary...Abridged...fourth edition vol. 2
  6. 1 2 Webster, G. L. (2014). "Euphorbiaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants - Volume XI - Flowering Plants, Eudicots - Malpighiales. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 51–216/x+331. ISBN   978-3-642-39416-4. OCLC   868922400. ISBN   978-3-642-39417-1. ISBN   3642394167.
  7. ↑ Second, G.; Iglesias, C. (2001). "Chapter 11: The State of the Use of Cassava Genetic Diversity and a Proposal to Enhance it". In Cooper, H.D.; Spillane, C.; Hodgkin, T. (eds.). Broadening the Genetic Base of Crop Production. CABI Publications (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International) in association with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. pp. 201–221. ISBN   978-0-85199-411-6. OCLC   44420773.

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