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Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science, civil or environmental engineering, and physical geography. Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.
Hydrogeology is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust. The terms groundwater hydrology, geohydrology, and hydrogeology are often used interchangeably.
In hydrology, discharge is the volumetric flow rate of a stream. It equals the product of average flow velocity and the cross-sectional area. It includes any suspended solids, dissolved chemicals, or biologic material in addition to the water itself. Terms may vary between disciplines. For example, a fluvial hydrologist studying natural river systems may define discharge as streamflow, whereas an engineer operating a reservoir system may equate it with outflow, contrasted with inflow.
MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference flow model, which is a computer code that solves the groundwater flow equation. The program is used by hydrogeologists to simulate the flow of groundwater through aquifers. The source code is free public domain software, written primarily in Fortran, and can compile and run on Microsoft Windows or Unix-like operating systems.
Rafael Luis Bras is a Puerto Rican civil engineer best known for his contributions in surface hydrology and hydrometeorology, including his work in soil-vegetation-atmosphere system modeling.
Robert M. Hirsch is a research hydrologist and a former Associate Director for Water of the U.S. Geological Survey. As Associate Director, he was responsible for the water science programs of the USGS. These include water-related research, the collection of data on rivers and ground water, assessments of water quantity and quality. He served as the leader of USGS water science from 1994 to 2008 when Dr. Hirsch transitioned to the USGS National Research Program to rededicate himself to advancing the science on critical issues of climate change and long-term trends in water resources.
Hydrological optimization applies mathematical optimization techniques to water-related problems. These problems may be for surface water, groundwater, or the combination. The work is interdisciplinary, and may be done by hydrologists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, and operations researchers.
FEHM is a groundwater model that has been developed in the Earth and Environmental Sciences Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory over the past 30 years. The executable is available free at the FEHM Website. The capabilities of the code have expanded over the years to include multiphase flow of heat and mass with air, water, and CO2, methane hydrate, plus multi-component reactive chemistry and both thermal and mechanical stress. Applications of this code include simulations of: flow and transport in basin scale groundwater systems , migration of environmental isotopes in the vadose zone, geologic carbon sequestration, oil shale extraction, geothermal energy, migration of both nuclear and chemical contaminants, methane hydrate formation, seafloor hydrothermal circulation, and formation of karst. The simulator has been used to generate results for more than 100 peer reviewed publications which can be found at FEHM Publications.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:
Mary Pikul Anderson is a hydrologist, geologist, and professor emerita of hydrogeology. She is a fellow of the Geological Society of America, the American Geophysical Union, and the National Academy of Engineering.
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Kamini Singha is a Professor in the department of Geology and Geological Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines, where she works on questions related to hydrogeology.
Audrey Hucks Sawyer is an American hydrogeologist and Assistant Professor of Earth Science at Ohio State University. Her work has focused on quantifying the role of groundwater - surface water interactions in transporting nutrients, contaminants, and heat in rivers and coastal settings. Sawyer has won multiple awards, including the National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2018 and the Kohout Early Career Award in 2016.
Efi Foufoula-Georgiou is a Distinguished Professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering department at the University of California, Irvine. She is well known for her research on the applications of wavelet analysis in the fields of hydrology and geophysics and her many contributions to academic journals and national committees.
Bridget R. Scanlon is an Irish and American hydrogeologist known for her work on groundwater depletion and groundwater recharging, and of the effects of climate change and land usage patterns on groundwater. She is a senior research scientist in the Bureau of Economic Geology at the University of Texas at Austin, where she is head of the Sustainable Water Resources Program. Her research has included the use of GRACE satellite data to compare drought conditions in Texas and California.
Christa Peters-Lidard is an American hydrologist known for her work on integrating land surface modeling and data assimilation, particularly with remotely sensed measurements of precipitation.
Dörthe Tetzlaff is a German hydrologist who is Professor of Ecohydrology at Humboldt University zu Berlin and Head of Department at the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany, since 2017. Tetzlaff was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2017, Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2018, Honorary Fellow of the Geological Society of America in 2019, Fellow of the European Academy of Sciences in 2022 and Member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 2023.
Beth L. Parker is a hydrogeologist and professor at the University of Guelph who has made exceptional contributions to the science and practice of Contaminant Hydrogeology and the protection of groundwater from contamination, that have been adopted internationally to protect water supplies in Guelph and many other communities.
Ezio Todini is an Italian academic, hydrologist and civil engineer.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Savijne, Hubert (2015), Citation for Professor Mary C. Hill, at the awarding of the Dooge Medal 2015, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, retrieved 2019-09-02
- ↑ Entry for Hill's dissertation in the USGS thesis database, accessed 2019-09-02
- ↑ "Distinguished Hydrologist Comes to KU" (PDF), The KU Geologic Record, 10: 2, September 2014[ permanent dead link ]
- ↑ Professor establishes research fund for women in STEM, University of Kansas, April 19, 2017, retrieved 2019-09-02
- ↑ Reviews of Effective Groundwater Model Calibration:
- McCuen, Richard H. (October 2007), "Review", Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 43 (5): 1355–1356, doi: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00092.x
- Miner, Gary (November 2007), "media pulse", Journal of the American Water Works Association, 99 (11): 122–124, Bibcode:2007JAWWA..99k.122M, doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2007.tb08072.x, JSTOR 41313228, S2CID 247739638
- Andrews, Charles B. (December 2007), Ground Water, 46 (1): 5, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00398.x, S2CID 128882353
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
- ↑ "2005 M. King Hubbert Award Presented to Mary Hill". School of Engineering and Applied Science. 2006-04-05. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
- ↑ Fellow: Mary C. Hill, American Geophysical Union, retrieved 2019-09-02
- ↑ "National Academy of Engineering Elects 106 Members and 23 International Members". NAE. February 9, 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
