Mining industry of Mali

Last updated
Geologic map of Birimian outcrops in Mali, at Bougouni and Kenieba USGS geologic map Mali's Birimian.png
Geologic map of Birimian outcrops in Mali, at Bougouni and Kenieba

The mining industry of Mali is dominated by gold extraction but also produces diamonds, rocksalt, phosphates, semi precious stones, bauxite, iron ore, and manganese. [1] [2] The importance of mining and production of raw minerals has changed throughout time and has involved many foreign stakeholders, most notably France, the former Soviet Union, and South Africa. Gold, followed by cotton, is the top export item, making it a large contributor to the country’s economy. [3] Mineral extraction in the country is done both via industrial mining and artisanal mining, and both methods of production have had profound impacts on the economy, sociocultural landscape, and environment.

Contents

History

Depiction of Emperor Mansa Musa I with gold Mansa Musa.jpg
Depiction of Emperor Mansa Musa I with gold

Gold extraction has occurred in Mali from ancient times using simple implements before the modern mechanized system came into practice. [4] This activity is traced to the days of monarchy of the Islamic emperors in the country when salt and gold were major Trans-Saharan trade commodities from Timbuktu and Djenné. [5] In the 1300s, Emperor Mansa Musa I of the Mali Empire particularly profited from gold in the Malian region. [6] He became the richest person to have ever lived in large part due to the trade of gold. [6] The heart of the Mali Empire was located along the Niger River Basin, making it the intersection of many important trans-Saharan trade routes. [6] This allowed Empire Mansa Musa I to control the trade of gold, salt and kola nuts throughout North and West Africa. [6]

During colonial times, the importance of gold in particular declined. Mali was ruled by France for over 75 years, and France did not focus on gold production as a commodity. [7] France was more interested in its coastal colonies like Senegal, and thus many of Mali’s economic sectors went undeveloped. [8] Of all the economic activities in the country, agricultural production was the priority. France developed irrigation systems to grow primarily cotton for export. [9] French colonial rule brought the end of the Trans-Saharan trade, as most all commodities and materials were created for export to enrich France’s economy. [8] Despite these great changes, gold extraction continued throughout the colonial period in local communities. This is known as artisanal mining– gold mining done by hand using basic tools.

Following the country's independence and during the Cold War, industrial gold production in Mali gained steam. The regimes of Moussa Traoré and Modibo Këita, the first two presidents for Mali, were both allies with the Soviet Union, so the first industrial gold mining in the country was primarily a pursuit of the Soviet Union. [10] One of the largest Soviet Union gold mining interventions was funding the development of the Kalana gold mine in southwestern Mali. [11] It was estimated that the mining operation could potentially have 1.4 million ounces of gold, and the Soviet Union was building a plant to process the gold ore. [11] Construction finished on the factory in 1984, but with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, funding and technical support for the operation disappeared. [12] The plant closed. By the mid-1990s, in part due to the collapse of the Soviet Union, most mining in the country was done via South African mining companies. [10] In the current day, some foreign companies are attempting to revitalize closed-down Soviet-supported mines in Mali. [11]

The mining of other minerals have had a similarly complex history.

By Product

Gold

Sadiola Gold Mine Sadiola mining.jpg
Sadiola Gold Mine

The Sahel region of Africa, which Mali composes with neighboring countries, is an important region for both industrial and artisanal gold mining. Southern regions of Mali–Sikasso, Koulikoro, and Kayes– are located in the heart of the Sahel and produce most of Mali’s gold. [13] Compared to other gold producers in the region and in Africa more broadly, gold in Mali is particularly cheap to extract and profitable for companies. [14] This is because the mines in Mali are surface mines and cost of labor is low. [14] It is estimated that there are 800 tons of gold deposits within the country’s borders, making it the country with the largest deposits of gold in the West African region after Ghana. [15] [16]

Yatela Gold Mine Yatela mining 3 big.jpg
Yatela Gold Mine

Industrial gold mining in Mali is primarily done by foreign investors and companies. Aglogold Ashanti, Rangold, and IAMGold are the three primary mining companies extracting gold. [14] There are other much smaller companies that are involved as well, many of these are Canadian and Australian organizations. [14] In the early years of industrial gold mining in the country, four gold mines produced most of the gold in the country: Sadiola mine, Morila mine, Yatela mine, and Sayama mine. [17] Artisanal gold mining also comprises a large amount of gold that is produced in Mali. There are an estimated 300 to 350 artisanal gold mines in Mali employing about 400,000 workers. [18] Manual gold extraction has been increasing as an economic activity since the late 1980s. [19]

In terms of economic output, gold has grown in importance. From 1984 to 2008, mining accelerated and became a pivotal piece of Mali's economy, increasing from 1.5% of GDP to 8%, leading Mali to become the third largest producer of gold in Africa. [20] Between 1995 and 2000 alone, the production of gold in the country more than doubled. [16] In 2021, gold substantiated 80% of the countries total exports and approximately two million Malians rely on the industry for their livelihood.

Importantly, the smuggling of gold from Mali to other countries has become a heavily politicized issue. Political turmoil in Mali has made the illegal smuggling of gold a growing problem. The Malian government has been losing its control over gold-producing regions in the south of the country, and the French army has also been unable to halt the exploitation of gold at the hand of mafia-like groups. [21] Additionally, since Malian gold mining often involves a variety of international actors, gold smuggling can become a diplomatic issue. In 2021, a high-profile case involving 133 kilograms of Malian gold ingots smuggled and apprehended in South Africa led to heightened tensions between Mali, Madagascar, and the United Arab Emirates. [22]

Other minerals

Apart from gold, diamond is also extracted, mainly from the Kéniéba region 500 kilometres (310 mi) west from Bamako. Many more prospected kimberlite pipes with diamondiferous are yet to be put into production stage. Phosphate is mined from the Tilemsi Valley, but to a limited extent. Other established mineral resources are

Semiprecious stones extracted are amethyst, epidote, garnet, prehnite, and quartz. Some amount of diamond is also extracted as a byproduct during gold extraction. Gold mining is carried out by 13 international mining companies. The United States Geological Survey estimates that Mali has 700,000 tons of lithium resources. [23]

Impacts of Natural Resource Extraction

Economic Development

As it pertains to the national economy, industrial mineral extraction has not led to much economic development. All of the gold that is extracted within the country is entirely for export, about 59.2% of it goes to South Africa, and the other 40.8% goes to Switzerland. [24] While the industry brings in revenue, it has not led to the development of a processing industry that would bring more technology, infrastructure, and jobs to the country. [24]

Artisanal gold mining has been credited with contributing to the development of local economies. The growth of artisanal gold mining has brought many migrants to the southern Mali Sahel, 92% of which say they came to artisanal mines for job opportunities. [25] In one study on artisanal gold miners in the country, 66% of miners reported that their quality of life improved after beginning mining. [26] The communities there have developed in part due to a wave of migrants in other professions like shop owners, drivers, and restaurant owners who are bringing services and businesses to support miners. [26]

Socio-cultural Impacts

The mining industry of Mali has had widespread sociocultural impacts. The development of industrial mining in many cases has led to the expropriation of land from indigenous peoples, sometimes displacing entire communities. [27] At the Sadiola and Morila mines, agricultural lands were fragmented by the mines’ occupation of land, and livestock have been killed and stolen with the increased amount of roads and dangerous mining equipment. [27] Industrial mining has also been a point of concern for human rights and workers’ rights. Mines in Mali have played a role in worsening the HIV/AIDS epidemic with an increase in prostitution occurring at mines, and on-site health facilities have been criticized as lacking. [28]

Artisanal gold mining hotspots have brought many migrants to Mali, and children compose much of the workforce at these sites. Children pursuing artisanal gold mining in Mali has been noted as a particular concern for children's rights. Children are often pulled out of school to work for wages in artisanal mines. [29] While most children are not deep underground in the mines excavating gold, they are often tasked with pulling gold up with ropes and buckets from deep in the mines. [29] Chronic physical pain and exposure to dangerous chemicals are of particular health concern and have been impacting child development. [29]

Environmental degradation has also led to increased contention in extractive regions. Farmers in the areas of gold mining have increasingly been arming themselves out of frustration with destroyed farmlands and declining agricultural activity. [30] Water shortages near the Sadiola gold mine have increased tension between mining companies and community members, leading to protests. [31]

Environmental and Public Health Repercussions

Land Impact at the Yatela Gold Mine Yatela mining 4 big.jpg
Land Impact at the Yatela Gold Mine

Gold mining has broad implications for both the environment and public health. As it relates to artisanal gold mining, miners often use mercury and cyanide to isolate gold from other mineral compounds. [30] Contamination from the use of these chemicals, often through groundwater when recklessly disposed of at mining sites, can have sweeping effects on human and animal populations. [30] Cyanide poisoning at its worst causes death and paralysis, and in less severe cases, causes nausea, headaches, vertigo, cognitive impairment, respiratory issues, and high blood pressure. [30] Mercury exposure can cause a variety of disorders and cognitive impairment. [30] In addition to issues of contamination, artisanal mines require clearing plant life and dredging of rivers. [30] In Mali, this has led to increased soil erosion, the drying up of rivers, and habitat destruction. [30] Additionally, many artisanal mines are not restored after mining finishes, leaving excess chemicals and destruction. [30]

The proliferation of industrial gold mining has contributed to deforestation, chemical contamination, and water shortages. [32] Poisonous dust from industrial mines has been linked to widespread death of animals. [32] Similar to artisanal mining, cyanide and other chemicals used in industrial mining have made their way into freshwater sources, harming both humans and animals and degrading surrounding agricultural fields. [32] Regional water shortages due to industrial mining operations making certain freshwater sources unsafe have also impacted the environment and human communities. [32]

Mining laws in the country are based on the French legal framework. The laws and regulations in force are: Mining Code: Ordinance N° 91 – 065 / P-CTSP of 19 September 1991; Regulations : Decree N° 91 – 277/PM-RM of 19 September 1991; and Decree No. 91-278/PM-RM of 19 September 1991 for u issuing licences. Convention d'Etablissement, Autorisation de Prospection, Permis de Recherche, and Permis d'exploitation are the normative formats used for signing of agreements with foreign companies at different stages starting from exploration to extraction. The mining permit is issued for a maximum period of 30 years. [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Mali</span>

The economy of Mali is based to a large extent upon agriculture, with a mostly rural population engaged in subsistence agriculture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining</span> Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth

Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. The ore must be a rock or mineral that contains valuable constituent, can be extracted or mined and sold for profit. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coltan</span> Tantalum-niobium ore

Coltan is a dull black metallic ore from which the elements niobium and tantalum are extracted. The niobium-dominant mineral in coltan is columbite, and the tantalum-dominant mineral is tantalite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gold mining</span> Process of extracting gold from the ground

Gold mining is the extraction of gold by mining.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</span>

The mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo produces copper, diamonds, tantalum, tin, gold, and more than 63% of global cobalt production. Minerals and petroleum are central to the DRC's economy, making up more than 95% of the value of its exports. The mining industry in the DRC mainly consists of private, large industrial mines, semi-industrial, and artisanal mines. While private sectors take on large operations, they rely heavily on artisanal mining for extraction of resources. These industries along with non-for-profit organizations are continuously changing their guidelines as the DRC becomes more and more desirable for their valuable minerals. Mining in the DRC took place beginning in the 14th century and is still very present today, with mass scale lootings halting many major projects. The main countries involved in the mining operations in the DRC are Canada and China along with 25 other international mines active in the area. While technological companies strive for sustainable production and consumption of their products using cobalt, this is often achieved by the work of artisanal mining in hazardous and unjust working conditions. The process of mining and extraction in any area has negative impacts on the environment and those living in it, however, the DRC has faced many acts of environmental injustice including child labor under fatal conditions, exploitation of laborers, and displacement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining industry of Ghana</span>

The Mining industry of Ghana accounts for 5% of the country's GDP and minerals make up 37% of total exports. Gold contributes over 90% of the total mineral exports. Thus, the main focus of Ghana's mining and minerals development industry remains focused on gold. Ghana is Africa's largest gold producer, producing 80.5 t in 2008. Ghana is also a major producer of bauxite, manganese and diamonds. Ghana has 20 large-scale mining companies producing gold, diamonds, bauxite and manganese; over 300 registered small scale mining groups; and 90 mine support service companies. Other mineral commodities produced in the country are natural gas, petroleum, salt, and silver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining in Ethiopia</span>

Mining is important to the economy of Ethiopia as a diversification from agriculture. Currently, mining comprises only 1% of GDP. Gold, gemstones, and industrial minerals are important commodities for the country's export-oriented growth strategy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining in Afghanistan</span>

Mining in Afghanistan was controlled by the Ministry of Mines and Petroleum, prior to the August 15th takeover by the Taliban. It is headquartered in Kabul with regional offices in other parts of the country. Afghanistan has over 1,400 mineral fields, containing barite, chromite, coal, copper, gold, iron ore, lead, natural gas, petroleum, precious and semi-precious stones, salt, sulfur, lithium, talc, and zinc, among many other minerals. Gemstones include high-quality emeralds, lapis lazuli, red garnet and ruby. According to a joint study by The Pentagon and the United States Geological Survey, Afghanistan has an estimated US$1 trillion of untapped minerals.

The second-largest mineral industry in the world is the mineral industry of Africa, which implies large quantities of resources due to Africa being the second largest continent, with 30.37 million square kilometres of land.With a population of 1.4 billion living there, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies for many African countries and remain keys to economic growth. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first in quantity of world reserves for bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium.

Iamgold Corporation is a Canadian company that owns and operates gold mines in Burkina Faso and Canada. Headquartered in Toronto, the company was incorporated in 1990, and went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange in 1996, with additional shares being listed on the New York Stock Exchange beginning in 2005. The company formerly owned or had stakes in the Sadiola and Yatela gold mines in Mali, the Mupane gold mine in Botswana, the Niobec niobium mine in Quebec, as well as a royalty in the Diavik Diamond Mine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil and mining industry of Niger</span>

The mineral mining industry is a crucial piece of the Economy of Niger. Exports of minerals consistently account for 40% of exports.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada–Mali relations</span> Bilateral relations

Canada–Mali relations are the bilateral relations between the countries of Canada and Mali. Mali has an embassy in Ottawa whilst Canada has an embassy in Bamako.

The Société d'Exploitation des Mines d'Or de Sadiola S.A (SEMOS) project is an open-pit gold mine situated near Sadiola, in the Kayes Region of Mali. The mine was discovered based on the fieldwork of Canadian geologist James C. Snell P. Eng., on behalf of IAMGOLD founder Mark Nathanson. Nathanson took credit for the rich discovery, leaving Snell to fend off an assassination attempt on the streets of London England days after giving his geological report to Nathanson and financiers without payment. After years of seeking justice, Snell committed suicide in east Vancouver Canada. Nathanson became a philanthropist giving a large sum of money to York University in Toronto Canada. Sadiola was jointly owned by AngloGold Ashanti and IAMGOLD, who each had an effective holding of 41%, while the Government of Mali owned the remaining 18%. The International Finance Corporation originally held 6% of the mine put sold this share equally to AGA and IAMGOLD in December 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artisanal mining</span> Independent, small-scale, subsistence mining

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a blanket term for a type of subsistence mining involving a miner who may or may not be officially employed by a mining company but works independently, mining minerals using their own resources, usually by hand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining in Sierra Leone</span>

The mining industry of Sierra Leone accounted for 4.5 percent of the country's GDP in 2007 and minerals made up 79 percent of total export revenue with diamonds accounting for 46 percent of export revenue in 2008. The main minerals mined in Sierra Leone are diamonds, rutile, bauxite, gold, iron and limonite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining industry of Madagascar</span>

The mining industry of Madagascar is mostly on a small scale, centred mainly around remote locations with large mineral deposits. Mining potential is noted in industrial and metallic minerals, energy, precious and semi-precious stones, as well as ornamental stone. The mining sector was neglected by the government for decades prior to the mid-2000s. In 2013, the mining industry, a main source of foreign investment, was struggling due to "low metals prices and distrustful companies", attributed to a 2009 coup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining industry of Uganda</span>

The mining industry of Uganda, documented as early as the 1920s, witnessed a boom in the 1950s with a record 30 percent of the country's exports. It received a further boost when mining revenues increased by 48 percent between 1995 and 1997. However, the World Bank reported that the sector's contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) dropped from 6 percent during the 1970s to below 0.5 percent in 2010. Uganda's extractive industry activities have been identified by the Natural Resource Governance Institute as focused on "extraction of cobalt, gold, copper, iron ore, tungsten, steel, tin and other industrial products such as cement, diamonds, salt and vermiculite". Limestone is sold in local markets whereas gold, tin, and tungsten are major exports.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining industry of Tanzania</span>

Tanzania is a land rich in minerals. Mining makes up more than 50% of the country's total exports, of which a large part comes from gold. The country has gold reserves of 10 million ounces, generating revenue of over a billion USD. Diamonds are also found in significant amounts. Since it was opened in 1940, the Williamson diamond mine has produced 19 million carats (3,800 kg) of diamonds. Gemstones, nickel, copper, uranium, kaolin, titanium, cobalt and platinum are also mined in Tanzania. Illegal mining and corruption are ongoing problems. In 2017, the government passed a series of bills aimed at increasing revenue from minerals after a scandal which caused the dismissal of the Minister for Energy and Minerals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining industry of Liberia</span>

The mining industry of Liberia has witnessed a revival after the civil war which ended in 2003. Gold, diamonds, and iron ore form the core minerals of the mining sector with a new Mineral Development Policy and Mining Code being put in place to attract foreign investments. In 2013, the mineral sector accounted for 11% of GDP in the country and the World Bank projected a further increase in the sector by 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mining industry of Senegal</span> Mining in Senegal

The mining industry of Senegal is mainly centred on the production of phosphates and industrial limestone. Senegal is one of the leading producers of phosphates in the world, accounting for about 6% of exports in 2006, and deposits are of a particularly high quality. In the coastal region of the country, titanium-bearing minerals have been found and the reserve is estimated at 10 million tons. The mineral sector's exports accounts for 20% of total exports of the country and constitutes 20% of the GDP.

References

  1. ↑ Viruet, Yadira Soto-. "2010 Minerals Yearbook: Mali And Niger" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior:U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  2. ↑ "Mining in Mali- Overview". mbendi.com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-23. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  3. ↑ Peires, Norman (7 July 2014). "How Artisan Mining Is Helping Mali". Urban Times. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  4. ↑ "Tarnished Legacy: A Social and Environmental Analysis of Mali's Syama Goldmine" (PDF). Oxfamamerica Organization. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  5. ↑ Peires, Norman (7 July 2014). "How Artisan Mining Is Helping Mali". Urban Times. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Harris, Charlie; McKenna, Christopher (April 2020). "Mansa Musa I of Mali: Gold, Salt, and Storytelling in Medieval West Africa". The Global History of Capitalism.
  7. ↑ Jul-Larsen, Eyolf, et al. "Socio-Economic Effects of Gold Mining in Mali. A Study of the Sadiola and Morila Mining Operations." CMI Report 2006.4 (2006). pp. 6-7.
  8. 1 2 Clark, Andrew F. (1995). "FROM MILITARY DICTATORSHIP TO DEMOCRACY: THE DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS IN MALI". Journal of Third World Studies. 12 (1): 201–222. ISSN   8755-3449.
  9. ↑ Jul-Larsen, Eyolf, et al. "Socio-Economic Effects of Gold Mining in Mali. A Study of the Sadiola and Morila Mining Operations." CMI Report 2006.4 (2006). pp. 7.
  10. 1 2 Jul-Larsen, Eyolf, et al. "Socio-Economic Effects of Gold Mining in Mali. A Study of the Sadiola and Morila Mining Operations." CMI Report 2006.4 (2006). pp. 7.
  11. 1 2 3 Lyle, Robert (2008-04-09). "Russia: Gold Firm Revives Former Soviet Mines". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  12. ↑ Kochetkova, Elena; Damtar, David; Boliachevets, Lilia; Slyusarchuk, Polina; Lajus, Julia (2017-02-21). "Soviet Technological Projects and Technological Aid in Africa and Cuba, 1960s-1980s". National Research University Higher School of Economics. Rochester, NY.
  13. ↑ Raineri, Luca (2020). "Gold Mining in the Sahara-Sahel: The Political Geography of State-making and Unmaking" (PDF). The International Spectator. 55 (4): 106.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Gold Mining and Human Rights in Mali" (PDF). Federation Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme. p. 7. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Mali - Mining". www.trade.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  16. 1 2 Shaw, Christopher; Ousmane, Papa Kanté. "The value of Gold for the Republic of Mali: Policy Analyses and Private Sector Strengthening" (PDF). Nathan-MSI Group. pp. 1–40.
  17. ↑ Jul-Larsen, Eyolf, et al. "Socio-Economic Effects of Gold Mining in Mali. A Study of the Sadiola and Morila Mining Operations." CMI Report 2006.4 (2006). pp. 11.
  18. ↑ Boukaré, Bérénice (2020). "The development impact of "gold rushes" in Mali and Burkina Faso: the multicultural effects of migration on artisanal gold mining sites". Migration in West and North Africa across the Mediterranean. IOM UN Migration: International Organization for Migration. p. 287.
  19. ↑ Jul-Larsen, Eyolf, et al. "Socio-Economic Effects of Gold Mining in Mali. A Study of the Sadiola and Morila Mining Operations." CMI Report 2006.4 (2006). pp. 6-7.
  20. ↑ "Mali: Economy". globaledge.msu.edu. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  21. ↑ Kane, Pape Samba. "The French colonial designs in Mali". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  22. ↑ "maliweb.net - Affaires des lingots d'or provenant du Mali : L'Etat malgache veut s'en approprier !". maliweb.net (in French). 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  23. ↑ Jaskula, Brian W. (2022). Lithium (PDF) (Report). United States Geological Survey.
  24. 1 2 "Gold Mining and Human Rights in Mali" (PDF). Federation Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme. p. 6. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  25. ↑ Boukaré, Bérénice (2020). "The development impact of "gold rushes" in Mali and Burkina Faso: the multicultural effects of migration on artisanal gold mining sites". Migration in West and North Africa across the Mediterranean. IOM UN Migration: International Organization for Migration. p. 290.
  26. 1 2 Boukaré, Bérénice (2020). "The development impact of "gold rushes" in Mali and Burkina Faso: the multicultural effects of migration on artisanal gold mining sites". Migration in West and North Africa across the Mediterranean. IOM UN Migration: International Organization for Migration. p. 294.
  27. 1 2 Jul-Larsen, Eyolf, et al. "Socio-Economic Effects of Gold Mining in Mali. A Study of the Sadiola and Morila Mining Operations." CMI Report 2006.4 (2006). pp. 29.
  28. ↑ "Gold Mining and Human Rights in Mali" (PDF). Federation Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme. p. 4. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  29. 1 2 3 "Children Mining Gold In Mali". Youtube.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Going for gold in western Mali threatens human security". ISS Africa. 2021-07-08. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  31. ↑ Jul-Larsen, Eyolf, et al. "Socio-Economic Effects of Gold Mining in Mali. A Study of the Sadiola and Morila Mining Operations." CMI Report 2006.4 (2006). pp. 31.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Jul-Larsen, Eyolf, et al. "Socio-Economic Effects of Gold Mining in Mali. A Study of the Sadiola and Morila Mining Operations." CMI Report 2006.4 (2006). pp. 32.
  33. ↑ "Mining in Mali- Overview". mbendi.com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-23. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.