Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters

Last updated February 23, 2024

Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters is a system of transliterating the Standard Chinese pinyin readings of Chinese characters using the traditional Mongolian script that is used in Inner Mongolia, China.^[1]

Vowel	a					e						o
Final	a	ai	ao	an	ang	e	ei	er	en	eng	o	ou	ong
Initial	a 阿 ᠠa	ai 哀 ᠠᠢai	ao 熬 ᠣᠣoo	an 安 ᠠᠨan	ang 肮 ᠠᠩang	e 額 ᠧew	ei 欸 ᠧᠢewi	er 儿 ᠡᠯel	en 恩 ᠧᠨewn	eng 鞥 ᠧᠩewng	o 喔 ᠣᠢᠸᠧöww	ou 欧 ᠡᠸᠤewu	ong ᠥᠩöng
ᠪ b	ba 巴 ᠪᠠ᠋ba	bai 拜 ᠪᠠᠢbai	bao 包 ᠪᠣᠣboo	ban 班 ᠪᠠᠨban	bang 邦 ᠪᠠᠩbang		bei 杯 ᠪᠧᠢbwi		ben 奔 ᠪᠧᠨbwn	beng 崩 ᠪᠧᠩbwng	bo 玻 ᠪᠣᠢᠸᠧböww
ᠫ p	pa 怕 ᠫᠠ᠋pa	pai 拍 ᠫᠠᠢpai	pao 抛 ᠫᠣᠣpoo	pan 潘 ᠫᠠᠨpan	pang 旁 ᠫᠠᠩpang		pei 胚 ᠫᠧᠢpwi		pen 噴 ᠫᠧᠨpwn	peng 烹 ᠫᠧᠩpwng	po 潑 ᠫᠣᠢᠸᠧpöww	pou 剖 ᠫᠸᠤpwu
ᠮ m	ma 媽 ᠮᠠma	mai 埋 ᠮᠠᠢmai	mao 猫 ᠮᠣᠣmoo	man 曼 ᠮᠠᠨman	mang 忙 ᠮᠠᠩmang		mei 眉 ᠮᠧᠢmwi		men 悶 ᠮᠧᠨmwn	meng 蒙 ᠮᠧᠩmwng	mo 墨 ᠮᠣᠢᠸᠧmöww	mou 謀 ᠮᠸᠤmwu
ᠹ f	fa 发 ᠹᠠ᠋fa			fan 番 ᠹᠠᠨfan	fang 方 ᠹᠠᠩfang		fei 非 ᠹᠧᠢfwi		fen 分 ᠹᠧᠨfwn	feng 風 ᠹᠧᠩfwng	fo 佛 ᠹᠣᠢᠸᠧföww	fou 否 ᠹᠸᠤfwu
ᠳ d	da 大 ᠳ᠋ᠠda	dai 呆 ᠳ᠋ᠠᠢdai	dao 刀 ᠳ᠋ᠣᠣdoo	dan 单 ᠳ᠋ᠠᠨdan	dang 当 ᠳ᠋ᠠᠩdang	de 德 ᠳ᠋ᠸdw	dei 得 ᠳ᠋ᠸᠢdwi		den 扽 ᠳ᠋ᠸᠨdwn	deng 登 ᠳ᠋ᠸᠩdwng		dou 斗 ᠳ᠋ᠸᠤdwu	dong 東 ᠳ᠋ᠥᠩdöng
ᠲ t	ta 他 ᠲᠠta	tai 胎 ᠲᠠᠢtai	tao 滔 ᠲᠣᠣtoo	tan 灘 ᠲᠠᠨtan	tang 湯 ᠲᠠᠩtang	te 特 ᠲᠸtw				teng 騰 ᠲᠸᠩtwng		tou 偷 ᠲᠸᠤtwu	tong 通 ᠲᠥᠩtöng
ᠨ n	na 那 ᠨᠠna	nai 乃 ᠨᠠᠢnai	nao 閙 ᠨᠣᠣnoo	nan 男 ᠨᠠᠨnan	nang 嚢 ᠨᠠᠩnang	ne 納 ᠨᠸnw	nei 内 ᠨᠸᠢnwi		nen 恁 ᠨᠸᠨnwn	neng 能 ᠨᠸᠩnwng		nou 耨 ᠨᠸᠤnwu	nong 農 ᠨᠥᠩnöng
ᠯ l	la 拉 ᠯᠠla	lai 頼 ᠯᠠᠢlai	lao 撈 ᠯᠣᠣloo	lan 蘭 ᠯᠠᠨlan	lang 郎 ᠯᠠᠩlang	le 勒 ᠯᠸlw	lei 類 ᠯᠸᠢlwi			leng 冷 ᠯᠸᠩlwng		lou 楼 ᠯᠸᠤlwu	long 龙 ᠯᠥᠩlöng
ᠭ ᠺ g	ga 嗄 ᠭᠠγa	gai 該 ᠭᠠᠢγai	gao 高 ᠭᠣᠣγoo	gan 干 ᠭᠠᠨγan	gang 剛 ᠭᠠᠩγang	ge 哥 ᠺᠸgw	gei 給 ᠺᠸᠢgwi		gen 根 ᠺᠸᠨgwn	geng 庚 ᠺᠸᠩgwng		gou 勾 ᠺᠸᠤgwu	gong 工 ᠺᠥᠩgöng
ᠻ k	ka 咖 ᠻᠠ᠋ka	kai 開 ᠻᠠᠢkai	kao 考 ᠻᠣᠣkoo	kan 刊 ᠻᠠᠨkan	kang 康 ᠻᠠᠩkang	ke 科 ᠻᠸkw			ken 肯 ᠻᠸᠨkwn	keng 坑 ᠻᠸᠩkwng		kou 摳 ᠻᠸᠤkwu	kong 空 ᠻᠥᠩköng
ᠬ ᠾ h	ha 哈 ᠬᠠqa	hai 孩 ᠬᠠᠢqai	hao 蒿 ᠬᠣᠣqoo	han 鼾 ᠬᠠᠨqan	hang 航 ᠬᠠᠩqang	he 喝 ᠾᠸhw	hei 黑 ᠾᠸᠢhwi		hen 痕 ᠾᠸᠨhwn	heng 亨 ᠾᠸᠩhwng		hou 喉 ᠾᠸᠤhwu	hong 烘 ᠾᠣᠩhong
ᡁᠢ zh	zha 渣 ᠵᠠja	zhai 斋 ᠵᠠᠢjai	zhao 招 ᠵᠣᠣjoo	zhan 毡 ᠵᠠᠨjan	zhang 張 ᠵᠠᠩjang	zhe 遮 ᠵᠸjw	zhei 这 ᠵᠸᠢjwi		zhen 真 ᠵᠧᠨjwn	zheng 争 ᠵᠧᠩjwng		zhou 周 ᠵᠸᠤjwu	zhong 中 ᠵᠥᠩjöng
ᡂᠢ ch	cha 插 ᠴᠠča	chai 柴 ᠴᠠᠢčai	chao 超 ᠴᠣᠣčoo	chan 搀 ᠴᠠᠨčan	chang 昌 ᠴᠠᠩčang	che 車 ᠴᠸčw			chen 塵 ᠴᠧᠨčwn	cheng 撑 ᠴᠧᠩčwng		chou 抽 ᠴᠸᠤčwu	chong 充 ᠵᠥᠩčöng
ᠱᠢsh	sha 沙 ᠱᠠša	shai 篩 ᠱᠠᠢšai	shao 烧 ᠱᠣᠣšoo	shan 山 ᠱᠠᠨšan	shang 商 ᠱᠠᠩšang	she 賒 ᠱᠧšw	shei 誰 ᠱᠧᠢšwi		shen 申 ᠱᠧᠨšwn	sheng 生 ᠱᠧᠩšwng		shou 収 ᠱᠸᠤšwu
ᠿ ř			rao 繞 ᠿᠣᠣřoo	ran 然 ᠿᠠᠨřan	rang 嚷 ᠿᠠᠩřang	re 熱 ᠿᠧřw			ren 人 ᠿᠧᠨřwn	reng 扔 ᠿᠧᠩřwng		rou 肉 ᠿᠸᠤřwu	rong 容 ᠿᠥᠩřöng
ᠽz	za 匝 ᠽᠠza	zai 災 ᠽᠢzai	zao 糟 ᠽᠣᠣzoo	zan 簪 ᠽᠠᠨzan	zang 臟 ᠽᠠᠩzang	ze 則 ᠽᠧzw	zei 賊 ᠽᠧᠢzwi		zen 怎 ᠽᠧᠨzwn	zeng 增 ᠽᠧᠩzwng		zou 鄒 ᠽᠸᠤzwu	zong 宗 ᠽᠥᠩzöng
ᠼc	ca 擦 ᠼᠠca	cai 才 ᠼᠢcai	cao 操 ᠼᠣᠣcoo	can 餐 ᠼᠠᠨcan	cang 倉 ᠼᠠᠩcang	ce 策 ᠼᠧcw			cen 岑 ᠼᠧᠨcwn	ceng 層 ᠼᠸᠩcwng		cou 湊 ᠼᠸᠤcwu	cong 聪 ᠼᠥᠩcöng
ᠰs	sa 撒 ᠰᠠsa	sai 腮 ᠰᠢsai	sao 骚 ᠰᠣᠣsoo	san 三 ᠰᠠᠨsan	sang 桑 ᠰᠠᠩsang	se 色 ᠰᠧsw			sen 森 ᠰᠧᠨswn	seng 僧 ᠰᠸᠩswng		sou 捜 ᠰᠸᠤswu	song 松 ᠰᠥᠩsöng

Vowel	i
Final	i	ia	iao	ie	iu	ian	in	iang	ing	iong
Initial	yi 衣 ᠢ᠂ᠶᠢi, yi	ya 呀 ᠶᠠya	yao 腰 ᠶᠣᠣyoo	ye 耶 ᠶᠸyw	you 尤 ᠢᠤ᠂ᠶᠸᠤiu, ywu	yan 烟 ᠶᠠᠨyan	yin 因 ᠢᠨ᠂ᠶᠢᠨin, yin	yang 央 ᠶᠠᠩyang	ying 英 ᠢᠩ᠂ᠶᠢᠩing, ying	yong 雍 ᠶᠥᠩyöng
ᠪ b	bi 逼 ᠪᠢbi		biao 標 ᠪᠢᠶᠣᠣbiyuu	bie 別 ᠪᠢᠶᠸbiyw		bian 边 ᠪᠢᠶᠠᠨbiyan	bin 賓 ᠪᠢᠨbin		bing 兵 ᠪᠢᠩbing
ᠫ p	pi 批 ᠫᠢpi		piao 飄 ᠫᠢᠶᠣᠣpiyuu	pie 撇 ᠫᠢᠶᠸpiyw		pian 偏 ᠫᠢᠶᠠᠨpiyan	pin 拼 ᠫᠢᠨpin		ping 平 ᠫᠢᠩping
ᠮ m	mi 咪 ᠮᠢmi		miao 苗 ᠮᠢᠶᠣᠣmiyuu	mie 滅 ᠮᠢᠶᠸmiyw	miu 謬 ᠮᠢᠤmiu	mian 面 ᠮᠢᠶᠠᠨmiyan	min 民 ᠮᠢᠨmin		ming 明 ᠮᠢᠩming
ᠳ d	di 抵 ᠳ᠋ᠢdi		diao 雕 ᠳ᠋ᠢᠶᠣᠣdiyuu	die 爹 ᠳ᠋ᠢᠶᠸdiyw	diu 丟 ᠳ᠋ᠢᠤdiu	dian 顛 ᠳ᠋ᠢᠶᠠᠨdiyan			ding 丁 ᠳ᠋ᠢᠩding
ᠲ t	ti 梯 ᠲᠢti		tiao 挑 ᠲᠢᠶᠣᠣtiyuu	tie 貼 ᠲᠢᠶᠸtiyw		tian 天 ᠲᠢᠶᠠᠨtiyan			ting 听 ᠲᠢᠩting
ᠨ n	ni 尼 ᠨᠢni		niao 鳥 ᠨᠢᠶᠣᠣniyuu	nie 捏 ᠨᠢᠶᠸniyw	niu 牛 ᠨᠢᠤniu	nian 年 ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨniyan	nin 您 ᠨᠢᠨnin	niang 娘 ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠩniyang	ning 寧 ᠨᠢᠩning
ᠯ l	li 哩 ᠯᠢni	lia 倆 ᠯᠢᠶᠠliya	liao 撩 ᠯᠢᠶᠣᠣniyuu	lie 列 ᠯᠢᠶᠸniyw	liu 溜 ᠯᠢᠤniu	lian 連 ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠨniyan	lin 林 ᠯᠢᠨnin	liang 良 ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠩniyang	ling 令 ᠯᠢᠩning
ᠵ j	ji 基 ᠵᠢ᠂ᠵᠢᠢji, jii	jia 家 ᠵᠢᠶᠠjiya	jiao 交 ᠵᠢᠶᠣᠣjiyuu	jie 街 ᠵᠢᠶᠸjiyw	jiu 鳩 ᠵᠢᠤjiu	jian 兼 ᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨjiyan	jin 今 ᠵᠢᠨjin	jiang 江 ᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩjiyang	jing 京 ᠵᠢᠩjing	jiong 迥 ᠵᠢᠶᠥᠩjiyüng
ᠴ q	qi 欺 ᠴᠢči	qia 恰 ᠴᠢᠶᠠčiya	qiao 敲 ᠴᠢᠶᠣᠣčiyuu	qie 切 ᠴᠢᠶᠸčiyw	qiu 秋 ᠴᠢᠤčiu	qian 牽 ᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨčiyan	qin 親 ᠴᠢᠨčin	qiang 腔 ᠴᠢᠶᠠᠩčiyang	qing 青 ᠴᠢᠩčing	qiong 窮 ᠴᠢᠶᠥᠩčiyüng
ᠱ x	xi 希 ᠰᠢsi	xia 虾 ᠰᠢᠶᠠsiya	xiao 消 ᠰᠢᠶᠣᠣsiyuu	xie 歇 ᠰᠢᠶᠸsiyw	xiu 休 ᠰᠢᠤsiu	xian 先 ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨsiyan	xin 欣 ᠰᠢᠨsin	xiang 香 ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩsiyang	xing 星 ᠰᠢᠩsing	xiong 凶 ᠰᠢᠶᠥᠩsiyüng
ᡁᠢ zh	zhi 知 ᡁᠢzhi
ᡂᠢ ch	chi 蚩 ᡂᠢchi
ᠱᠢsh	shi 詩 ᠱᠢshi
ᠿ ř	ri 日 ᠿᠢři
ᠽz	zi 資 ᠽᠢzi
ᠼc	ci 雌 ᠼᠢci
ᠰs	si 思 ᠰᠸsw

Vowel	u									ü
Final	u	ua	uo	uai	ui	uan	un	uang	ueng	ü	üe	üan	ün
Initial	wu 烏 ᠡᠤeu	wa 哇 ᠸᠠwa	wo 窩 ᠸᠸww	wai 歪 ᠸᠠᠢwai	wei 威 ᠸᠸᠢwwi	wan 湾 ᠸᠠᠨwan	wen 温 ᠸᠸᠨwwn	wang 汪 ᠸᠠᠩwang	weng 翁 ᠸᠸᠩwwng	yu 迂 ᠢᠤᠢiui	yue 月 ᠶᠥᠸᠡᠢyüwei	yuan 冤 ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨyuwan	yun 暈 ᠶᠦᠨyün
ᠪ b	bu 不 ᠪᠤbo
ᠫ p	pu 扑 ᠫᠤpo
ᠮ m	mu 木 ᠮᠥmo
ᠹ f	fu 夫 ᠹᠣfo
ᠳ d	du 都 ᠳ᠋ᠥdo		duo 多 ᠳ᠋ᠥᠸᠸdöww		dui 堆 ᠳ᠋ᠥᠢdöi	duan 端 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠸᠠᠨduwan	dun 敦 ᠳ᠋ᠥᠨdön
ᠲ t	tu 禿 ᠲᠥto		tuo 拖 ᠲᠥᠸᠸtöww		tui 推 ᠲᠥᠢtöi	tuan 团 ᠲᠤᠸᠠᠨtuwan	tun 呑 ᠲᠥᠨtön
ᠨ n	nu 奴 ᠨᠥno		nuo 糯 ᠨᠥᠸᠸnöww			nuan 暖 ᠨᠤᠸᠠᠨnuwan	nun 嫩 ᠨᠥᠨnön			nü 女 ᠨᠢᠤᠢniui	nüe 虐 ᠨᠢᠤᠸᠸᠢniuwwi
ᠯ l	lu 炉 ᠯᠥlo		luo 羅 ᠯᠥᠸᠸlöww			luan 乱 ᠯᠤᠸᠠᠨluwan	lun 掄 ᠯᠥᠨlön			lü 呂 ᠯᠢᠤᠢliui	lüe 略 ᠯᠢᠤᠸᠸᠢliuwwi
ᠭ ᠺ g	gu 姑 ᠺᠣgo	gua 瓜 ᠭᠤᠸᠠγuwa	guo 鍋 ᠺᠥᠸᠸgöww	guai 乖 ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠢγuwai	gui 規 ᠺᠥᠢgüi	guan 官 ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠨγuwan	gun 袞 ᠺᠥᠨgön	guang 光 ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩγuwang
ᠻ k	ku 枯 ᠻᠣko	kua 夸 ᠻᠤᠸᠠkuwa	kuo 闊 ᠻᠥᠸᠸköww	kuai 快 ᠻᠤᠸᠠᠢkuwai	kui 虧 ᠻᠥᠢküi	kuan 貫 ᠻᠤᠸᠠᠨkuwan	kun 昆 ᠻᠥᠨkön	kuang 匡 ᠻᠤᠸᠠᠩkuwang
ᠬ ᠾ h	hu 呼 ᠬᠣqo	hua 花 ᠬᠤᠸᠠquwa	huo 貨 ᠾᠥᠸᠸhöww	huai 坏 ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠢquwai	hui 灰 ᠾᠥᠢhüi	huan 欢 ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠨquwan	hun 昏 ᠾᠥᠨhön	huang 荒 ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠩquwang
ᠵ j										ju 居 ᠵᠢᠤᠢjiui	jue 決 ᠵᠢᠤᠸᠸᠢjiuwwi	juan 捐 ᠵᠢᠤᠠᠨjiuen	jun 軍 ᠵᠢᠶᠦᠨjiyün
ᠴ q										qu 区 ᠴᠢᠤᠢciui	que 欠 ᠴᠢᠤᠸᠸᠢciuwwi	quan 圏 ᠴᠢᠤᠠᠨciuen	qun 群 ᠴᠢᠶᠦᠨciyün
ᠱ x										xu 虚 ᠰᠢᠤᠢsiui	xue 靴 ᠰᠢᠤᠸᠸᠢsiuwwi	xuan 宣 ᠰᠢᠤᠠᠨsiuen	xun 勛 ᠰᠢᠶᠦᠨsiyün
ᡁᠢzh	zhu 猪 ᠵᠤju	zhua 抓 ᠵᠤᠸᠠjuwa	zhuo 桌 ᠵᠥᠸᠸjöww	zhuai 拽 ᠵᠤᠸᠠᠢjuwai	zhui 追 ᠵᠥᠢjüi	zhuan 专 ᠵᠤᠸᠠᠨjuwan	zhun 准 ᠵᠦᠨjön	zhuang 庄 ᠵᠣᠸᠠᠩjuwang
ᡂᠢch	chu 初 ᠴᠤču	chua 欻 ᠴᠤᠸᠠčuwa	chuo 戳 ᠴᠥᠸᠸčöww	chuai 揣 ᠴᠤᠸᠠᠢčuwai	chui 吹 ᠴᠥᠢčüi	chuan 川 ᠴᠤᠸᠠᠨčuwan	chun 春 ᠴᠦᠨčön	chuang 窓 ᠴᠣᠸᠠᠩčuwang
ᠱᠢsh	shu 書 ᠱᠤšu	shua 刷 ᠱᠤᠸᠠšuwa	shuo 说 ᠱᠥᠸᠸšöww	shuai 衰 ᠱᠤᠸᠠᠢšuwai	shui 水 ᠱᠥᠢšüi	shuan 閂 ᠱᠤᠸᠠᠨšuwan	shun 順 ᠱᠦᠨšön	shuang 双 ᠱᠣᠸᠠᠩšuwang
ᠿ ř	ru 如 ᠿᠤřu		ruo 弱 ᠿᠥᠸᠸřöww		rui 锐 ᠿᠥᠢřüi	ruan 軟 ᠿᠤᠸᠠᠨřuwan	run 潤 ᠿᠦᠨřön
ᠽz	zu 租 ᠽᠤzu		zuo 座 ᠽᠥᠸᠸzöww		zui 最 ᠽᠥᠢzüi	zuan 鑽 ᠽᠤᠸᠠᠨzuwan	zun 尊 ᠽᠦᠨzön
ᠼc	cu 粗 ᠼᠤcu		cuo 搓 ᠼᠥᠸᠸcöww		cui 崔 ᠼᠥᠢcüi	cuan 窜 ᠼᠤᠸᠠᠨcuwan	cun 村 ᠼᠦᠨcön
ᠰs	su 蘇 ᠰᠤsu		suo 梭 ᠰᠥᠸᠸsöww		sui 雖 ᠰᠥᠢsüi	suan 酸 ᠰᠤᠸᠠᠨsuwan	sun 孫 ᠰᠦᠨsön

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongolian writing systems</span> Writing systems devised for the Mongolian language

Various Mongolian writing systems have been devised for the Mongolian language over the centuries, and from a variety of scripts. The oldest and native script, called simply the Mongolian script, has been the predominant script during most of Mongolian history, and is still in active use today in the Inner Mongolia region of China and has de facto use in Mongolia.

Postal romanization was a system of transliterating Chinese place names developed by postal authorities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For many cities, the corresponding postal romanization was the most common English-language form of the city's name from the 1890s until the 1980s, when postal romanization was replaced by pinyin, but the system remained in place on Taiwan until 2002.

The Phagspa script or ʼPhags-pa script is an alphabet designed by the Tibetan monk and State Preceptor Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the Ming dynasty.

The Manchu alphabet is the alphabet used to write the now critically endangered Manchu language. A similar script called Xibe script is used today by the Xibe people, whose language is considered either a dialect of Manchu or a closely related, mutually intelligible language. It is written vertically from top to bottom, with columns proceeding from left to right.

The yuan is the base unit of a number of former and present-day currencies in Chinese.

Yuan may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transcription into Chinese characters</span>

Transcription into Chinese characters is the use of traditional or simplified Chinese characters to phonetically transcribe the sound of terms and names of foreign words to the Chinese language. Transcription is distinct from translation into Chinese whereby the meaning of a foreign word is communicated in Chinese. Since, in mainland China and often in Taiwan, Hanyu Pinyin is now used to transcribe Chinese into a modified Latin alphabet and since English classes are now standard in most secondary schools, it is increasingly common to see foreign names and terms left in their original form in Chinese texts. However, for mass media and marketing within China and for non-European languages, particularly those of the Chinese minorities, transcription into characters remains very common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongolian script</span> Writing system used for the Mongolian language

The traditional Mongolian script, also known as the Hudum Mongol bichig, was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most widespread until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. It is traditionally written in vertical lines Top-Down, right across the page. Derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet, it is a true alphabet, with separate letters for consonants and vowels. It has been adapted for such languages as Oirat and Manchu. Alphabets based on this classical vertical script continue to be used in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia to write Mongolian, Xibe and, experimentally, Evenki.

The Mongolian Latin script was officially adopted in Mongolia in 1931. In 1939, a second version of the Latin alphabet was introduced but not widely used, and was replaced by the Cyrillic script in 1941.

The xiqin was a bowed string musical instrument. It is perhaps the original member of the huqin family of Chinese and Mongolian bowed string instruments; thus, the erhu and morin khuur and all similar fiddle instruments may be said to be derived from the xiqin. The xiqin had two silk strings and was held vertically.

The History of Yuan, also known as the Yuanshi, is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the Twenty-Four Histories of China. Commissioned by the court of the Ming dynasty, in accordance to political tradition, the text was composed in 1370 by the official Bureau of History of the Ming dynasty, under direction of Song Lian (1310–1381).

The Galik script is an extension to the traditional Mongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh, inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. He added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names.

Chagan Lake is a lake in Jilin, China. The name "Chagan" is from Mongolian, meaning white / pure lake. It is often referred to as the Sacred Lake or Holy Water Lake by local people. The lake is known for its traditional winter fishing, featuring a technique which dates back to prehistoric times.

The former State Administration of Surveying and Mapping, Geographical Names Committee and former Script Reform Committee of the People's Republic of China have adopted several romanizations for Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan and Uyghur, officially known as pinyin, Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages and Orthography of Chinese Personal Name in Hanyu Pinyin Letters. These systems may be referred to as SASM/GNC/SRC transcriptions or SASM/GNC romanizations.

The Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet is the writing system used for the standard dialect of the Mongolian language in the modern state of Mongolia. It has a largely phonemic orthography, meaning that there is a fair degree of consistency in the representation of individual sounds. Cyrillic has not been adopted as the writing system in the Inner Mongolia region of China, which continues to use the traditional Mongolian script.

The Mar Qu, Ulan Moron or Tuotuo River is a 336 km (209 mi) long river, located in Qinghai province in the People's Republic of China. Although the Dangqu is the geographic source of the Yangtze River, the Ulan Moron has been traditionally regarded as the main river. With its location in Inner Asia, it therefore belongs to the East China Sea watershed basin.

Na is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.

Wa is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.

References

↑ Wang Haiqing (王海清); Hashimoto Masaru (橋本勝) (1992). 蒙日辞典[Mongolian-Japanese Dictionary]. Takara. ISBN 978-4924888012.

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[1] Wang Haiqing (王海清); Hashimoto Masaru (橋本勝) (1992). 蒙日辞典[Mongolian-Japanese Dictionary]. Takara. ISBN 978-4924888012.

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