Mound Bayou, Mississippi | |
---|---|
Nickname: Jewel of the Delta | |
Coordinates: 33°52′50″N90°43′41″W / 33.88056°N 90.72806°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Mississippi |
County | Bolivar |
Founded | July 12, 1887 |
Incorporated -City status | February 23, 1898 May 12, 1972 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Leighton Aldridge |
Area | |
• Total | 0.88 sq mi (2.27 km2) |
• Land | 0.88 sq mi (2.27 km2) |
• Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
Elevation | 144 ft (44 m) |
Population (2020) | |
• Total | 1,534 |
• Density | 1,749.14/sq mi (675.62/km2) |
Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
ZIP code | 38762 |
Area code | 662 |
FIPS code | 28-49320 |
GNIS feature ID | 0673895 |
Website | www |
Mound Bayou is a city in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,533 at the 2010 census, [2] down from 2,102 in 2000. It was founded as an independent black community in 1887 by former slaves led by Isaiah Montgomery. [3] [4] Mound Bayou Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [5]
Mound Bayou has a 96.8% African-American majority population in 2020, one of the largest of any community in the United States. The current mayor of Mound Bayou is Leighton Aldridge.
Mound Bayou traces its origin to freed African Americans from the community of Davis Bend, Mississippi. Davis Bend was started in the 1820s by planter Joseph E. Davis (elder brother of former Confederate president Jefferson Davis), who intended to create a model slave community on his plantation. Davis was influenced by the utopian ideas of Robert Owen. He encouraged self-leadership in the slave community, provided a higher standard of nutrition and health and dental care, and allowed slaves to become merchants. In the aftermath of the Civil War, Davis Bend became an autonomous free community when Davis sold his property to former slave Benjamin Montgomery, who had run a store and been a prominent leader at Davis Bend. The prolonged agricultural depression, falling cotton prices, flooding by the Mississippi River, and white hostility in the region contributed to the economic failure of Davis Bend.
Isaiah T. Montgomery led the founding of Mound Bayou in 1887 in northwest Mississippi. The bottomlands of the Delta were a relatively undeveloped frontier, and freedmen had a chance to make money by clearing land and using the profits to buy lands in such frontier areas. In 1892, the Mound Bayou Normal Institute, a black school was founded by the American Missionary Association. [6]
African Americans throughout the United States celebrated the Mound Bayou example. In 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered his train to make a special stop in the town. From the platform, he proclaimed that he was witnessing “an object lesson full of hope for the colored people and therefore full of hope for the white people, too.” Four years later, Washington, in a speech to a crowd of thousands, hailed Mound Bayou as a “place where a Negro may get inspiration by seeing what other members of his race have accomplished...[and] where he has an opportunity to learn some of the fundamental duties and responsibilities of social and civic life.” [7]
By 1900 two-thirds of the owners of land in the bottomlands were black farmers. With the loss of political power due to state disenfranchisement, high debt and continuing agricultural problems, most of them lost their land and by 1920 were landless sharecroppers. As cotton prices fell, the town suffered a severe economic decline in the 1920s and 1930s.
Shortly after a fire destroyed much of the business district, Mound Bayou began to revive in 1942 after the opening of the Taborian Hospital by the International Order of Twelve Knights and Daughters of Tabor, a fraternal organization. For more than two decades, under its Chief Grand Mentor Perry M. Smith, the hospital provided low-cost health care to thousands of black people in the Mississippi Delta. The chief surgeon was T.R.M. Howard, who eventually became one of the wealthiest black men in the state. Howard owned a plantation of more than 1,000 acres (4.0 km2), a home-construction firm, and a small zoo, and he built the first swimming pool for black people in Mississippi.
In 1952, Medgar Evers moved to Mound Bayou to sell insurance for Howard's Magnolia Mutual Life Insurance Company. Howard introduced Evers to civil rights activism through the Regional Council of Negro Leadership which organized a boycott against service stations that refused to provide restrooms for black people. The RCNL's annual rallies in Mound Bayou between 1952 and 1955 drew crowds of ten thousand or more. During the trial of Emmett Till's killers, black reporters and witnesses stayed in Howard's Mound Bayou home, and Howard gave them an armed escort to the courthouse in Sumner.
Author Michael Premo wrote:
Mound Bayou was an oasis in turbulent times. While the rest of Mississippi was violently segregated, inside the city there were no racial codes ... At a time when blacks faced repercussions as severe as death for registering to vote, Mound Bayou residents were casting ballots in every election. The city has a proud history of credit unions, insurance companies, a hospital, five newspapers, and a variety of businesses owned, operated, and patronized by black residents. Mound Bayou is a crowning achievement in the struggle for self-determination and economic empowerment. [8]
U.S. Routes 61 and 278 bypass Mound Bayou to the west and lead south 9 miles (14 km) to Cleveland, the largest city in Bolivar County, and north 27 miles (43 km) to Clarksdale.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Mound Bayou has a total area of 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), all land.
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1900 | 287 | — | |
1910 | 537 | 87.1% | |
1920 | 803 | 49.5% | |
1930 | 834 | 3.9% | |
1940 | 806 | −3.4% | |
1950 | 1,328 | 64.8% | |
1960 | 1,354 | 2.0% | |
1970 | 2,134 | 57.6% | |
1980 | 2,917 | 36.7% | |
1990 | 2,222 | −23.8% | |
2000 | 2,102 | −5.4% | |
2010 | 1,533 | −27.1% | |
2020 | 1,534 | 0.1% | |
U.S. Decennial Census [9] |
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 [10] | Pop 2010 [11] | Pop 2020 [12] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH) | 17 | 14 | 7 | 0.81% | 0.91% | 0.46% |
Black or African American alone (NH) | 2,061 | 1,503 | 1,485 | 98.05% | 98.04% | 96.81% |
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.05% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Asian alone (NH) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0.24% | 0.07% | 0.00% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Some Other Race alone (NH) | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0.05% | 0.00% | 0.33% |
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 9 | 1 | 26 | 0.43% | 0.07% | 1.69% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 8 | 14 | 11 | 0.38% | 0.91% | 0.72% |
Total | 2,102 | 1,533 | 1,534 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 1,534 people, 641 households, and 376 families residing in the city.
As of the 2010 United States Census, [13] there were 1,533 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 98.0% Black, 0.9% White, 0.1% Asian and 0.1% from two or more races. 0.9% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
As of the census [14] of 2000, there were 2,102 people, 687 households, and 504 families living in the city. The population density was 2,395.1 inhabitants per square mile (924.8/km2). There were 723 housing units at an average density of 823.8 per square mile (318.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.43% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.81% White, 0.05% from other races, and 0.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.38% of the population.
There were 687 households, out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.7% were married couples living together, 43.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.66.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 67.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $17,972, and the median income for a family was $19,770. Males had a median income of $21,700 versus $18,988 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,227. About 41.9% of families and 45.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 58.5% of those under age 18 and 34.5% of those age 65 or over.
The city of Mound Bayou is served by the North Bolivar Consolidated School District, [15] which operates I.T. Montgomery Elementary School in Mound Bayou and Northside High School in Shelby. The elementary school is named after Mound Bayou cofounder Isaiah T. Montgomery. [16]
From its earliest years, Mound Bayou has struggled with inadequate educational infrastructure. According to a 1915 report in the Cincinnati Labor Advocate , Mound Bayou's school was attended by more than 300 students who were forced to make use of equipment held to be "inadequate for 50 pupils". [17] Teachers at the school were "poorly paid" and the school year limited to only five months. [17]
St. Gabriel Mission School in Mound Bayou was of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jackson (formerly Roman Catholic Diocese of Natchez and Roman Catholic Diocese of Jackson-Natchez). It opened as a K-8 school on September 7, 1954. The high school opened in 1958. In 1961 the high school closed. Its non-preschool grades ended in 1994 when it was converted into a preschool. The preschool closed in 2001. [18]
On July 1, 2014, the North Bolivar School District consolidated with the Mound Bayou Public School District to form the North Bolivar Consolidated School District. [19] John F. Kennedy Memorial High School in Mound Bayou, formerly the secondary school of the Mound Bayou district, closed in 2018. [20]
Bolivar County residents have residency for two community colleges: Coahoma Community College and Mississippi Delta Community College. [21] [22] Their main campuses respectively are in unincorporated Coahoma County and Moorhead in Sunflower County.
The last hospital in town closed in 1983. [23]
A branch of Delta Health Center is located in Mound Bayou. [24] Founded in Mound Bayou in 1967, Delta Health Center was the first rural community health center in the United States. [25]
Ed Townsend wrote the Marvin Gaye hit song "Let's Get It On" in Mound Bayou. [26]
Sunflower County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,971. Its largest city and county seat is Indianola.
Issaquena County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 Census, its population was 1,338, making it the least populous county in the United States east of the Mississippi River. Its county seat is Mayersville. With a per-capita income of $24,489, Issaquena County is, by that measure, the third-poorest county in the United States and the lowest without a prison depleting the numbers.
Coahoma County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,390. Its county seat is Clarksdale.
Bolivar County is a county located on the western border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,985. Its county seats are Rosedale and Cleveland. The county is named in honor of Simón Bolívar, early 19th-century leader of the liberation of several South American territories from Spain.
Beulah is a town in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 242.
Duncan is a town in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 276.
Shelby is a city in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 2,229 at the 2010 census, down from 2,926 in 2000. The town of Shelby was established in 1853 by Tom Shelby, who had purchased a block of land there from the federal government.
Winstonville is a town in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 153.
Clarksdale is a city in and the county seat of Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. It is located along the Sunflower River. Clarksdale is named after John Clark, a settler who founded the city in the mid-19th century when he established a timber mill and business. Clarksdale is in the Mississippi Delta region and is an agricultural and trading center. Many African-American musicians developed the blues here, and took this original American music with them to Chicago and other northern cities during the Great Migration.
Coahoma is a town in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 229.
Glendora is a village in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. The population was 285 at the 2000 census.
Alligator is a town in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 Census, the population was 116.
Cleveland is a city in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 11,199 as of the 2020 United States Census.
Jonestown is a town in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 962.
Isaiah Thornton Montgomery was the founder of Mound Bayou, Mississippi, an all-black community. A Republican, he was a delegate to the 1890 Mississippi Constitutional Convention and served as mayor of Mound Bayou.
The Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL) was a society in Mississippi founded by T. R. M. Howard in 1951 to promote a program of civil rights, self-help, and business ownership for African Americans. It pledged "to guide our people in their civic responsibilities regarding education, registration and voting, law enforcement, tax paying, the preservation of property, the value of saving and in all things which will make us stable, qualified conscientious citizens." Instead of starting from the "grass roots," however, the strategy was to "reach the masses through their chosen leaders" by harnessing the talents of blacks with a proven record in business, the professions, education, and the church.
The North Bolivar Consolidated School District, formerly the North Bolivar School District is a public school district located in northern Bolivar County in the state of Mississippi. It is headquartered in Mound Bayou with an office in Shelby.
The Mound Bayou Public School District was a public school district with its headquarters in Mound Bayou, Mississippi (USA).
Dublin, also known as Hopson Bayou, is a census-designated place and unincorporated community located along U.S. Route 49 in southeastern Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. Dublin is located on the Mississippi Delta Railroad. Dublin has a ZIP code of 38739. A post office first began operation under the name Dublin in 1875.
Mary Cordelia Montgomery Booze was an American political organizer and activist. The daughter of former slaves, she was one of the first African-American women to sit on the Republican National Committee. From 1924 until her death, she was the national committeewoman for her native state of Mississippi.