Moustached guenon

Last updated

Moustached guenon [1]
Cercopithecus cephus.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Cercopithecus
Species:
C. cephus
Binomial name
Cercopithecus cephus
Moustached Guenon area.png
Moustached guenon range
Synonyms

Simia cephus Linnaeus, 1758

The moustached guenon or moustached monkey (Cercopithecus cephus) is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. [2]

Contents

This monkey is an arboreal, omnivorous, and medium-sized mammal. [4] According to the IUCN, the population of the moustached monkeys is considered to be large; [2] therefore, they are widely used in biological labs. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

Taxonomy

The moustached guenon belongs to the genus Cercopithecus , a genus of Old World monkeys, and in the C. cephus group. It is named by its unique moustached face in the monkeys, which has three recognized subspecies: (1) Red-tailed moustached monkey (C. cephus cephus); (2) Gray-tailed Moustached Monkey (C. cephus cephodes); (3) White-nosed Moustached Monkey (C. cephus ngottoensis). [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] However, the C. cephus group also includes many other long-tailed monkey that has other unique morphological patterns except the moustache, for example, the regular red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus scanius), the red-bellied monkey (C. e. erythrogaster) and the white-throated monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster). [12] [16] The diversity of the moustached guenon is one of the highest among Cercopithecus species. [17] In addition, it is not the only primate genus with the "moustached" patterns (see also moustached tamarins).

Habitat and Distribution

Cercopithecus cephus usually live in undistributed forests, and they are not easy to be recorded by ground-level cameras because they are arboreal. [4] [18] [19] The C. cephus are diurnal and share vertical spaces with other species. They are born to jump between the tropical trees (up to 20m from a tree to another), and they are widespread in Gabon and Northern Congo. [17] The main region starts from the Sanaga River's South and East side and goes all the way to the Ubangi watersheds, which are mostly covered by the lowland tropical rainforests; however, the gallery forests, flooded forests and mangrove forests are also available for them. [17]

Biographical patterns

Size and weight

For adults, the average weight of this species is around 4.1 kg for males and 3.6 kg for females. [17] [20] [21] The average length (head-to-body) is 58 cm for males and 49 cm for females; and the average tail length is 78 cm for males and 69.5 cm for females. [17]

Lifespan

The average life span is around 22 years for the wild guenon and up to 36 in captivity. [17]

Face patterns

The Cercopithecus genus evolved with special visual patterns for higher efficiency in association; therefore, they can have a higher chance of survival. The C. cephus has powerful and enlarged cheekbones, the most common moustache is the crescent white strip of fur under the nose, and the surrounding fur is black, which shows a strong color contrast; hence, the face patterns can be considered as visual signals. [17] [22] On the top of the white stripe, the main area of the face is greyish blue, and the eyes are copper. The face pattern doesn't necessarily help to distinguish the male and female guenon. Like other Old World monkeys, the guenon also developed the hairless rump pad for comfortable sitting. [17]

Behaviour

Polyspecific associations

The C. cephus cooperates with the C. nictitans and the C. pogonias ships; for example, the cephus monkeys alert the other two groups when they observe the eagles because they live lower than the other two groups, which will give loud vocal alerts to the cephus monkeys when they feel an aerial danger. Studies have shown that these types of associations did not randomly occur in the evolution process. [23] [20] Moreover, the eagle predation mainly shaped these surviving tactics and foraging strategies. [20] The diet of C.cephus includes fruit, insects and leaves, respectively; fruit is the dominant food resource for this species. [20] [7] The polyspecific associations are the main reason that these three species can share the same living area. [20] Up to six guenon species can share the same living area, but four guenon species generally share a common area. [22]

Colour patterns in the Cercopithecus provide unique visual identities for each genus which allowed the development of the polyspecific association of the guenon communities. For the red-tailed and the nose-spotted moustached monkeys, the most observable differences are on their faces; however, genital colour contrasts and head movements are some of the less observable differences. [22]

Foraging and antipredator strategies

Guenon's foraging efficiency has been shaped significantly by the polyspecific pattern; meanwhile, the quantification of their availability to food remains unsolved due to the complexity of tropical rainforests and the high diversity of food. [20] [17]

The antipredator tactics among the three species are also called troop activity, which starts at daybreak and finishes at sunset. [20] The higher interspecific competition was discovered during the troop activity than during the foraging period (fruit feeding time). [20] Nocturnal predators usually come from the ground, making the three species prefer to leave the dense forest at night and sleep in a large tree's crown. [20]

Each troop/group of guenon consists of one alpha male and 10 to 40 females (like a harem); the average size of a troop is 22 members. [17] An outsider male may occasionally come to mate with one of the females; however, there will be a chance to fail and the female will escort him out of the territory. [17]

The C. cephus has surprisingly large cheek pouches which can carry the same amount of food as its stomach, which allows it to store lots of fruits for later eating in a less dangerous area. [17] The regular foraging time fulfills the day time, and the guenon have the habit to sleep with full stomach. [17] [22]

Vocal communications, visual identifications, and tactile activities are involved in the troop's daily social activities, and the guenons usually can give loud and continuous sounds and fast movements combined with the readily visual signals. [22] [17]

Guenon hybridizations and adaptive radiation

The moustached monkey's vocal performance is similar to that of C. ascanius and C. erythrotis, and hybridization exists among the three species. [12] [5] Therefore, Thomas Struhsaker suggests categorizing these three species as one species. [24] However, hybridization also increases the risk of guenon's adaptive advantages, that they might lose their visual patterns during the hybridization. [22] [5] [7] The hybridization rate remains low between the moustached monkeys and other guenon subspecies due to the guenon's unique face pattern. [25] [26]

Reproductivity

The guenons usually mate between 4 and 5 years old, with a female showing her rump to the male. The regular time for new births comes at the end of the rainy period of the year due to the subsequent rich food season. If the rainy season is year-round in the equatorial area, the mating and birth seasons can also appear at any time in the year. [17] [27]

Laboratory experiments

Susceptibility to poliomyelitis virus

C. cephus can be fatally overwhelmed by the poliomyelitis virus (e.g., Hartford and SK strains) and can easily generate cross-contamination with other species, such as the Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). [21] The susceptibility of C. cephus to getting infected by poliomyelitis is similar to that of the green monkey (Cercopithecus sabaeus) and the Rhesus macaque. [21]

Phylogenetic tests

The study of the X-DNA, Y-DNA, and mtDNA genetic systems of the Cercopithecus monkey hybrid has shown the polyphyletic C. cephus lineages; and the split of the West African species from the Central African ecosystem. [8] Within the genus, C. diana, C. neglectus, C. mona, C. hamlyni, C. nictitans, and C. cephus consist of six special chromosome fissions, which may lead them to a monophyletic clade. [8] [28] The biogeographic break in the watershed in Nigeria and Cameroon may involve a three-clade substructure, which is a break that occurred after the Pleistocene glaciation. [8] However, what triggers the polyphyly remains unknown; itcould be inherited from ancestral hybridization or due to incomplete lineage sorting. [8]

Malaria vectoring

On the east side of Gabon, researchers have captured mammals like bats, C. cephus, and Mandrillus sphinx to study the infection rate of the malaria parasites in the genus Hepatocystis. [9] The research involves introducing infected bats to a population of uninfected C. cephus monkeys. The infected bats would eat the monkey's left-over banana skins, which also allowed the two species to be vectored by the mosquitos in the same area. The blood from four C. cephus monkeys were then examined, showing that three of them were infected by the Hepatocystis parasites, indicating possible cross-contamination between C. cephus and the bats. [9] [29] [30]

Serological Survey and Ebola virus

Serological screening or surveys are widely used in determining the prevalence of a disease among a certain populations. [6] [31] The survey can collect samples from animal's blood or feces. [6] The ebola virus outbreaks were identified as the consequences of independent zoonotic transmission, which makes the outbreaks less predictable. [32] [6] The serological survey deployed a specific Luminex-based assay to detect the Immunoglobulin G antibody in different non-human primates (NHPs); and the result has shown only one C. cephus has produced antibodies to the Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), which means the C. cephus group and all the tested Cercopithecus groups can be considered as intermediate hosts for Ebola virus. [6] [32] Consequently, the cross-species transmission can be rocketed in the bushmeat and pet trading markets.

SIVmus

SIVmus is the simian immunodeficiency virus (the monkey version HIV), and it can affect C. cephus easily. [31] [33] [6] The full-length sequence phylogenetic analysis and the partial pol sequence study have allowed researchers to categorize five new SIVmus strains that can infect C. cephus. [33] Avelin Aghokeng and his colleagues identified the two distinct SIVmus lineages (SIVmus-1 & SIVmus-2) infecting C. cephus isolated in the animals living in the same area. The researchers have studied Peeters et al.'s (2002) data, which collected blood samples from 788 monkeys in Cameroon; 302 monkeys were from the guenons. [33] [31] The 788 monkeys were caught for pet and bushmeat trading; 55 adults and 160 infants were sold as pets and 480 adults and 93 infants were sold as bushmeat. [31] Further study of the lineages have shown the existence of CST and recombination including both the categorized and undiscovered SIVmus. [33] As a result, the lentivirus in sympatric NHP species evolved and survived through CST and recombination. [33] The study of SIVmus has shown the virus's strength of survivorship and the risk of infecting human through the bushmeat trading market. [33] [31]

Conservation

Impacts from human activities

Poaching, bushmeat market, and pet trading in Western Africa

The moustached monkeys are the main target in the primate poaching activities and the main victim in the western Africa bushmeat market. [33] [31] [34] [35]

Many C. cephus infants have been captured and sold to people as pets. [31]

Road constructions

Road construction has fragmented the undisturbed areas in Western Africa, which threatens the Cercopithecus living conditions in general because many of them are sympatric. [35] [34]

On the other hand, the Road-effect zones (REZs) were rarely calculated for the areas where the primates are usually present in Western Africa. [35] [34] Moreover, studies have shown that the distribution of roads can significantly affect primate living areas and population size; for example, the newly built road may facilitate poaching activities in terms of transportation and access to more undisturbed areas. [35] [34]

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) evaluates the potential impacts from the proposed projects, within which the impact assessors will read and evaluate the quality of the project proposals and send the assessment report to the decision-makers; however, the science was poorly used in EIA. [34] [36] [37] [38] Road construction is one type of projects that needs to go through the EIA procedures. [35] Unfortunately the rocketed infrastructure implementation in Western Africa come with a large scale of deregulations, which indicate low EIA credibility in the related road constructions, which means the REZs may not be considered at all in most areas. [39] [34] [35] The lack of concern of the road effects to primates have not only push the endangered primates into a more challenging situation, but also make the less concerned primate like the C. cephus more vulnerable as well. [35] [34] The C. cephus population resilience to habitat fragmentation due to road construction remains unstudied, and the poaching of the C. cephus has not shown a turning point yet. [34] [31] As a result, large population decrease may appear among the geunon's groups. On the other hand, the bushmeat market is highly risky in spreading the discussed zoonoses; and may be even riskier due to the rapid road construction in West Africa. [35] [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bushmeat</span> Meat hunted in tropical forests

Bushmeat is meat from wildlife species that are hunted for human consumption. Bushmeat represents a primary source of animal protein and a cash-earning commodity for inhabitants of humid tropical forest regions in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Bushmeat is an important food resource in poor, rural communities.

<i>Simian immunodeficiency virus</i> Species of retrovirus

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates. Based on analysis of strains found in four species of monkeys from Bioko Island, which was isolated from the mainland by rising sea levels about 11,000 years ago, it has been concluded that SIV has been present in monkeys and apes for at least 32,000 years, and probably much longer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diana monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Diana monkey is an Old World monkey found in the high canopy forests in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and western Côte d’Ivoire. Named for its white brow which is said to resemble the bow of the Roman goddess Diana, this black-grey guenon has a white throat, crescent-shaped browband, ruff and beard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guenon</span> Genus of Old World monkeys

The guenons are Old World monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus. Not all members of this genus have the word "guenon" in their common names; also, because of changes in scientific classification, some monkeys in other genera may have common names that include the word "guenon". Nonetheless, the use of the term guenon for monkeys of this genus is widely accepted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Preuss's monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Preuss's monkey, also known as Preuss's guenon, is a diurnal primate that lives terrestrially in mountainous forests of eastern Nigeria, western Cameroon and Bioko in Equatorial Guinea. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the L'Hoest's monkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sun-tailed monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

The sun-tailed monkey from Gabon is one of the least studied primates in its habitat. It was discovered as a new species in 1988, and is classified as a guenon, which is a member of the genus Cercopithecus, but was subsequently moved to the genus Allochrocebus. It is closely related to A. preussi and A. Ihoesti, which has been determined by chromosomal analysis. Sun-tailed monkeys prefer shady areas with dense vegetation. However, even after small amounts of logging activity, populations can be unaffected. Much of their diet remains unknown and is still being studied, but they are known to prefer fruit. Their social groups are made up of one male and multiple females. Generally, the sun-tailed monkey is less aggressive towards related individuals, which is noteworthy because it has been found that, in other primate species, aggression rates towards related individuals are generally as high or higher than aggression rates towards non-related individuals. Within their social groups, individual monkeys show preference for their mothers over their fathers, and are overall less aggressive to other monkeys that they are associated with spatially.

<i>Chlorocebus</i> Genus of Old World monkeys

Chlorocebus is a genus of medium-sized primates from the family of Old World monkeys. Six species are currently recognized, although some people classify them all as a single species with numerous subspecies. Either way, they make up the entirety of the genus Chlorocebus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grivet</span> Species of Old World monkey

The grivet is an Old World monkey with long white tufts of hair along the sides of its face. Some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus Chlorocebus to be a single species, Cercopithecus aethiops. As here defined, the grivet is restricted to Ethiopia, Sudan, Djibouti, and Eritrea. In the southern part of its range, it comes into contact with the closely related vervet monkey and Bale Mountains vervet. Hybridization between them is possible, and may present a threat to the vulnerable Bale Mountains vervet. Unlike that species, the grivet is common and rated as least concern by the IUCN.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">De Brazza's monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

De Brazza's monkey is an Old World monkey endemic to the riverine and swamp forests of central Africa. The largest species in the guenon family, it is one of the most widespread arboreal African primates. Aside from size, it can be differentiated from other cercopithecus monkeys by its orange diadem and white beard. Due to its cryptic nature, the species is not well documented in all of its habitats but has shown unique traits such as pair-bonding and aggressive behavior towards other guenons.

Simian foamy virus (SFV) is a species of the genus Spumavirus that belongs to the family of Retroviridae. It has been identified in a wide variety of primates, including prosimians, New World and Old World monkeys, as well as apes, and each species has been shown to harbor a unique (species-specific) strain of SFV, including African green monkeys, baboons, macaques, and chimpanzees. As it is related to the more well-known retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), its discovery in primates has led to some speculation that HIV may have been spread to the human species in Africa through contact with blood from apes, monkeys, and other primates, most likely through bushmeat-hunting practices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">L'Hoest's monkey</span> Species of mammal

L'Hoest's monkey, also known as the mountain monkey, is a guenon found in the upper eastern Congo basin. They mostly live in mountainous forest areas in small, female-dominated groups. They have a dark coat and can be distinguished by a characteristic white beard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wolf's mona monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

Wolf's mona monkey, also called Wolf's guenon, is a colourful Old World monkey in the family Cercopithecidae. It is found in central Africa, primarily between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. It lives in primary and secondary lowland rainforest and swamp forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater spot-nosed monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

The greater spot-nosed monkey or putty-nosed monkey is one of the smallest Old World monkeys. It is a guenon of the C. mitis group, native to West Africa and living to some extent in rain forests, but more often in the transition zone between rain forest and savannah. It is primarily arboreal and often associates with monkeys of other species. Both their common names come from the monkeys' prominent white nose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The black colobus, or satanic black colobus, is a species of Old World monkey belonging to the genus Colobus. The species is found in a small area of western central Africa. Black colobuses are large, completely covered with black fur, and like all other Colobus monkeys, do not have a thumb. The species has faced large declines in population due to habitat destruction and hunting by humans, and was consequently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List in 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-eared guenon</span> Species of Old World monkey

The red-eared guenon, also called red-eared monkey, or russet-eared guenon is a primate species in the family Cercopithecidae. It is native to subtropical and tropical moist lowland forests in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by habitat loss, illegal bushmeat hunting and pet trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crested mona monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

The crested mona monkey, also known as the crowned guenon, crowned monkey, golden-bellied guenon, or golden-bellied monkey,, is a species of African primate in the family Cercopithecidae found in west central Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roloway monkey</span> Species of monkey

The Roloway monkey is an endangered species of Old World monkey endemic to tropical West Africa. It was previously considered a subspecies of the Diana monkey. The species is classified as Critically Endangered due to habitat loss and their continued hunting because of the bushmeat trade. The Roloway monkey is mainly an arboreal species, for the most part inhabiting forests in Ghana and some reserves in South-Eastern Côte-D'Ivoire. More specifically, studies have shown that C. roloway is primarily concentrated in the Tanoé forest of the Côte-D'Ivoire because of their heavy threats to extinction and lack of habitat. It is still difficult to gather data on wild subjects, as they have low populations in a vast forest, but they are a unique and vanishing species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niger Delta red colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Niger Delta red colobus is a critically endangered species of colobus monkey endemic to the western part of the Niger Delta. It is threatened by hunting and habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesula</span> Species of Old World monkey

The lesula is a species of Old World monkey in the guenon genus Cercopithecus, found in the Lomami Basin of the Congo. Though known to locals, it was unknown to the international scientific community until it was discovered in 2007 and confirmed in a 2012 publication. The lesula is the second new species of African monkey to be discovered since 1984. This monkey is described to have human looking eyes and a blue bottom “And adult males have a huge bare patch of skin in the buttocks, testicles and perianal area,” said John A. Hart, the researcher who described the monkey. “It’s a brilliant blue, really pretty spectacular.”

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-tailed monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

The red-tailed monkey, also known as the black-cheeked white-nosed monkey, red-tailed guenon, redtail monkey, or Schmidt's guenon, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae.

References

  1. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 155. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  2. 1 2 3 Abernethy, K.; Maisels, F. (2020). "Cercopithecus cephus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T4214A166614362. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4214A166614362.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  3. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale (10th ed.). p. 27. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  4. 1 2 Tudge, Sophie Jane; Brittain, Stephanie; Kentatchime, Fabrice; Kamogne Tagne, Cédric Thibaut; Rowcliffe, J. Marcus (2022-02-03). "The impacts of human activity on mammals in a community forest near the Dja Biosphere Reserve in Cameroon". Oryx. 56 (6): 947–955. doi: 10.1017/S0030605321000806 . ISSN   0030-6053. S2CID   246600967.
  5. 1 2 3 Detwiler, Kate M.; Burrell, Andrew S.; Jolly, Clifford J. (2005). "Conservation Implications of Hybridization in African Cercopithecine Monkeys". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (3): 661–684. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-4372-0. ISSN   0164-0291. S2CID   35000228.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ayouba, Ahidjo; Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve; Butel, Christelle; Mbala Kingebeni, Placide; Loul, Severin; Tagg, Nikki; Villabona-Arenas, Christian-Julian; Lacroix, Audrey; Ndimbo-Kumugo, Simon-Pierre; Keita, Alpha K; Toure, Abdoulaye (2019-10-08). "Extensive Serological Survey of Multiple African Nonhuman Primate Species Reveals Low Prevalence of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to 4 Ebola Virus Species". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 220 (10): 1599–1608. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz006 . ISSN   0022-1899. PMID   30657940.
  7. 1 2 3 Detwiler, Kate M. (2019). "Mitochondrial DNA Analyses of Cercopithecus Monkeys Reveal a Localized Hybrid Origin for C. mitis doggetti in Gombe National Park, Tanzania". International Journal of Primatology. 40 (1): 28–52. doi:10.1007/s10764-018-0029-7. ISSN   0164-0291. S2CID   24785986.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Tosi, Anthony J (2017-07-03). "Phylogenetic tests of a Cercopithecus monkey hybrid reveal X-chromosomal polyphyly of C. cephus and emerging patterns in the cephus species group radiation". African Zoology. 52 (3): 177–181. doi:10.1080/15627020.2017.1369363. ISSN   1562-7020. S2CID   90842964.
  9. 1 2 3 Boundenga, Larson; Ngoubangoye, Barthélémy; Mombo, Illich Manfred; Tsoubmou, Thierry Audrey; Renaud, François; Rougeron, Virginie; Prugnolle, Franck (2018-08-29). "Extensive diversity of malaria parasites circulating in Central African bats and monkeys". Ecology and Evolution. 8 (21): 10578–10586. doi:10.1002/ece3.4539. PMC   6238140 . PMID   30464829.
  10. ↑ "Flying after Linnaeus: Diptera Names since Systema Naturae (1758)", Systema Naturae 250 - The Linnaean Ark, CRC Press, pp. 91–98, 2010-02-26, doi:10.1201/ebk1420095012-11, ISBN   9780429092916 , retrieved 2022-04-09
  11. ↑ Strier, Karen B. (2017). Primate behavioral ecology (5th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 354. ISBN   978-1-317-32711-0. OCLC   957470543.
  12. 1 2 3 Grubb, Peter; Butynski, Thomas M.; Oates, John F.; Bearder, Simon K.; Disotell, Todd R.; Groves, Colin P.; Struhsaker, Thomas T. (2003-12-01). "Assessment of the Diversity of African Primates". International Journal of Primatology. 24 (6): 1301–1357. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000005994.86792.b9. ISSN   1573-8604. S2CID   24110272.
  13. ↑ Kimball, Dexter S. (1952). The Book of popular science; the wonders of modern discovery, the triumphs of inventive genius, the story of all living things and their world. Grolier Society. OCLC   2679819.
  14. ↑ Colyn, M. (1999). "Étude populationnelle de la super-espèce Cercopithecus cephus habitant l'enclave forestière Sangha-Oubangui (République Centrafricaine). Description de C. cephus ngottoensis subsp. nov". Mammalia. 63 (2): 137–148. doi:10.1515/mamm.1999.63.2.137. ISSN   0025-1461. S2CID   86123062.
  15. ↑ Trelease, William (1916). The genus Phoradendron :a monographic revision. Urbana, Ill.: The University. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.23.
  16. ↑ Hadorn, Roland; Fraussen, Koen (2005-12-16). "Revision of the genus Granulifusus Kuroda Habe 1954, with description of some new species (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Fasciolariidae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 134 (2): 129–171. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/0003-9284/134/129-171. ISSN   0003-9284.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Moustached Guenon | New England Primate Conservancy". 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  18. ↑ Massussi, Jacques Anselme; Djieto-Lordon, Champlain; Njiokou, Flobert; Laveissière, Claude; van der Ploeg, Jan Douwe (2009-09-02). "Influence of habitat and seasonal variation on wild mammal diversity and distribution with special reference to the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense host-reservoir in Bipindi (Cameroon)". Acta Tropica. 112 (3): 308–315. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.08.027. PMID   19732737.
  19. ↑ Bourlière, FranÇois (1985-02-01). "Primate communities: Their structure and role in tropical ecosystems". International Journal of Primatology. 6 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1007/BF02693694. ISSN   1573-8604. S2CID   27586320.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gautier-Hion, Annie; Quris, René; Gautier, Jean-Pierre (1983-07-01). "Monospecific vs polyspecific life: A comparative study of foraging and antipredatory tactics in a community of Cercopithecus monkeys". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 12 (4): 325–335. doi:10.1007/BF00302901. ISSN   1432-0762. S2CID   9363260.
  21. 1 2 3 Melnick, Joseph L.; Paul, John R. (1943-10-01). "Susceptibility of Cebus Capucina (The South American Ringtail Monkey) and Cercopithecus Cephus (The African Mustache Monkey) to Poliomyelitis Virus". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 78 (4): 273–283. doi:10.1084/jem.78.4.273. ISSN   1540-9538. PMC   2135406 . PMID   19871327.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kingdon, J. S. (1980-04-08). "The role of visual signals and face patterns in African forest monkeys (guenons) of the genus Cercopithecus". The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 35 (4): 425–475. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1980.tb00062.x. ISSN   0084-5620.
  23. ↑ Waser, Peter M. (1982). "Primate polyspecific associations: Do they occur by chance?". Animal Behaviour. 30 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(82)80230-3. ISSN   0003-3472. S2CID   53168660.
  24. ↑ Struhsaker, Thomas T. (2010-04-01). The Red Colobus Monkeys. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529583.003.0002. ISBN   978-0-19-852958-3.
  25. ↑ Becky Oskin (2014-06-26). "Photos: Adorable and Amazing Guenon Monkey Faces". livescience.com. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  26. ↑ Winters, Sandra; Allen, William L; Higham, James P (2020-01-13). King, Andrew J; Perry, George H; Perry, George H; Caro, Tim (eds.). "The structure of species discrimination signals across a primate radiation". eLife. 9: e47428. doi: 10.7554/eLife.47428 . ISSN   2050-084X. PMC   6957270 . PMID   31928629.
  27. ↑ "Guenons | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  28. ↑ Gautier-Hion, Annie (1988). A Primate radiation : evolutionary biology of the African guenons. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-33523-X. OCLC   801856699.
  29. ↑ Ayouba, Ahidjo; Mouacha, Fatima; Learn, Gerald H.; Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel; Rayner, Julian C.; Sharp, Paul M.; Hahn, Beatrice H.; Delaporte, Eric; Peeters, Martine (2012-06-09). "Ubiquitous Hepatocystis infections, but no evidence of Plasmodium falciparum-like malaria parasites in wild greater spot-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans)". International Journal for Parasitology. 42 (8): 709–713. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.05.004. PMC   3751399 . PMID   22691606.
  30. ↑ Schaer, Juliane; Perkins, Susan L.; Decher, Jan; Leendertz, Fabian H.; Fahr, Jakob; Weber, Natalie; Matuschewski, Kai (2013-10-22). "High diversity of West African bat malaria parasites and a tight link with rodent Plasmodium taxa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (43): 17415–17419. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11017415S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1311016110 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   3808598 . PMID   24101466.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Peeters, Martine; Courgnaud, Valerie; Abela, Bernadette; Auzel, Philippe; Pourrut, Xavier; Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic; Loul, Severin; Liegeois, Florian; Butel, Cristelle; Koulagna, Denis; Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel (2002). "Risk to Human Health from a Plethora of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses in Primate Bushmeat". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (5): 451–457. doi:10.3201/eid0805.010522. ISSN   1080-6040. PMC   2732488 . PMID   11996677.
  32. 1 2 Pigott, David M; Golding, Nick; Mylne, Adrian; Huang, Zhi; Henry, Andrew J; Weiss, Daniel J; Brady, Oliver J; Kraemer, Moritz UG; Smith, David L; Moyes, Catherine L; Bhatt, Samir (2014-09-08). "Mapping the zoonotic niche of Ebola virus disease in Africa". eLife. 3: e04395. doi: 10.7554/eLife.04395 . ISSN   2050-084X. PMC   4166725 . PMID   25201877.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Aghokeng, Avelin F.; Bailes, Elizabeth; Loul, Severin; Courgnaud, Valerie; Mpoudi-Ngolle, Eitel; Sharp, Paul M.; Delaporte, Eric; Peeters, Martine (2007-04-10). "Full-length sequence analysis of SIVmus in wild populations of mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus) from Cameroon provides evidence for two co-circulating SIVmus lineages". Virology. 360 (2): 407–418. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.048. ISSN   0042-6822. PMC   1900428 . PMID   17156809.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Laurance, William F. (2022-01-04). "Why environmental impact assessments often fail". THERYA. 13 (1): 67–72. doi: 10.12933/therya-22-1181 . ISSN   2007-3364. S2CID   247490328.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Andrasi, Balint; Jaeger, Jochen A.G.; Heinicke, Stefanie; Metcalfe, Kristian; Hockings, Kimberley J. (2021-08-15). "Quantifying the road‐effect zone for a critically endangered primate". Conservation Letters. 14 (6). doi: 10.1111/conl.12839 . ISSN   1755-263X. S2CID   240531408.
  36. ↑ Fairweather, Peter (1994). "Improving the use of Science in Environmental Assessments". Australian Zoologist. 29 (3–4): 217–223. doi:10.7882/az.1994.008. ISSN   0067-2238.
  37. ↑ Schindler, D. W. (1976-05-07). "The Impact Statement Boondoggle". Science. 192 (4239): 509. Bibcode:1976Sci...192..509S. doi:10.1126/science.192.4239.509. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17745634.
  38. ↑ Jaeger, Jochen A. G. (2015-04-24), "Improving Environmental Impact Assessment and Road Planning at the Landscape Scale", Handbook of Road Ecology, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 32–42, doi:10.1002/9781118568170.ch5, ISBN   9781118568170 , retrieved 2022-04-16
  39. ↑ Laurance, William F.; Sloan, Sean; Weng, Lingfei; Sayer, Jeffrey A. (2015). "Estimating the Environmental Costs of Africa's Massive "Development Corridors"". Current Biology. 25 (24): 3202–3208. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.046 . PMID   26628009. S2CID   14980537.


This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.