Munchkin

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The Munchkins
Oz books character
Munchkins.png
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created by L. Frank Baum

A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. They first appear in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

Contents

Concept

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word Munchkin. [1] Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl , the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled München in German). [1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood. [2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood. It is also possible that Munchkin came from the German word Männchen, which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers. [3] Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen .[ original research? ][ citation needed ] This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career. [1] [4] Like the other Oz terms, the word Munchkin ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives. [1]

Literature

Oz Books by Frank Baum

"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

– L. Frank Baum

The Munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with the Good Witch of the North. The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "Munchkin maiden" (named Nimmie Amee in later books), who was the former love interest of the Tin Woodman. [5]

Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The Munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book, entitled Ozma of Oz, and is brought back in Baum's twelfth book, The Tin Woodman of Oz . By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Two other major Munchkin characters also appear in The Tin Woodman of Oz: Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee. The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch; the latter is the name given to the mystery "Munchkin maiden" from the first book, who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman. More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman's origin and their tragic love story. [5] Lastly, the Munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book, The Patchwork Girl of Oz , where he is accidentally turned to stone. His Munchkin nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

L. Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name and included the Munchkins. There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R. Neill's first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection; he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing". The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and musicals

Early works (1902–1933)

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902; it was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz . [6] [7] The Munchkins make their appearance in act one, called "The Storm", in which they are shown dancing around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East. [8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works, titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. However, it was not until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works. Ojo the Lucky and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo and was produced by Baum. [9]

1939 film

The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L-R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll. Munchkins-film.jpg
The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . L–R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll.

The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical, the Munchkins are portrayed by the thirty-odd members of the Singer Midgets, a European performing troupe made up of adult actors with dwarfism. Their numbers were swelled when a national talent search brought in a further ninety-four little men, women, and teenagers, with a few average-sized children were also included as background extras. [10]

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through a musical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, a Barrister and a number of City Fathers insist to the Mayor of the Munchkin City that they must make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The Coroner confirms this by saying that the witch is "not only merely dead" but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing a Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the "Lullaby League" and the "Lollipop Guild". Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives, which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes. In a 1967 interview, Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as "little drunks" who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in "butterfly nets". These accusations were denied as fabrications by fellow Munchkin Margaret Pellegrini, who said only "a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer". [11] On 20 November 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets. [12] A Daily Variety news story from 17 August 1938, stated 124 dwarves had been signed to play Munchkins; modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actors were hired to make up for the shortage of dwarves. [10] At least one Munchkin actor, Dale Paullin (stage name Paul Dale), did not make the final cut for the movie. [13] Only two actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices, such as the "Munchkin chorus", were created by Pinto Colvig and Billy Bletcher [14] with their voices recorded at a slow speed, which were subsequently sped-up when played back. [15]

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton), which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Several of them outlived all the major cast, as well as the original Tin Man Buddy Ebsen. Jerry Maren, who played the green "Lollipop Guild" member, was the last living adult Munchkin actor. Maren was the only Munchkin alive when the film's longest living cast member, Shep Houghton, an extra, died in 2016.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as Social Security records remain sparse prior to the mid-twentieth century. Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.


ActorBornDiedPart(s) playedSource
Gladys W. AllisonUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [16]
John Ballas1903Un­knownPlayed a villager [17] [18]
Franz Balluch ("Mike")Un­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [16]
Josefine BalluchUn­known1984Played a villager [19] [20] [21]
John T. Bambury18911960Played a soldier [17] [22] [23]
Charlie Becker 18871968Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland" [22] [24]
Freda Betsky1916 [lower-alpha 1] Un­knownPlayed a villager [16] [25]
Henry Boers1896Un­knownPlayed a villager [26]
Theodore Boers18941945Played a villager [26] [27]
Christie Buresh19071979Played a villager [28]
Eddie Buresh19091982Played a villager [28]
Lida Buresh19061970Played a villager [17] [28]
Mickey Carroll 19192009Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier [29]
Casper "Colonel" BalsamUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Nona A. Cooper18751953Played a villager [16] [30]
Thomas J. Cottonaro19142001Played a villager [16] [31]
Elizabeth CoulterUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Lewis Croft 19192008Played a soldier [32]
Frank Cucksey 19191984Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers [lower-alpha 2] [33] [34]
Billy Curtis 19091988Played the Braggart [lower-alpha 3] [35]
Eugene S. David Jr.Un­knownUn­knownPlayed a fiddler [36]
Eulie H. David19211972Played a soldier [36] [37]
Ethel W. Denis18941968Played a villager [17] [38] [39]
Prince Denis 19001984Played the Sergeant-at-Arms [lower-alpha 4] [40] [38]
Hazel I. Derthick19061989Played a villager [41]
Daisy Earles 19071980Played a "munchkin maiden" [42]
Gracie Doll Earles 18991970Played a "munchkin maiden" [42]
Harry Doll Earles 19021985Blue member of The Lollipop Guild [42] [43]
Tiny Doll Earles 19142004Played a "munchkin maiden" [42]
Major Doyle ("James D. Doyle")18691940Played a villager [17] [44]
Ruth Robinson Duccini 19182014Played a villager [45]
Carl M. Erickson19171958Played the 2nd Trumpeter [17] [46]
Fern Formica19251995Played a villager and a "sleepyhead" [47]
Addie Eva FrankUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Thaisa L. Gardner19091968Played a villager [17]
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich Disputed [lower-alpha 5] 1960Red member of The Lollipop Guild [48]
William A. Giblin19161985Played a soldier [49]
Jack S. Glicken19001950Played a city father [50]
Carolyn E. Granger19151973Played a villager [17] [51]
Joseph HerbstUn­known1989 [lower-alpha 6] Played a soldier [17] [52]
Jakob Hofbauer1898Un­known [lower-alpha 7] Played a soldier [53]
Clarence C. Howerton ("Major Mite")19131975Played the 3rd Trumpeter [54] [55]
Helen M. Hoy18981945Played a villager [17] [56]
Marguerite A. HoyUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
James R. Hulse IV19151964Played a villager [17] [40] [57]
Robert Kanter ("Little Lord Robert")1886 [lower-alpha 8] Un­knownPlayed a soldier [16] [58]
Charles E. KelleyUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a soldier [16]
Jessie E. Kelley ("Jessie Becker")Un­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Frank KikelUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Bernard Klima ("Harry")18971957Played a villager [33] [59]
Mitzi Koestner18941975Played a villager [17] [60]
Emma Koestner19001984Played a villager [10] [17] [60]
Willi Koestner19081974Played a soldier [17] [60] [61]
Adam Edwin Kozicki ("Eddie Adams")Un­knownUn­knownPlayed a fiddler [17] [62]
Joseph J. Koziel19191967Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers [lower-alpha 2] [17] [63] [64]
Dolly F. Kramer19041995Played a villager [17] [26]
Emil Kranzler19101993Played a villager [17] [65] [66]
Nita Krebs19051991Member of The Lullaby League and a villager [33] [67]
Jeane LaBarbera ("Little Jean")19091993Played a villager [68]
Hilda Lange19111975Played a villager [17] [66]
John Leal ("Johnny")19051996Played a villager [17] [69]
Ann Rice Leslie19001973Played a villager [17] [70]
Charles Ludwig18891941Played a villager [17] [71] [72]
Dominick Magro19091959Played a villager [73] [74]
Carlos Manzo19141955Played a villager [17] [75]
Howard Marco1884 [lower-alpha 9] Un­knownPlayed a villager [17] [76]
Jerry Maren 19202018Green member of The Lollipop Guild [77] [78]
Bela Matina ("Mike Rogers")19021954Played a villager [16] [79] [80]
Lajos Matina ("Leo")19011975Played a villager [16] [81] [82]
Matyus Matina ("Ike Rogers")19021965Played a villager [16] [81] [79] [83]
Walter M. B. Miller19061987Played a soldier and a flying monkey [17] [19]
George Ministeri19131986Played the coachman and a villager [17] [84]
Harry Monty 19041999Played a villager and a flying monkey [85]
Yvonne Bistany Moray1917Un­known [lower-alpha 10] Member of The Lullaby League and a villager [16] [19]
Johnny Maroldo ("Johnny Winters")19051985Played the Commander of the Navy [87]
Marie Bernadet Maroldo ("Marie Winters")19011979Played a villager [87]
Olga C. Nardone 19212010Member of The Lullaby League, a sleepyhead, and a villager [88]
Nels P. Nelson19181994Played a villager [17] [89] [90] [lower-alpha 11]
Margaret C. Nickloy ("Princess Marguerite")19021961Played a villager [10] [91]
Franklin H. O'Baugh19221963Played a soldier [92] [93]
William H. O'Docharty19201988Played the coach footman and a villager [17] [84]
Hildred C. OlsonUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Frank PackardUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Nicholas Page ("Nicky")19041978Played a soldier and a city father [10] [19]
Leona Megest Parks ("Duchess Leona")1897Un­knownPlayed a villager [26]
Margaret Williams Pellegrini 19232013Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin" [47] [94]
Johnny PizoUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Leon Polinsky ("Prince Leon")19181955Played a villager [17] [95] [96]
Lillian Porter19171997Played a villager [97] [98]
Meinhardt Raabe 19152010Played the coroner [lower-alpha 12] [99]
Margaret Raia 1928 [lower-alpha 13] 2003Played a villager [101]
Matthew RaiaUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a city father [101]
Friedrich Retter ("Freddie")1899Un­knownPlayed a fiddler and villager [17] [102]
Billy Rhodes ("Little Billy") 18951967Played the barrister [103] [104]
Gertrude H. RiceUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Hazel RiceUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Sandor Roka18961954Played a villager [17] [105] [106]
Jimmie Rosen18921973Played a villager [107]
Charles F. "Wojnarski" Royal19001947Played a soldier [17] [108]
Helen J. "Wojnarski" Royal18971958Played a villager [17] [108]
Stella A. "Wojnarski" Royal19031959Played a villager [108]
Albert RuddingerUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Elsie R. Schultz18921987Played a villager [17] [19]
Charles Silvern19021976Played a villager [17] [109]
Garland Slatton ("Earl")19171995Played a soldier [26]
Karl Slover 19182011Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, a "sleepyhead", and a villager [110] [111]
Ruth E. SmithUn­known1985Played a villager [13] [17]
Elmer Spangler1910Un­knownPlayed a villager [17] [112]
Pernell St. Aubin19221987Played a soldier [33] [113]
Carl StephanUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Alta M. Stevens19131989Played a villager [17] [114]
George SuchsieUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Charlotte V. SullivanUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Clarence Swensen 19172009Played a soldier [115]
Betty Tanner19161994Played a villager [116] [117]
Arnold Vierling19191949Played a villager [118]
Gus Wayne19201998Played a soldier [119]
Victor Wetter19021990Played the Captain of the Army [10] [120]
Grace G. WilliamsUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Harvey B. Williams19051968Played a soldier [17] [121]
Gladys V. Wolff19111984Played a villager [40] [17]
Murray Wood19081999Played a city father [17] [122]

Child actresses

About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Sources differ on the number of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12. [123] The names used for the women are maiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks.

As of 2023, at least three "child munchkins" are known to be living.

ActorBornDiedPart(s) playedSource
Betty Ann Cain ("Bruno") 19312023Munchkin hatchling [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark1929LivingMunchkin Child [125] [126] [130]
Donna Jean Johnson ("Stewart Hardaway")19332008Background fill [131] [132]
Joan Kenmore19312022Background fill [124] [125] [126] [123] [133]
Eva Lee Kuney 19342015Background fill [16] [134] [135]
Rae-Nell Laskey ("Alsbury")19301991unknown [136] [137]
Elaine Mirk ("Merk")1930LivingBackground fill [123] [126] [138]
Valerie Lee Shepard [lower-alpha 14] 1931LivingBackground fill [10] [123] [126] [139]
Ardith Dondanville ("Mae") Todd19302022Background fill [124] [125] [126] [140]
Shirley Ann Kennedy ("Vegors")19322005Background fill [141] [142]
Viola White ("Banks")19312000Background fill [10]

Later works (1940–1989)

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead". [143] Twenty-seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz was made featuring Jinjur as a main antagonist.

Other works

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ This year is based on the St. Louis Post-Dispatch's date (see aource). Freda Betsky (33 at the time) was born no later than 1916.
  2. 1 2 Frank Cucksey, and Joseph Koziel were the only two munchkins whose real voices were used. Their dialogue is as follows: "We thank you very sweetly, for doing it so neatly" (Joseph), "You've killed her so completely, that we thank you very sweetly" (Frank). [15]
  3. ↑ The "Braggart" can be heard saying: "and ohhhh what happened then was rich".
  4. ↑ It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince Denis played the role of the Munchkin Mayor. [19]
  5. ↑ There are two claims to the birth year of Jakob. One is by his brother David Fox who claims that "Jackie" was born in 1925. The other possible year given is 1917, which Fox claims was the birth year of an older brother. [48] In either case, there are no existing social security records to prove either one accurate.
  6. ↑ According to Stephen Cox, Herbst was born in Birkfeld Austria on April 19, 1908 and died on July 6, 1993 in Joliet, Illinois. [37] However this contradicts claims made by Joseph Herbst's cousin who claimed he died in 1989 and was in his "late 80s" in 1988. [52]
  7. ↑ According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer; he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s. [53]
  8. ↑ There is a source that mentions Robert Kanter aka "Little Lord Robert" signing a postcard in 1908 when he was 22 years old. This means he was born in 1886 at the latest. [58]
  9. ↑ Howard Marco is listed at 58 years old on 9 May 1942. As such, Marco was either born in 1883 or 1884.
  10. ↑ Yvonne's friends stated that she died in the 1970s (according to Stephen Cox). [86]
  11. ↑ Nels was interviewed in the 1993 documentary "We're off to see the munchkins". [90]
  12. ↑ Raabe certifies the death of the Wicked Witch of the East .
  13. ↑ During production, MGM officials discovered that Raia was underage (child actresses were hired for background fill). She was subsequently expelled from the set halfway through filming. [100]
  14. ↑ Also known as "Lois Valerie Shepard". [139]

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Dorothy and the Witches of Oz is a 2012 film directed by Leigh Scott, based on the early 20th century novels The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Ozma of Oz, The Road to Oz and The Magic of Oz by L. Frank Baum. The film stars Paulie Redding, Billy Boyd, Eliza Swenson, Mia Sara, Lance Henriksen, and Christopher Lloyd. A longer version of the film was originally released as a TV miniseries in 2011 called The Witches of Oz, distributed by MarVista Entertainment. The miniseries was over an hour longer and had earlier versions of the special effects. The miniseries was originally released in 2011 in Europe, though its United Kingdom premiere was not until July 5, 2012 on the Sci-Fi Channel.

<i>The Wizard of Oz</i> (2011 musical) 2011 musical based on the 1939 film

The Wizard of Oz is a 2011 musical based on the 1939 film of the same name in turn based on L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, with a book adapted by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Jeremy Sams. The musical uses the Harold Arlen and E. Y. Harburg songs from the film and includes some new songs and additional music by Lloyd Webber and additional lyrics by Tim Rice. It is the third stage musical adaptation of the film following the 1942 version for the St. Louis Municipal Opera and the 1987 version for the Royal Shakespeare Company.

<i>The Wizard of Oz</i> (1942 musical) 1942 musical commissioned by the Muny

The Wizard of Oz is a musical commissioned by The Muny based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum and the 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz, using the film's songs by Harold Arlen and E. Y. Harburg. The book of the musical is by Frank Gabrielson, who would later write an adaptation of The Marvelous Land of Oz (1960) for Shirley Temple.

<i>Oz the Great and Powerful</i> 2013 fantasy adventure film directed by Sam Raimi

Oz the Great and Powerful is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Sam Raimi and written by David Lindsay-Abaire and Mitchell Kapner from a story by Kapner. Based on L. Frank Baum's early 20th century Oz books and set 20 years before the events of the original 1900 novel, the film is a spiritual prequel to the 1939 MGM film, The Wizard of Oz. Starring James Franco in the title role, Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz, Michelle Williams, Zach Braff, Bill Cobbs, Joey King, William Bock, and Tony Cox, the film tells the story of Oscar Diggs, a deceptive magician who arrives in the Land of Oz and encounters three witches: Theodora, Evanora, and Glinda. Oscar is then enlisted to restore order in Oz while struggling to resolve conflicts with the witches and himself.

<i>Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz</i> Childrens animated television series

Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz is an American animated children's television series loosely based on L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its subsequent books, as well as its 1939 film adaptation. The series debuted on Boomerang SVOD on June 29, 2017. The series was picked up for the second and third seasons. The series ended on July 31, 2020, after three seasons.

Francis "Frank" "Cookie" Cucksey was an American actor, singer, and circus performer, best known for his role as a Munchkin in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.

References

Citations

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Works cited

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