Otavi Mining and Railway Company

Otavi Railway
Otavi Railway
History
Opened	1906
Technical
Line length	567 km (352 mi)
Track gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)
Old gauge	600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)
Minimum radius	150 m (492 ft)
Route map
	Legend

Last updated September 06, 2023

The Otavi Mining and Railway Company (Otavi Minen- und Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft or OMEG) was a railway and mining company in German South West Africa (today's Namibia). It was founded on 6 April 1900 in Berlin with the Disconto-Gesellschaft and the South West Africa Company as major shareholders.^[1]

Construction

OMEG railway prior to 1915. OtaviMining&RailwayCompanyMap.png — OMEG railway prior to 1915.

OMEG built a 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) narrow gauge railway extending 567 kilometres (352 mi) from Swakopmund on the Atlantic coast to the mines of Tsumeb. Construction began in 1903 and reached Tsumeb three years later.^[2] The first 225 kilometres (140 mi) of railway required 110 steel bridges to cross deeply eroded gullies through sparsely vegetated arid terrain. Most were deck plate girders.^[3] The railway, known as the Otavibahn, was the longest 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge railway in the world at its time of construction.^[2]

Construction coincided with the Herero and Namaqua Genocide. Delays resulted from labor shortages and military heeresfeldbahn operations.^[4] A 91-kilometer branch was completed in 1908 from Otavi to mines near Grootfontein.^[5]

During World War I, German troops had moved inland by the time South African troops reached Swakopmund in January, 1915. German forces destroyed the railroad as they retreated, and South African forces reconstructed a 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge line over the route to Karabib in 1915. German troops surrendered following defeat at Otavi in July, 1915; and service was re-established over the remaining 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) narrow gauge line from the railway shops at Usakos with freight transfer facilities at Karabib.

Nationalization and conversion to Cape gauge

The Otavi line was nationalized in 1923. Train service was interrupted by a locust infestation in 1924 until steam nozzles were installed on locomotives to sweep the insects off the rails before their crushed bodies could reduce traction under the locomotive wheels. The worst flooding in forty years caused extensive washouts in 1925.

The Tsumeb mines closed in 1933.^[6] German rearmament activity reopened the mines from 1936 until the South African government closed the mine as enemy property in 1940.^[7]^[8] Tsumeb mines reopened again in 1946.^[9] The remainder of the line was regauged to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge in 1961^[10] and became part of the TransNamib.

Rolling stock

The first locomotives designed for regular service were fifteen 22- tonne (21.7- long-ton ; 24.3- short-ton ) 0-6-2T built by Arn. Jung.^[11] Henschel & Sohn built twelve locomotives similar to the Jung design and three 0-6-0T.^[11] Twenty 8-wheel auxiliary tenders carrying 8 cubic metres of water and 3.5 tonnes (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons) of coal were built to enable these tank locomotives to complete longer runs.^[11]^[12] Henschel & Sohn built three HD class 2-8-2 in 1912 with separate 8-wheel tenders for long-distance running.^[13] These locomotives weighed 59 tonnes (58 long tons; 65 short tons) (including the 26-tonne (25.6-long-ton; 28.7-short-ton) tender) and remained in service for 50 years as the 2-8-2 type became standard for the railway.

By 1913, train service included 4 express trains, 14 mixed trains, and 29 freight trains each week.^[5] Express and mixed trains included a baggage car, a car for African passengers, and a coach for first and second class passengers.^[5] The passenger cars carried concrete ballast in a depressed center section to minimize the possibility of wind tipping a lightly loaded car off the rails.^[14] Express trains stopped only at designated stations, but other trains would stop at intermediate points when transport was required.^[5] Equipment included:

96 low-side ore gondolas
55 high-side gondolas
20 limestone gondolas
20 boxcars
12 tank cars
4 stock cars
3 passenger coaches
An executive business car with a kitchen, a bathroom, and an office convertible to a bedroom at night.^[12]^[15] There were also some self-powered steam rail cars with a coal bunker, a mail compartment, 2 compartments for Europeans, and 4 for Africans.^[16]

A special 7-tonne (6.9-long-ton; 7.7-short-ton) rail motor coach was built for an anticipated visit of Kronprinz Wilhelm in 1914. A 6-cylinder Daimler-Benz gasoline engine gave the car a speed of 38 metres per second (120 ft/s) (137 km/h or 85 mph) and the title of the fastest 2 ft (610 mm) gauge rail car.^[13] World War I intervened to prevent Wilhelm's visit, and the car was used as an inspection vehicle after the war.

Two Henschel & Sohn 4-6-2 locomotives built in 1914 had disappeared during the war;^[13] but Baldwin Locomotive Works delivered a 4-6-2 in 1916. A coach converted for meal service from 1916 to 1931 is believed to be the only 2 ft (610 mm) gauge dining car ever operated.^[17]

Six more Henschel & Sohn 2-8-2 were delivered in 1922.^[13] These locomotives were designated South African Railways (SAR) NG5 class. Three SAR NGG 13 Class 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt locomotives were used from 1927 until 1933. Henschel & Sohn delivered three SAR NG15 Class 2-8-2 locomotives in 1931. Four sleeping cars were built for the railroad in 1938;^[18] when Henschel & Sohn delivered three more 2-8-2 SAR NG15 Class. Fifteen more SAR NG15 Class 2-8-2 locomotives were delivered as three groups of five in 1949, 1952, and 1957. Purchase of additional Garratt locomotives was briefly considered in 1958 but cancelled due to the upcoming track gauge conversion to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge.

Notes

↑ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1900" . Retrieved 23 July 2010.
1 2 Shaw 1958 pp. 37–38
↑ Shaw 1958 p. 38
↑ Andrews 1991 p. 63
1 2 3 4 Shaw 1958 p. 39
↑ Shaw 1958 pp. 46–47
↑ Shaw 1958 pp. 43–45
↑ "Otavi Minerals". Otavi.de. 21 June 2000. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
↑ "Newmont Mining Corporation". FundingUniverse. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
↑ Andrews 1991 p. 66
1 2 3 Shaw 1958 p. 45
1 2 Andrews 1991 p. 65
1 2 3 4 Shaw 1958 p. 47
↑ Andrews, Dick (1991). "Extra Narrow Gauge Junction". Narrow Gauge and Shortline Gazette . Benchmark Publications (March/April): 63–66.
↑ Shaw 1958 p. 42
↑ Shaw 1958 p. 36
↑ Shaw 1958 p. 43
↑ Shaw 1958 p. 49

Related Research Articles

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck. This configuration of steam locomotive is most often referred to as a Mikado, frequently shortened to Mike.

The following lists events that happened during 1922 in South Africa.

The following lists events that happened during 1915 in South Africa.

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-2 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and two trailing wheels on one axle.

The South African Railways Class NG15 2-8-2 is a class of narrow-gauge steam locomotives.

A trench railway was a type of railway that represented military adaptation of early 20th-century railway technology to the problem of keeping soldiers supplied during the static trench warfare phase of World War I. The large concentrations of soldiers and artillery at the front lines required delivery of enormous quantities of food, ammunition and fortification construction materials where transport facilities had been destroyed. Reconstruction of conventional roads and railways was too slow, and fixed facilities were attractive targets for enemy artillery. Trench railways linked the front with standard gauge railway facilities beyond the range of enemy artillery. Empty cars often carried litters returning wounded from the front.

The Railway Museum of Athens, Greece, was founded by the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE) in 1978.

The South West African Zwillinge 0-6-0T of 1898 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.

Rail service in Namibia is provided by TransNamib. The Namibian rail network consists of 2,687 route-km of tracks (2017).

The history of rail transport in Namibia began with a small mining rail line at Cape Cross in 1895. The first major railway project was started in 1897 when the German Colonial Authority built the 600 mm gauge Staatsbahn from Swakopmund to Windhoek. By 1902 the line was completed.

The South African Railways Class NG5 2-8-2 of 1922 was a class of narrow-gauge steam locomotives.

The South West African Class Hd 2-8-2 of 1912 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.

Usakos railway station is a railway station in Namibia serving the city of Usakos. It is part of the TransNamib railway network. The station building is dilapidated but passenger trains still stop at Usakos.

The Swakopmund–Windhoek line was a main 600 mm narrow-gauge railway line in Namibia. It was built in 1897 and operated until 1990 when the route name was changed.

The South West African Class Ha 0-6-2T of 1904 was a steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.

The South West African Class Hb 0-6-2T of 1905 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.

The South West African Class Hc 0-6-0T of 1907 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.

The South West African Jung 0-6-2T of 1904 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.

Two foot and 600 mm gauge railways are narrow gauge railways with track gauges of 2 ft and 600 mm, respectively. Railways with similar, less common track gauges, such as 1 ft 11+3⁄4 in and 1 ft 11+1⁄2 in, are grouped with 2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways.

The Walvis Bay 2-4-2T Hope of 1899 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope.

References

Andrews, Dick (1991). "Extra Narrow Gauge Junction: Otavi Ry., State Northern Ry. in South Africa [sic]". Narrow Gauge and Short Line Gazette. 16 (1): 63–66.
Moir, S.M. & Crittenden, H. Temple. Namib Narrow Gauge. Lingfield, Surrey, England: The Oakwood Press.
Shaw, Frederic J. (1958). Little Railways of the World. Berkeley, Calif.: Howell-North. 261 p. OCLC 988744.

External links

Documents and clippings about Otavi Mining and Railway Company in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

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[1] Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1900" . Retrieved 23 July 2010.

[Shaw_1958_pp._37–38-2] 1 2 Shaw 1958 pp. 37–38

[3] Shaw 1958 p. 38

[4] Andrews 1991 p. 63

[Shaw_1958_p.39-5] 1 2 3 4 Shaw 1958 p. 39

[6] Shaw 1958 pp. 46–47

[7] Shaw 1958 pp. 43–45

[8] "Otavi Minerals". Otavi.de. 21 June 2000. Retrieved 28 August 2013.

[9] "Newmont Mining Corporation". FundingUniverse. Retrieved 28 August 2013.

[10] Andrews 1991 p. 66

[Shaw_1958_p.45-11] 1 2 3 Shaw 1958 p. 45

[Andrews_1991_p.65-12] 1 2 Andrews 1991 p. 65

[Shaw_1958_p.47-13] 1 2 3 4 Shaw 1958 p. 47

[14] Andrews, Dick (1991). "Extra Narrow Gauge Junction". Narrow Gauge and Shortline Gazette . Benchmark Publications (March/April): 63–66.

[15] Shaw 1958 p. 42

[16] Shaw 1958 p. 36

[17] Shaw 1958 p. 43

[18] Shaw 1958 p. 49

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