Prevalence of teenage pregnancy

Last updated
Adolescent birth rate in women aged 10-19 years as of 2016 Adolescent birth rate in women aged 10-19 years, OWID.svg
Adolescent birth rate in women aged 10–19 years as of 2016
Adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15-19 Adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15-19, OWID.svg
Adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15–19
Teenage birth rates are higher in more unequal rich countries.jpg
Teen pregnancy rates are higher in more unequal US states.jpg
Teen pregnancy rates are higher in more unequal countries and in more unequal US states.

Industrialized and developing countries have distinctly different rates of teenage pregnancy. In Western countries such as the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, teen parents tend to be unmarried, and adolescent pregnancy is seen as a social issue.

Contents

By contrast, teenage parents in non-Western countries such as Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Pacific Islands are often married, and their pregnancy may be welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause long-term medical problems for both the mother and child. A report by Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women under age 20 worldwide. More than 90% of these births occur to women living in developing countries. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in such areas, as they are the leading cause of mortality among older women.

The age of the mother is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends, not by the estimated date of conception . [3] Consequently, the statistics do not include women who first became pregnant before their 20th birthdays, if those pregnancies did not end until on or after their 20th birthdays. [3]

Rates by continent

Africa

Adolescent fertility correlates strongly with poverty in African nations. Adolescent Fertility and Poverty in Africa.jpg
Adolescent fertility correlates strongly with poverty in African nations.

The highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world—143 per 1,000 girls aged 15–19 years—is in sub-Saharan Africa. [4] Women in Africa, in general, get married at a much younger age than women elsewhere—leading to earlier pregnancies. In Nigeria, according to the Health and Demographic Survey in 1992, 47% of women aged 20–24 were married before 15, and 87% before 18. Also, 53% of those surveyed had given birth to a child before the age of 18. [5] African countries have the highest rates of teenage birth (2002) [6] According to data from World Bank, as of 2015, the highest incidence of births among 15- to 19-year-old girls was in Niger, Mali, Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique. [7] In Mozambique, in 2015, 46% of girls aged 15 to 19 years were already mothers or pregnant, an increase of 9% between results found on the National Demographic Health Survey in 2011 and National Survey on HIV, Malaria and Reproductive Health (IMASIDA) 2015. With the exception of Maputo, the country capital city, all provinces presented an increase in the percentage of early pregnancies. The rates are particularly higher in the northern provinces, namely, Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Niassa with 64.9%, 61.3% and 60%, respectively. [8] [9]

A Save the Children report identified 10 countries where motherhood carried the most risks for young women and their babies. Of these, 9 were in sub-Saharan Africa, and Niger, Liberia, and Mali were the nations where girls were the most at-risk. In the 10 highest-risk nations, more than one in six teenage girls between 15 and 19 years old gave birth annually, and nearly one in seven babies born to these teenagers died before the age of one year. [10]

Asia

The rate of early marriage is higher in rural regions than it is in urbanized areas. Fertility rates in South Asia range from 71 to 119 births with a trend towards increasing age at marriage for both sexes. In South Korea and Singapore, although the occurrence of sexual intercourse before marriage has risen, rates of adolescent childbearing are low at 4 to 8 per 1000. The rate of early marriage and pregnancy has decreased sharply in Indonesia; however, it remains high in comparison to the rest of Asia.[ citation needed ]

Surveys from Thailand have found that a significant minority of unmarried adolescents are sexually active. Although premarital sex is considered normal behavior for males, particularly with prostitutes, it is not always regarded as such for females. Most Thai youth reported that their first sexual experience, whether within or outside of marriage, was without contraception. The adolescent fertility rate in Thailand is relatively high at 60 per 1000. 25% of women admitted to hospitals in Thailand for complications of induced abortion are students. The Thai government has undertaken measures to inform the nation's youth about the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy.

According to the World Health Organization, in several Asian countries including Bangladesh and Indonesia, a large proportion (26–37%) of deaths among female adolescents can be attributed to maternal causes. [11]

Australia

In 2015, the birth rate among teenage women in Australia was 11.9 births per 1,000 women. [12] The rate has fallen from 55.5 births per 1,000 women in 1971, probably due to ease of access to effective birth control, rather than any decrease in sexual activity. [13]

Europe

The overall trend in Europe since 1970 has been a decrease in the total fertility rate, an increase in the age at which women experience their first birth, and a decrease in the number of births among teenagers.

The rates of teenage pregnancy may vary widely within a country. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the rate of adolescent pregnancy in 2002 was as high as 100.4 per 1000 among young women living in the London Borough of Lambeth, and as low as 20.2 per 1000 among residents in the Midlands local authority area of Rutland.

Teenage birth is often associated with economic and social issues: such as alcohol and drug misuse and, across 13 nations in the European Union, women who gave birth as teenagers were twice as likely to be living in poverty, compared with those who first gave birth when they were over 20. [14]

Bulgaria and Romania

Romania and Bulgaria have some of the highest teenage birth rates in Europe. As of 2015, Bulgaria had a birth rate of 37 per 1,000 women aged 15–19, and Romania of 34. [15] Both countries also have very large Romani populations, who have an occurrence of teenage pregnancies well above the local average. [16] [17] [18]

In recent years, the number of teenage mothers is declining in Bulgaria.

Number of teenage mothers in Bulgaria in the period 1990–2016 [19]
Year199019952000200520102015
All live births in Bulgaria105,18071,96773,67969,88675,51365,950
Mothers aged under twenty22,51816,27812,78710,6258,4116,274
Share of teenage mothersIncrease2.svg 21.4%Increase2.svg22.6%Decrease2.svg 17.4%Decrease2.svg 15.2%Decrease2.svg 11.1%Decrease2.svg 9.5%

Netherlands

The Netherlands has a low rate of births and abortions among teenagers (5 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002 [6] ). Compared with countries with higher teenage birth rates, the Dutch have a higher average age at first intercourse and increased levels of contraceptive use (including the "double Dutch" method of using both a hormonal contraception method and a condom [ citation needed ]).

Nordic countries

Nordic countries, such as Denmark and Sweden, also have low rates of teenage birth (both have 7 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002 [6] ). However, Norway's birth rate is slightly higher (11 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002 [6] ) and Iceland has a birth rate of 19 per 1,000 women aged 15–19 [6] (nearly the same as the UK). These countries have higher abortion rates than the Netherlands.[ citation needed ]

Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal

In some countries, such as Italy and Spain, the rate of adolescent pregnancy is low (6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002 in both countries). [6] These two countries also have low abortion rates (lower than Sweden and the other Nordic countries) [20] and their teenage pregnancy rates are among the lowest in Europe. However, Greece (10 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002) [6] and Portugal (17 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002) [6] have higher rates of teenage pregnancy.

United Kingdom

In 2018, conception rates for under 18-year-olds in England and Wales declined by 6.1% to 16.8 conceptions per 1,000 women aged 15 to 17 years. [21] Since 1999, conception rates for women aged under 18 years have decreased by 62.7%.

The Americas

Canada

The Canadian teenage birth rate in 2002 was 16 per 1000 [6] and the teenage pregnancy rate was 33.9. According to data from Statistics Canada, the Canadian teenage pregnancy rate has trended towards a steady decline for both younger (15–17) and older (18–19) teens in the period between 1992 and 2002. [22] Canada's highest teen pregnancy rates occur in small towns located in rural parts of peninsular Ontario. Alberta and Quebec have high teen pregnancy rates as well.

Colombia

In 2016, the Minister of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, Alejandro Gaviria Uribe announced that "teenage pregnancy decreased by two percentage points breaking the growing tendency that had been seen since the nineties". [23]

Jamaica

United States

In 2013, the teenage birth rate in the United States reached a historic low: 26.6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19. [24] More than three-quarters of these births are to adult women aged 18 or 19. [24] In 2005 in the U.S., the majority (57%) of teen pregnancies resulted in a live birth, 27% ended in an induced abortion, and 16% in a fetal loss. [25]

The U.S. teen birth rate was 53 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002, [6] the highest in the developed world. [14] If all pregnancies, including those that end in abortion or miscarriage, are taken into account, the total rate in 2000 was 75.4 pregnancies per 1,000 girls. Nevada and the District of Columbia have the highest teen pregnancy rates in the U.S., while North Dakota has the lowest. [26] Over 80% of teenage pregnancies in the U.S. are unintended; [27] approximately one third end in abortion, one third end in spontaneous miscarriage, and one third will continue their pregnancy and keep their baby. [28]

However, the trend is decreasing: in 1990, the birth rate was 61.8, and the pregnancy rate 116.9 per thousand. This decline has manifested across all races, although teenagers of African-American and Latino descent retain a higher rate, in comparison to that of European-Americans and Asian-Americans. The Guttmacher Institute attributed about 25% of the decline to abstinence and 75% to the effective use of contraceptives. [26]

Within the United States teen pregnancy is often brought up in political discourse. The goal to limit teen pregnancy is shared by Republicans and Democrats, though avenues of reduction are usually different. Many Democrats cite teen pregnancy as proof of the continuing need for access to birth control and sexual education, while Republicans often cite a need for returning to conservative values, often including abstinence. [29]

An inverse correlation has been noted between teen pregnancy rates and the quality of education in a state. A positive correlation, albeit weak, appears between a city's teen pregnancy rate and its average summer night temperature, especially in the Southern U.S. (Savageau, compiler, 1993–1995).

In 2022 research organization Child Trends found that teen birth in the United States had vastly reduced in the previous 30 years. [30] [31]

Statistics

World Development Indicator

The birth rate for women aged 15–19 is one of the World Bank's World Development Indicators. The data for most countries and a variety of groupings (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa or OECD members) are published regularly, and can be viewed or downloaded from a United Nations website. [32]

UN Statistics Division, live birth 2009

Per 1,000 women 15–19 years old: [33]

UN Statistics Division, estimates 1995-2010

Per 1,000 women 15–19 years old, source: [34]

Birth and abortion rates, 1996

Per 1000 women 15–19 (% aborted = % of teenage pregnancies ending in abortion), source: [20] [35] [36] [37] [38]

Countrybirth rateabortion ratecombined rate% aborted
Netherlands 7.73.911.633.6
Spain 7.54.912.439.5
Italy 6.96.713.350.4
Greece 12.21.313.59.6
Belgium 9.95.215.134.4
Germany 13.05.318.328.9
Finland 9.89.619.449.5
Ireland 16.74.621.321.6
France 9.413.222.658.4
Denmark 8.215.423.665.3
Sweden 7.717.725.469.7
Norway 13.618.331.957.4
Czech Republic 20.112.432.538.2
Iceland 21.520.642.148.9
Slovakia 30.513.143.630
Australia 20.123.94454.3
Canada 22.322.144.449.8
Israel 32.014.346.330.9
United Kingdom 29.621.350.941.8
New Zealand 33.422.555.940.3
Hungary 29.930.260.150.2
Romania 40.037.977.948.7
United States 55.630.285.835.2

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teenage pregnancy</span> Childbirth in human females under the age of 20

Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female adolescent or young adult under the age of 20. Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old. The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are legally considered adults in their country. The WHO defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can happen before the first menstrual period (menarche). In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Family planning</span> Planning when to have children

Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marital situation, career or work considerations, financial situations. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth rate</span> Total number of live births per 1,000 divided by time period

Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from a census, and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. The birth rate is used to calculate population growth. The estimated average population may be taken as the mid-year population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual and reproductive health</span> State of the reproductive system without evidence of disease, disorders, or deficiencies

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a field of research, health care, and social activism that explores the health of an individual's reproductive system and sexual well-being during all stages of their life. Sexual and reproductive health is more commonly defined as sexual and reproductive health and rights, to encompass individual agency to make choices about their sexual and reproductive lives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abstinence-only sex education</span> Form of sex education

Abstinence-only sex education is a form of sex education that teaches not having sex outside of marriage. It often excludes other types of sexual and reproductive health education, such as birth control and safe sex. In contrast, comprehensive sex education covers the use of birth control and sexual abstinence.

Adolescent sexuality is a stage of human development in which adolescents experience and explore sexual feelings. Interest in sexuality intensifies during the onset of puberty, and sexuality is often a vital aspect of teenagers' lives. Sexual interest may be expressed in a number of ways, such as flirting, kissing, masturbation, or having sex with a partner. Sexual interest among adolescents, as among adults, can vary greatly, and is influenced by cultural norms and mores, sex education, as well as comprehensive sexuality education provided, sexual orientation, and social controls such as age-of-consent laws.

The sexuality of US adolescents includes their feelings, behaviors and development, and the place adolescent sexuality has in American society, including the response of the government, educators, parents, and other interested groups.

Teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom refers to the rate at which people under 20 fall pregnant in the United Kingdom. As of 2021, the rate of teenage conceptions in the United Kingdom was 5.226% percent of total conceptions, whereas 2.199% of all live births in the United Kingdom were to mothers under 20 years of age. The rate of teenage pregnancy is relatively high when compared with other developed countries; the only other Western countries with higher teenage pregnancy rates are the United States and New Zealand. A report in 2002 found that around half of all conceptions to under-18s were concentrated among the 30% most economically deprived population, with only 14% occurring among the 30% least deprived.

Abortion in Iceland is legal on request until the end of the 22nd week of pregnancy. The abortion rate in Iceland is relatively high, in comparison to other Nordic countries.

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) are methods of birth control that provide effective contraception for an extended period without requiring user action. They include injections, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and subdermal contraceptive implants. They are the most effective reversible methods of contraception because their efficacy is not reliant on patient compliance. The typical use failure rates of IUDs and implants, less than 1% per year, are about the same as perfect use failure rates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth control</span> Method of preventing human pregnancy

Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. Planning, making available, and using human birth control is called family planning. Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally, religiously, or politically undesirable.

Unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that are mistimed, unplanned or unwanted at the time of conception.

<i>16 and Pregnant</i> American reality television series

16 and Pregnant is an American reality television series that aired from June 11, 2009, to July 1, 2014, on the cable channel MTV. It followed the stories of pregnant teenage girls in high school dealing with the hardships of teenage pregnancy. Each episode featured a different teenage girl, with the episode typically beginning when she is 4+1⁄2 – 8 months into her pregnancy. The episode typically ends when the baby is a few months old. The series is produced in a documentary format, with an animation on notebook paper showing highlights during each episode preceding the commercial breaks. 16 and Pregnant has spawned five spin-off series: Teen Mom, Teen Mom 2, Teen Mom 3, Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant, and 16 and Recovering, which premiered on September 1, 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Family planning in India</span> Efforts to curb unintended pregnancies in India

Family planning in India is based on efforts largely sponsored by the Indian government. From 1965 to 2009, contraceptive usage has more than tripled and the fertility rate has more than halved, but the national fertility rate in absolute numbers remains high, causing concern for long-term population growth. India adds up to 1,000,000 people to its population every 20 days. Extensive family planning has become a priority in an effort to curb the projected population of two billion by the end of the twenty-first century.

Pregnancy is a potential result of rape. It has been studied in the context of war, particularly as a tool for genocide, as well as in other unrelated contexts, such as rape by a stranger, statutory rape, incest, and underage pregnancy. The current scientific consensus is that rape is at least as likely to lead to pregnancy as consensual sexual intercourse, with some studies suggesting rape may actually result in higher rates of pregnancy than consensual intercourse.

Abortion in Cuba is legal and available upon request, which is rare in Latin America because of widespread Catholic influence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth control in Africa</span>

Access to safe and adequate sexual and reproductive healthcare constitutes part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as upheld by the United Nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teenage pregnancy in the United States</span> Pregnancies among American girls aged 13–19

Teenage pregnancy in the United States occurs mostly unintentionally and out of wedlock but has been declining almost continuously since the 1990s. In 2022, it fell to 13.5 per 1,000 girls aged 15 to 19, the lowest on record. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this decline is due to abstinence and the use of contraception. However, the averages conceal significant ethnic or geographic differences within the nation. The birth rates for Hispanic and African-American teens were more than double those of European-American teens, while Asian-American adolescents have the lowest pregnancy and birth rates of all. As of 2015, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi had the highest adolescent birth rates in the Union.

Teenage pregnancy is a girl between the ages of 13 and 19 becoming pregnant. The term used in every day speech usually refers to girls who have not yet reached legal adulthood, which in Australia is anyone under the age of 18. At the national level, the teenage birth rate has declined in the last decade. The rate was about 16 babies per 1,000 women aged 15–19 years between 2011 and 2012 but this had fallen to 11.9 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2015, the lowest figure on record. Terminations can be performed up until the 12-week mark. About half of all teenage pregnancies are terminated in Australia.

Adolescent sexuality has been a topic observed and studied within the United Kingdom throughout the 20th century and in the 21st century. Associated organisations have been established to study and monitor trends and statistics as well as provide support and guidance to adolescents.

References

  1. ↑ "Adolescent birth rate in women aged 10-19 years". Our World in Data. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  2. ↑ "Adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15-19". Our World in Data. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  3. 1 2 Kost K, Henshaw S, Carlin L (2010). "U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity" (PDF). Guttmacher Institute. Pregnancies are the sum of births, abortions and miscarriages. Please note that in these tables, "age" refers to the woman's age when the pregnancy ended. Consequently, actual numbers of pregnancies that occurred among teenagers are higher than those reported here, because most of the women who conceived at age 19 had their births or abortions after they turned 20 and, thus, were not counted as teenagers.
  4. ↑ Treffers P.E. (2003). "Teenage pregnancy, a worldwide problem". Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 147 (47): 2320–5. PMID   14669537.
  5. ↑ Locoh, Therese. (2000). "Early Marriage And Motherhood In Sub-Saharan Africa Archived 2016-01-02 at the Wayback Machine ." WIN News. Retrieved July 7, 2006.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Indicator: Births per 1000 women (15-19 ys) – 2002 Archived 2011-05-29 at the Wayback Machine UNFPA, State of World Population 2003, Retrieved Jan 22, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) - Data". data.worldbank.org.
  8. ↑ Ministerio da Saude (MISAU), Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) e ICF International (ICFI). Moçambique Inquérito Demográfico e de Saúde 2011. Calverton, Maryland, USA: MISAU, INE e ICFI (in Portuguese). 2013.
  9. ↑ Ministério da Saúde (MISAU), Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), ICF Internacional, 2015. Inquérito de Indicadores de Imunização, Malária e HIV/SIDA em Moçambique 2015. Maputo, Moçambique. Rockville, Maryland, EUA: INS, INE e ICF International (in Portuguese). 2015.
  10. ↑ Mayor S (May 13, 2004). "Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries". BMJ. 328 (7449): 1152. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a. PMC   411126 . PMID   15142897 – via www.bmj.com.
  11. ↑ Mehta, Suman, Groenen, Riet, & Roque, Francisco. United Nations Social and Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific. (1998). Adolescents in Changing Times: Issues and Perspectives for Adolescent Reproductive Health in The ESCAP Region Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 7, 2006.
  12. ↑ "Australian women are now having children older than ever". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 11 December 2018.
  13. ↑ "Teenage pregnancy - Better Health Channel". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
  14. 1 2 UNICEF. (2001). "A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-29. (888  KiB). Retrieved July 7, 2006.
  15. ↑ "Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) - Data". data.worldbank.org.
  16. ↑ [ permanent dead link ]
  17. ↑ "Silence Makes Babies - Transitions Online". www.tol.org. 6 July 2010.
  18. ↑ The Politics of Gender: A Survey By Yoke-Lian Lee
  19. ↑ "Live births by districts, municipalities and mother's age". Archived from the original on 2015-05-04.
  20. 1 2 "A league table of teenage births in rich nations" (PDF). Innocenti Report Card. No. 3. July 2001.
  21. ↑ office of national statistics 2018
  22. ↑ Dryburgh, H. (2002). Teenage pregnancy. Health Reports, 12 (1), 9-18; Statistics Canada . (2005). Health Indicators, 2005, 2. Retrieved from Facts and Statistics: Sexual Health and Canadian Youth - Teen Pregnancy Rates Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ "Disminuye número de embarazos adolescentes en Colombia - ELESPECTADOR.COM". 7 September 2016.
  24. 1 2 "Trends in Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing". Department of Health and Human Services. August 15, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  25. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011) Health Disparities and Inequality Report -- United States, MMWR, Jan 14, 2011 volume 60. http://www.naddssw.org/pages/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/MMWR-health-disparities-Report-2011.pdf#page=107
  26. 1 2 Wind, Rebecca. The Guttmacher Institute. (February 19, 2004). "U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Rate Drops For 10th Straight Year." Retrieved July 7, 2006.
  27. ↑ J. Joseph Speidel, Cynthia C. Harper, Wayne C. Shields (September 2008). "The Potential of Long-acting Reversible Contraception to Decrease Unintended Pregnancy". Contraception. 78 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.06.001. PMID   18692608. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  28. ↑ Strasburger, Victor C. (2007) Teen Pregnancy Rates in the USA Cool Nurse, MD University of New Mexico School of Medicine.
  29. ↑ Kantor L, Levitz N, Holstrom A (2020-05-03). "Support for sex education and teenage pregnancy prevention programmes in the USA: results from a national survey of likely voters". Sex Education. 20 (3): 239–251. doi: 10.1080/14681811.2019.1652807 . ISSN   1468-1811.
  30. ↑ DeParle J (2022-12-31). "Their Mothers Were Teenagers. They Didn't Want That for Themselves". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  31. ↑ Wildsmith E, Welti K, Finocharo J, Ryberg R, Manlove J (2022-12-23). "Teen Births Have Declined by More Than Three Quarters Since 1991 - Child Trends". Child Trends. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  32. ↑ "Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)". United Nations Data Retrieval System. United Nations. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  33. ↑ Live births by age of mother and sex of child, general and age-specific fertility rates: latest available year, 2000-2009 — United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics
  34. ↑ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org.
  35. ↑ Sikron F, Wilf-Miron R, Israeli A (Feb 2003). "Adolescent pregnancy in Israel". Harefuah (in Hebrew). 142 (2): 131–136, 158, 157. PMID   12653047.
  36. ↑ Stanley K. Henshaw, Susheela Singh, Taylor Haas (Jan 1999). "The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide". International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 25: 30–38.
  37. ↑ "Statistical Yearbook 2008" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
  38. ↑ Table 4.1, data from 1996 Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine , Irish Crisis Pregnancy Agency, Published 2006
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.