Puccinia coronata

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Puccinia coronata
Oatcrownrust.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Pucciniomycetes
Order: Pucciniales
Family: Pucciniaceae
Genus: Puccinia
Species:
P. coronata
Binomial name
Puccinia coronata
Corda (1837)
Synonyms

Aecidium crassum Pers. (1801)
Aecidium rhamni J.F.Gmel. (1792)
Puccinia calamagrostidis P.Syd. (1892)
Puccinia coronata f. agrostidis Erikss. (1894)
Puccinia coronata f.sp. alopecuriP.Syd. & Syd. (1903)
Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae P.Syd. & Syd. (1903)
Puccinia coronata f.sp. festucaeP.Syd. & Syd. (1903)
Puccinia coronata f.sp. holciP.Syd. & Syd. (1903)
Puccinia coronata f.sp. loliiP.Syd. & Syd. (1903)
Puccinia coronata var. arrhenatheriKleb.
Puccinia coronata var. calamagrostisW.P.Fraser & Ledingham (1933)
Puccinia coronata var. festucaeErikss.
Puccinia coronata var. holci Kleb.
Puccinia coronata var. loliiBeeynck (1853)
Puccinia lolii E.Nielsen (1875)
Puccinia rhamni(J.F.Gmel.) Wettst.
Solenodonta coronata(Corda) Syd. (1921)

Puccinia coronata is a plant pathogen and causal agent of oat and barley crown rust. The pathogen occurs worldwide, infecting both wild and cultivated oats. Crown rust poses a threat to barley production, because the first infections in barley occur early in the season from local inoculum. [1] Crown rusts have evolved many different physiological races within different species in response to host resistance. Each pathogenic race can attack a specific line of plants within the species typical host. For example, there are over 290 races of P. coronata. [2] Crops with resistant phenotypes are often released, but within a few years virulent races have arisen and P. coronata can infect them. [3]

Symptoms

Uredinia are linear, light orange, and occur mostly on the leaf blades but occasionally occur also on leaf sheaths, peduncles and awns. Extensive chlorosis is often associated with the uredinia. Telia are mostly linear, black to dark brown, and are covered by the host epidermis. [4] Although infection by crown rust does not usually kill whole plants, it does kill individual leaves of the plants. Necrotic areas of infected leaves reflect tissue death. The expansion of disease-dependent chlorosis and necrosis greatly reduces photosynthetic processes and the overall physiological functioning of the infected plant, which in turn reduces growth and crop yields. [5] In addition, if plants are badly infected, they become more sensitive to drought conditions which can cause death. [6]

Disease cycle

Teliospores on barley straw and residue of susceptible grasses left in the field germinate in the spring and produce basidiospores that infect Rhamnus cathartica . Pycnial and aecial stages are produced on the alternate host. Aeciospores from R. cathartica are the primary inoculum for infecting barley. The primary infections, which can occur as early as the three leaf stage of barley in the spring, develop into uredinia. Urediniospores produced in the uredinia repeat the infection process, and the fungus undergoes several cycles of reproduction on barley during the growing season. Spread by wind-borne urediniospores can carry the fungus some distance from the R. cathartica bushes that were the original sources of primary inoculum, although such secondary spread seems much less extensive than that for oat crown rust. [4] In fact, P. c. f. sp. avenae can remain viable over dispersal distances of several hundred miles. [6]

Barley crown rust can infect rye as well as barley. In addition, it also infects a number of wild grasses including quackgrass ( Elymus repens ), slender wheatgrass ( E. tranchycaulus ), western wheatgrass ( Pascopyrum smithii ), foxtail barley ( Hordeum jubatum ), and several wheatgrasses ( Elytrigia spp.) and wild rye grasses ( Elymus spp. and Leymus spp.). The fungus readily forms telia on these hosts, which serve as a reservoir of overwintering teliospores. Quackgrass may be the most important reservoir for overwintering telia. This ubiquitous, perennial weed is very susceptible to the rust and is often found growing near Rhamnus.

Intra-specific classification

Uredinial/telial stages also occur on a wide range of grass species (Poaceae) in the genera Agrostis , Arrhenatherum , Bromus , Calamagrostis , Elymus , Festuca , Glyceria , Holcus , Hordeum , Lolium , Poa and Schedonorus etc. Recent molecular studies suggest that with high intraspecific genetic variation, Puccinia coronata harbors multiple phylogenetic lineages. Seven phylogenetic species are recognized based on host specificity, morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, namely P. coronata s.str., P. coronati-agrostidis , P. coronati-brevispora , P. coronati-calamagrostidis , P. coronati-hordei , P. coronati-japonica , and P. coronati-longispora . Puccinia coronata s.str. is further divided into two varieties: P. coronata var. avenae and P. coronata var. coronata. The former is composed of two formae speciales: P. coronata var. avenae f. sp. avenae and P. coronata var. avenae f. sp. graminicola. The crown rust pathogen on oats belongs to P. coronata var. avenae f. sp. avenae. [7] [8]

Management

Sources of resistance to crown rust have been identified in barley germplasm from diverse regions, but most malting barley cultivars currently grown in the northern Great Plains of North America are susceptible to crown rust. [1] Typically P. coronata can overcome resistant gene within five years, making it difficult for researchers to control its damaging effects on the oat production industry. Agricultural Research Service researchers have introduced individual genes that produce proteins believed to recognize crown rust and trigger a defensive response within the plant. [9] Because of P. coronata’s quick ability to adapt to resistant strains of oat, researchers have had to turn to a new variety of oat ( A. barbata ), which is commonly considered a weed, for new resistant genes. In lab studies A. barbata has done remarkably well in conferring resistance to various strains of crown rust. The main goal of the researchers is to not only confer resistance to crown rust, but also to develop oat varieties with additional desirable traits such as high yield and drought tolerance. [9]

History of study

Research into P. coronata on A. sativa/oat crown rust has been foundational to the understanding and definition of "tolerance" in phytopathology. In 1958 Caldwell et al. defined tolerance as that which "enabl[es] a susceptible plant to endure severe attack by a rust fungus without sustaining severe losses in yield or quality." Although they noted that most interest was in breeding for hypersensitive responses, they located, differentiated, quantified, and defined "tolerance" for the first time in cultivars prevalent in the United States. [10] [11] [12]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heteroecious</span> Several-host parasite

A heteroecious parasite is one that requires at least two hosts. The primary host is the host in which the parasite spends its adult life; the other is the secondary host. Both hosts are required for the parasite to complete its life cycle. This can be contrasted with an autoecious parasite which can complete its life cycle on a single host species. Many rust fungi have heteroecious life cycles:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rust (fungus)</span> Order of fungi

Rusts are fungal plant pathogens of the order Pucciniales causing plant fungal diseases.

<i>Rhamnus</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus is a genus of about 140 accepted species of shrubs or small trees, commonly known as buckthorns, in the family Rhamnaceae. Its species range from 1 to 10 m tall and are native mainly in east Asia and North America, but found throughout the temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere, and also more locally in the subtropical Southern Hemisphere in parts of Africa and South America. One species, the common buckthorn, is able to flourish as an invasive plant in parts of Canada and the U.S., where it has become naturalized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phytoalexin</span> Class of chemical compounds

Phytoalexins are antimicrobial substances, some of which are antioxidative as well. They are defined, not by their having any particular chemical structure or character, but by the fact that they are defensively synthesized de novo by plants that produce the compounds rapidly at sites of pathogen infection. In general phytoalexins are broad spectrum inhibitors; they are chemically diverse, and different chemical classes of compounds are characteristic of particular plant taxa. Phytoalexins tend to fall into several chemical classes, including terpenoids, glycosteroids, and alkaloids; however the term applies to any phytochemicals that are induced by microbial infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avenanthramide</span> Type of alkaloid

Avenanthramides are a group of phenolic alkaloids found mainly in oats, but also present in white cabbage butterfly eggs, and in fungus-infected carnation. A number of studies demonstrate that these natural products have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-itch, anti-irritant, and antiatherogenic activities. Oat kernel extracts with standardized levels of avenanthramides are used for skin, hair, baby, and sun care products. The name avenanthramides was coined by Collins when he reported the presence of these compounds in oat kernels. It was later found that three avenanthramides were the open-ring amides of avenalumins I, II, and III, which were previously reported as oat phytoalexins by Mayama and co-workers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stem rust</span> Fungus disease of cereal crops

Stem rust, also known as cereal rust, black rust, red rust or red dust, is caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis, which causes significant disease in cereal crops. Crop species that are affected by the disease include bread wheat, durum wheat, barley and triticale. These diseases have affected cereal farming throughout history. The annual recurrence of stem rust of wheat in North Indian plains was discovered by K.C. Mehta. Since the 1950s, wheat strains bred to be resistant to stem rust have become available. Fungicides effective against stem rust are available as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Take-all</span> Fungal plant disease

Take-all is a plant disease affecting the roots of grass and cereal plants in temperate climates caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces tritici. All varieties of wheat and barley are susceptible. It is an important disease in winter wheat in Western Europe particularly, and is favoured by conditions of intensive production and monoculture.

<i>Puccinia hordei</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia hordei is a species of rust fungus. A plant pathogen, it can cause leaf rust of barley, also known as brown rust of barley. It was originally found on the dry leaves of Hordeum vulgare in Germany.

<i>Puccinia asparagi</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia asparagi is the causative agent of asparagus rust. It is an autoecious fungus, meaning that all stages of its life cycle – pycniospores, aeciospores, and teliospores – all develop upon the same host plant . Rust diseases are among the most destructive plant diseases, known to cause famine following destruction of grains, vegetables, and legumes. Asparagus rust occurs wherever the plant is grown and attacks asparagus plants during and after the cutting season. Asparagus spears are usually harvested before extensive rust symptoms appear. Symptoms are first noticeable on the growing shoots in early summer as light green, oval lesions, followed by tan blister spots and black, protruding blisters later in the season. The lesions are symptoms of Puccinia asparagi during early spring, mid-summer and later summer to fall, respectively. Severe rust infections stunt or kill young asparagus shoots, causing foliage to fall prematurely, and reduce the ability of the plant to store food reserves. The Puccinia asparagi fungus accomplishes this by rust lowering the amounts of root storage metabolites. The infected plant has reduced plant vigor and yield, often leading to death in severe cases. Most rust diseases have several stages, some of which may occur on different hosts; however, in asparagus rust all the life stages occur on asparagus. Because of this, many observers mistake the different stages of the Puccinia asparagi life cycle as the presence of different diseases. The effects of Puccinia asparagi are present worldwide wherever asparagus is being grown. Asparagus rust is a serious threat to the asparagus industry.

<i>Puccinia helianthi</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia helianthi is a macrocyclic and autoecious fungal plant pathogen that causes rust on sunflower. It is also known as "common rust" and "red rust" of sunflower.

<i>Puccinia melanocephala</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia melanocephala is a fungus and plant pathogen, it is the causal agent of sugarcane rust. It was originally found on the leaves of a species of Arundinaria (cane) in Assam, India.

Puccinia pittieriana is a species of rust fungus. It is a plant pathogen which infects agricultural crops such as potato and tomato. Its common names include common potato rust and common potato and tomato rust.

<i>Rhamnus cathartica</i> Species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus cathartica, the European buckthorn, common buckthorn, purging buckthorn, or just buckthorn, is a species of small tree in the flowering plant family Rhamnaceae. It is native to Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia, from the central British Isles south to Morocco, and east to Kyrgyzstan. It was introduced to North America as an ornamental shrub in the early 19th century or perhaps before, and is now naturalized in the northern half of the continent, and is classified as an invasive plant in several US states and in Ontario, Canada.

<i>Puccinia monoica</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia monoica is a parasitic rust fungus of the genus Puccinia that inhibits flowering in its host plant and radically transforms host morphology in order to facilitate its own sexual reproduction.

<i>Puccinia jaceae <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> solstitialis</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis is a species of fungus in the Pucciniaceae family. It is a plant pathogen that causes rust. Native to Eurasia, it is the first fungal pathogen approved in the United States as a biological control agent to curb the growth of the invasive weed yellow starthistle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wheat yellow rust</span> Fungal disease of wheat

Wheat yellow rust, also known as wheat stripe rust, is one of the three major wheat rust diseases, along with stem rust of wheat and leaf rust.

<i>Puccinia poarum</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia poarum, a species of fungus, known as the coltsfoot gall rust, or meadow grass rust, is a plant pathogen. This fungal parasite forms a yellow to orange gall, 1–2 cm in diameter, on the underside of leaves of coltsfoot. It also infects but does not gall grasses of the family Poaceae. P. poarum is a genetically diverse species that has been reported on at least seventy plant hosts. It was originally found on Poa fertilis and Poa nemoralis in Denmark in 1877.

Ruth Florence Allen (1879–1963) was an American botanist and plant pathologist and the first woman to earn her Ph.D. in botany from the University of Wisconsin. Her doctorate research focused on the reproduction and cell biology of ferns, particularly the phenomenon of apogamy. Later in her career, Allen shifted her focus to plant pathology. Her major contribution to the field of mycology was furthering the understanding of rust fungi, a group of economically important plant pathogens. Allen completed many studies on Puccinia graminis, once considered a catastrophically damaging disease-causing agent in cereal crops before the discovery of current management measures.

<i>Puccinia myrsiphylli</i> Species of fungus

Puccinia myrsiphylli is a rust fungus in the genus Puccinia, family Pucciniaceae, and is native to South Africa. It has been tested, introduced, and targeted in Australia and New Zealand as an effective biocontrol agent for Asparagus asparagoides, also known as bridal creeper.

Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae is the variation of the crown rust fungus which infects oat plants. Almost every growing region of oat has been affected by this pathogen at one point or another. During particularly bad epidemics, the worldwide crop yields have been reduced by up to 40%. One reason why Pca has such a prominent effect is that the conditions which favor oat production also favor the growth and inoculation of the rusts: Meaning that years in which the highest yields of crops are expected are the same years in which losses are the highest as well. Pca urediniospores germinate the best at temperature between 10–30 °C (50–86 °F) with germ-tube growth optimized at 20 °C (68 °F).

References

  1. 1 2 "Barley crown rust". Agricultural Research Service . United States Department of Agriculture. 2021-02-14. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  2. Simons, Marr Dixon; Michel, L.J. (1964). "International register of pathogenic races of Puccinia coronata var. avenae". Plant Disease Reporter . 48 (10): 763–766.
  3. Briere, S.C.; Kushalappa, A.C.; Mather, D.E (1994). "Screening for Partial Resistance to an Isolate of Crown Rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) Race 264 in Oat Cultivars and Breeding Lines". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 16 (1): 49–55. Bibcode:1994CaJPP..16...49B. doi:10.1080/07060669409500787.
  4. 1 2 Disease Cycle
  5. Sulaiman Eve, Hassan Y; Runno-Paurson; Kaurilind, Eve; Niinemets, Ülo (2023). "Differential impact of crown rust (Puccinia coronata) infection on photosynthesis and volatile emissions in the primary host Avena sativa and the alternate host Rhamnus frangula". Journal of Experimental Botany. 74 (6): 2029–2046. doi:10.1093/jxb/erad001. PMID   36610799.
  6. 1 2 "Oat crown rust". Cereal Disease Laboratory. United States Department of Agriculture | Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  7. Liu, M.; S. Hambleton (2012). "Laying the foundation for a taxonomic review of Puccinia coronata s.l. in a phylogenetic context". Mycol Progress. 12: 63–89. doi: 10.1007/s11557-012-0814-1 .
  8. Urban, Z.; J. Marková (1993). "The rust fungi of grasses in Europe. I. Puccinia coronata Corda". Acta Univ Carol. 37: 93–147.
  9. 1 2 "ARS Scientists Turn to a Wild Oat to Combat Crown Rust". Agricultural Research Service . United States Department of Agriculture. 2021-02-14. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  10. Pagán, Israel; García-Arenal, Fernando (2020-08-25). "Tolerance of Plants to Pathogens: A Unifying View". Annual Review of Phytopathology . 58 (1). Annual Reviews: 77–96. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012749. hdl: 10261/339066 . ISSN   0066-4286. PMID   32403981.
  11. Soares, Miguel P.; Teixeira, Luis; Moita, Luis F. (2017-01-03). "Disease tolerance and immunity in host protection against infection". Nature Reviews Immunology . 17 (2). Nature Portfolio: 83–96. doi:10.1038/nri.2016.136. hdl: 10400.7/767 . ISSN   1474-1733. PMID   28044057.
  12. Schafer, John F. (1971). "Tolerance to Plant Disease". Annual Review of Phytopathology . 9 (1). Annual Reviews: 235–252. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.09.090171.001315. ISSN   0066-4286.