Quaranjavirus

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Quaranjavirus
Cygnet River square (EID 2012 Fig1a).jpg
Cygnet River virus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Insthoviricetes
Order: Articulavirales
Family: Orthomyxoviridae
Genus:Quaranjavirus
Species [1]

Quaranjavirus is a genus of enveloped RNA viruses, one of seven genera in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae . The genome is single-stranded, negative-sense segmented RNA, generally with six segments. The genus contains two species: Johnston Atoll virus and Quaranfil virus ; it has been proposed to contain species or strains including Cygnet River virus, Lake Chad virus, Tyulek virus and Wellfleet Bay virus.[ citation needed ] Quaranjaviruses predominantly infect arthropods and birds; As of March 2015, Quaranfil quaranjavirus is the only member of the genus to have been shown to infect humans. The Quaranfil and Johnston Atoll viruses are transmitted between vertebrates by ticks, resembling members of Thogotovirus , another genus of Orthomyxoviridae.

Contents

History

Quaranfil virus was first isolated from humans in Egypt in 1953. [2] Johnston Atoll virus and Lake Chad virus were first isolated from birds in 1964 and 1969, respectively. [3] In 1989, based on the appearance of the virus particles under the electron microscope, H.G. Zeller and colleagues suggested that they should be classified as arenaviruses, [4] but this was not accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). [5] [6] In 2009, based on sequence data and the structure of the virus particles, Rachel Presti and colleagues suggested that the three viruses should be classified as a new genus of orthomyxoviruses, originally named "Quarjavirus". [3] Multiple other viruses have subsequently been suggested as genus members. [7] [8] [9] [10] The genus was formally proposed to the ICTV in 2012, under the name '"Quaranjavirus", [2] and formally approved by that body in 2013. [11] [12]

Nomenclature

Quaranfil virus is named for Quaranfil, one of the villages near Cairo from which the virus was isolated. The Johnston Atoll virus is named for Johnston Atoll in the Pacific, also where the virus was first isolated. [2] [3] The genus name combines "Quaran", with "ja" for Johnston Atoll. [2]

Virology

Schematic drawing of a virion (genera Thogotovirus and Quaranjavirus, cross section) Thogotovirus-virion.jpg
Schematic drawing of a virion (genera Thogotovirus and Quaranjavirus, cross section)

The virus particle is enveloped and spherical, ovoid or variable in shape, with a diameter generally in the range 80–120  nm. [4] [13] [14] The virus particle contains around ten ribosome-like granules, a feature of arenaviruses. [4] It bears surface projections variously described as 4–5 nm long [4] and 10–14 nm in length and 4–6 nm in diameter. [14]

Quaranjavirus genome map Quaranjavirus genomes.jpg
Quaranjavirus genome map

The single-stranded, – RNA genome is linear and segmented, generally with six segments of 0.9–2.4 kb and a total size of around 11.5 kb. [14] Wellfleet Bay virus has a seventh segment of 519  nucleotides. [9] The genome encodes six or (in Wellfleet Bay virus) seven proteins. The PA, PB1 and PB2 subunits of the trimeric RNA polymerase enzyme are encoded by the three largest segments (1–3), as in other orthomyxoviruses. Segment 5 encodes the envelope glycoprotein (GP). Proteins of unknown function are encoded by segments 4 and 6, [2] [13] [14] which have recently been tentatively assigned to the viral nucleoprotein and matrix protein, respectively. [9] Segment 7 of Wellfleet Bay virus encodes an additional protein of unknown function. [9] The quaranjavirus glycoprotein shows no similarity with the influenza virus glycoproteins (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase), and instead shows some similarities with the gp64 glycoprotein of baculoviruses, which infect insects, as well as the glycoprotein of thogotoviruses, a genus of tick-transmitted orthomyxoviruses. [2]

The replication cycle of Quaranfil virus takes around 24–36 hours, which is comparable with thogotoviruses and slower than influenza viruses. [3]

Host range and disease

Quaranjaviruses infect both arthropod and vertebrate hosts. The most common arthropod hosts are species of soft-bodied ( Argasidae family) ticks. [9] Most members cannot infect mosquito cell lines in the laboratory. [9] In 2015, multiple new members of the genus were proposed based on RNA sequences obtained from mosquitos, flies, other insects, and the Neoscona spider. [10]

Aquatic birds that nest in colonies are the most common vertebrate hosts, including gannets, terns and herons. [9] Cygnet River and Wellfleet Bay viruses have been associated with an often-fatal disease in farmed and wild duck species, with symptoms including diarrhoea and lethargy. [7] [9] Most genus members tested can infect mice under laboratory conditions; they cause severe pathology and are frequently lethal. [3] [4] Quaranfil virus is the only member of the genus to have been shown to infect humans; infection generally appears to be asymptomatic and has occasionally been reported to be associated with mild fever. [2] [3]

Species and strains

Two species have been confirmed by the ICTV, Johnston Atoll virus and Quaranfil virus. [15] The species or strains Cygnet River virus, Lake Chad virus, Tyulek virus and Wellfleet Bay virus have also been proposed to belong to the genus; [3] [7] [8] [9] thirteen further species or strains most closely related to Johnston Atoll virus were identified from a range of arthropods based on RNA data. [10]

Species/strainRNA segmentsDiameter (nm)VectorsVertebrate hostsDistributionRef.
Cygnet River Muscovy duck Australia [7]
Johnston Atoll165–200 Ornithodoros ticks Chicken, mouse Australasia, Pacific [3] [4]
Lake Chad Mouse, vitelline masked weaver bird Africa [3]
Quaranfil≥6100 or 137–156 Argas ticks Mouse, human, seabirds Africa, Asia [3] [4]
Tyulek6 Argas ticksAsia [8] [9]
Wellfleet Bay≥790–110 Common eider North America [9]
Phylogenic tree showing Quaranfil virus, Cygnet River virus and selected orthomyxoviruses, based on the matrix protein Cygnet River phylogeny (EID 2012 Fig2).jpg
Phylogenic tree showing Quaranfil virus, Cygnet River virus and selected orthomyxoviruses, based on the matrix protein

Quaranfil virus was initially isolated in 1953 from two children with mild fever in the villages of Quaranfil and Sindbis, near Cairo in Egypt. [2] [3] Antibodies to the virus have been demonstrated in around 8% of people sampled in the area, although no further cases of symptomatic disease have been reported. The geographical range of the virus is wide, also including Nigeria and South Africa in Africa, and Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and Yemen in the Middle East and Asia. The virus has also been isolated from seabirds and from ticks, such as the soft-bodied Argas arboreus . [3] The virus has been shown to be transmitted between vertebrates by ticks. [2] In the laboratory, it causes severe disease in mice. [3] [4]

Cygnet River and Wellfleet Bay virus

Cygnet River virus was isolated in 2010 from embryonated eggs of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschate) from Cygnet River, Kangaroo Island in Australia. The virus was associated with an outbreak of severe disease in farmed ducks. [7]

Wellfleet Bay virus was isolated from wild common eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) overwintering at Jeremy Point, Wellfleet Bay in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The virus was associated with an outbreak of severe disease in 2010, and is hypothesised to have been a factor in a series of similar outbreaks in 1998–2013. [9]

The two viruses are closely related and might be strains of the same virus; they are also related to Quaranfil virus. [7] [9]

Phylogenic tree showing Quaranfil virus, Johnston Atoll virus, putative arthropod strains (red) and selected orthomyxoviruses Arthropod quaranjavirus phylogeny (eLife 2015 Fig3 suppl).jpg
Phylogenic tree showing Quaranfil virus, Johnston Atoll virus, putative arthropod strains (red) and selected orthomyxoviruses

Lake Chad virus

Lake Chad virus was isolated in 1969 from a vitelline masked weaver bird (Ploceus vitellinus) from Lake Chad in Nigeria, and has yet to be isolated elsewhere. [3] [9] The virus causes severe disease in mice under laboratory conditions. It is most closely related to Quaranfil virus. [3]

Johnston Atoll virus

Johnston Atoll virus was first isolated in 1964 from soft-bodied Ornithodoros capensis ticks infesting the brown noddy tern (Anous stolidus) from Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, in the Pacific. Its range also includes Hawaii, Australia and New Zealand. [3] The virus has been shown to be transmitted between vertebrates by ticks. [2] In the laboratory, it causes severe disease in mice and chicks. [3] [4]

Tyulek virus

Tyulek virus was isolated from soft-bodied Argas vulgaris ticks infesting birds by the Aksu River near the village of Tyulek in Kyrgyzstan. The virus is closely related to both Quaranfil and Johnston Atoll viruses. [8]

Other putative strains

Thirteen RNA sequences with 34–40% sequence identity to Johnston Atoll virus have been identified in insects and spiders in China. Putative hosts include Neoscona nautica (spider), Atherigona orientalis (pepper fruit fly), Chrysomya megacephala (oriental latrine fly), Sarcophaga (flesh flies), Musca domestica (housefly), Culex tritaeniorhynchus , C. quinquefasciatus , Anopheles sinensis and Armigeres subalbatus (mosquitoes), Psychoda alternata (moth fly), Hippoboscoidea (louse fly), as well as unidentified species in the Tabanidae (horse-fly), Gerridae (water strider) and Stratiomyidae (soldier fly) groups. [10] Nearly 50 viruses associated with Orthomyxoviridae were identified in a broad variety of insect hosts, after computational virus screening of the largest insect transcriptome collection sampled worldwide. [16] Orthomyxoviridae -related viruses were found for the first time in insect hosts, such as Raphidioptera, Dermaptera, Archaeognatha, Neuroptera, Phasmatodea, Zygentoma, and Lepidoptera. [16] These findings place Quaranjavirus in a paraphyletic position to the other viruses of Orthomyxoviridae with implications for taxonomic evaluations and virus evolution.

Related Research Articles

<i>Flaviviridae</i> Family of viruses

Flaviviridae is a family of enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses which mainly infect mammals and birds. They are primarily spread through arthropod vectors. The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims. There are 89 species in the family divided among four genera. Diseases associated with the group include: hepatitis (hepaciviruses), hemorrhagic syndromes, fatal mucosal disease (pestiviruses), hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and the birth defect microcephaly (flaviviruses).

<i>Orthomyxoviridae</i> Family of RNA viruses including the influenza viruses

Orthomyxoviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses. It includes seven genera: Alphainfluenzavirus, Betainfluenzavirus, Gammainfluenzavirus, Deltainfluenzavirus, Isavirus, Thogotovirus, and Quaranjavirus. The first four genera contain viruses that cause influenza in birds and mammals, including humans. Isaviruses infect salmon; the thogotoviruses are arboviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates. The Quaranjaviruses are also arboviruses, infecting vertebrates (birds) and invertebrates (arthropods).

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

<i>Thogotovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Thogotovirus is a genus of enveloped RNA viruses, one of seven genera in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. Their single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome has six or seven segments. Thogotoviruses are distinguished from most other orthomyxoviruses by being arboviruses – viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, in this case usually ticks. Thogotoviruses can replicate in both tick cells and vertebrate cells; one subtype has also been isolated from mosquitoes. A consequence of being transmitted by blood-sucking vectors is that the virus must spread systemically in the vertebrate host – unlike influenza viruses, which are transmitted by respiratory droplets and are usually confined to the respiratory system.

<i>Phlebovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Phlebovirus is one of twenty genera of the family Phenuiviridae in the order Bunyavirales. The genus contains 66 species. It derives its name from Phlebotominae, the vectors of member species Naples phlebovirus, which is said to be ultimately from the Greek phlebos, meaning "vein". The proper word for "vein" in ancient Greek is however phleps (φλέψ).

<i>Coltivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Coltivirus is a genus of viruses that infects vertebrates and invertebrates. It includes the causative agent of Colorado tick fever. Colorado tick fever virus can cause a fever, chills, headache, photophobia, myalgia, arthralgia, and lethargy. Children, in particular, may develop a hemorrhagic disease. Leukopenia with both lymphocytes and neutrophils is very common for Colorado tick fever virus. In either case, the infection can lead to encephalitis or meningitis.

<i>Orthonairovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthonairovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Nairoviridae of the order Bunyavirales that include viruses with circular, negative-sense single stranded RNA. It got its name from the Nairobi sheep disease that affects the gastrointestinal tracts of sheep and goats. The vast majority, and perhaps all viruses in this genus are tick-borne viruses that can have human or other vertebrate hosts.

<i>Orthobunyavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthobunyavirus is a genus of the Peribunyaviridae family in the order Bunyavirales. There are currently ~170 viruses recognised in this genus. These have been assembled into 103 species and 20 serogroups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinary virology</span> Study of viruses affecting animals

Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viral disease</span> Human, animal or plant disease resulting from a viral infection

A viral disease occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.

Dabie bandavirus, also called SFTS virus, is a tick-borne virus in the genus Bandavirus in the family Phenuiviridae, order Bunyavirales. The clinical condition it caused is known as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). SFTS is an emerging infectious disease that was first described in northeast and central China 2009 and now has also been discovered in Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Taiwan in 2015. SFTS has a fatality rate of 12% and as high as over 30% in some areas. The major clinical symptoms of SFTS are fever, vomiting, diarrhea, multiple organ failure, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and elevated liver enzyme levels. Another outbreak occurred in East China in the early half of 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bourbon virus</span> Species of virus

Bourbon virus is an RNA virus in the genus Thogotovirus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, which is similar to Dhori virus and Batken virus. It was first identified in 2014 in a man from Bourbon County, Kansas, United States, who died after being bitten by ticks. The case is the eighth report of human disease associated with a thogotovirus globally, and the first in the Western hemisphere. As of May 2015, a case was discovered in Stillwater, Oklahoma and relatively little is known about the virus. No specific treatment or vaccine is available. The virus is suspected to be transmitted by ticks or insects, and avoidance of bites is recommended to reduce risk of infection. In June 2017 a 58-year-old female Missouri State Park employee died from an infection of the Bourbon virus after it had been misdiagnosed for a significant period of time.

<i>Alphanodavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphanodavirus is a genus of non-enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Nodaviridae. Insects, mammals, and fishes serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: Nodamura virus paralysis in infected wax moth larvae. Member viruses can also provoke paralysis and death to suckling mice and suckling hamsters. There are five species in this genus.

<i>Nyamiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Nyamiviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Ecdysozoa and birds serve as natural hosts. The name is a portmanteau of Nyamanini Pan and Midway Atoll and the suffix -viridae used to denote a virus family. There are seven genera in this family.

Tilapia tilapinevirus, or Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is a negative-strand RNA virus that infects both wild and aquacultured populations of tilapia. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Tilapinevirus, which in turn is the only genus in the family Amnoonviridae. Thus far it has been recorded in various regions across Asia, Africa, and South America. The virus was first discovered and identified in 2014 when the Sea of Galilee in Israel experienced a major noticeable decline in tilapia catch quantities.

Quaranfil quaranjavirus is the type virus of the Quaranjavirus genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. It has a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome composed of 6 segments. Its hosts are ticks, birds, and humans. It was isolated from ticks near Cairo, Egypt in 1953. The virus can infect humans, as confirmed by serological study of human serum samples in Egypt in the 1960s that showed that 8% of the local population had neutralizing antibodies to the virus. The virus has not yet been connected to a human disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Negative-strand RNA virus</span> Phylum of viruses

Negative-strand RNA viruses are a group of related viruses that have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA). They have genomes that act as complementary strands from which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by the viral enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). During replication of the viral genome, RdRp synthesizes a positive-sense antigenome that it uses as a template to create genomic negative-sense RNA. Negative-strand RNA viruses also share a number of other characteristics: most contain a viral envelope that surrounds the capsid, which encases the viral genome, −ssRNA virus genomes are usually linear, and it is common for their genome to be segmented.

<i>Articulavirales</i> Order of viruses

Articulavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses which infect invertebrates and vertebrates. It includes the family of influenza viruses which infect humans. It is the only order of viruses in the monotypic class Insthoviricetes. The order contains two families and eight genera.

Yokose virus (YOKV) is in the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Flaviviridae are often found in arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, and may also infect humans. The genus Flavivirus includes over 50 known viruses, including Yellow Fever, West Nile Virus, Zika Virus, and Japanese Encephalitis. Yokose virus is a new member of the Flavivirus family that has only been identified in a few bat species. Bats have been associated with several emerging zoonotic diseases such as Ebola and SARS.

Quaranjavirus johnstonense is the type virus of the Quaranjavirus genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. The virus was first isolated in 1964 from ticks found in a Noddy Tern nest on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll. The discovery of the virus was notable as the only other species in the genus at the time had been previously discovered in Africa. Mainly concentrated in the pacific the range of this virus includes Johnson Atoll, and New Zealand.

References

  1. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McCauley JW, Hongo S, Kaverin NV, Kochs G, Lamb RA, et al. (2012). "Create 2 new species in the proposed new genus Quaranjavirus" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Presti RM, Zhao G, Beatty WL, Mihindukulasuriya KA, da Rosa AP, Popov VL, et al. (November 2009). "Quaranfil, Johnston Atoll, and Lake Chad viruses are novel members of the family Orthomyxoviridae". Journal of Virology . 83 (22): 11599–606. doi:10.1128/JVI.00677-09. PMC   2772707 . PMID   19726499.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zeller HG, Karabatsos N, Calisher CH, Digoutte JP, Murphy FA, Shope RE (1989). "Electron microscopy and antigenic studies of uncharacterized viruses. I. Evidence suggesting the placement of viruses in families Arenaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, or Poxviridae". Archives of Virology. 108 (3–4): 191–209. doi: 10.1007/bf01310934 . PMID   2690775. S2CID   37237884.
  5. ↑ Büchen-Osmond C, ed. (2006). "Index of Viruses – Arenaviridae". ICTVdB – the Universal Virus Database, Version 4. Columbia University. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  6. ↑ Büchen-Osmond C, ed. (2006). "Index of Viruses – Unassigned Viruses". ICTVdB – the Universal Virus Database, Version 4. Columbia University. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kessell A, Hyatt A, Lehmann D, Shan S, Crameri S, Holmes C, et al. (December 2012). "Cygnet River virus, a novel orthomyxovirus from ducks, Australia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (12): 2044–6. doi:10.3201/eid1812.120500. PMC   3557875 . PMID   23171630.
  8. 1 2 3 4 L'vov DK; Al'khovskiĭ SV; Shchelkanov MIu; Shchetinin AM; Deriabin PG; et al. (2014). "[Taxonomic status of the Tyulek virus (TLKV) (Orthomyxoviridae, Quaranjavirus, Quaranfil group) isolated from the ticks Argas vulgaris Filippova, 1961 (Argasidae) from the birds burrow nest biotopes in the Kyrgyzstan]". Voprosy virusologii (in Russian). 59: 28–32.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Allison AB, Ballard JR, Tesh RB, Brown JD, Ruder MG, Keel MK, et al. (January 2015). "Cyclic avian mass mortality in the northeastern United States is associated with a novel orthomyxovirus". Journal of Virology . 89 (2): 1389–403. doi:10.1128/JVI.02019-14. PMC   4300652 . PMID   25392223.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Li CX, Shi M, Tian JH, Lin XD, Kang YJ, Chen LJ, et al. (January 2015). "Unprecedented genomic diversity of RNA viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense RNA viruses". eLife. 4: e05378. doi:10.7554/elife.05378. PMC   4384744 . PMID   25633976.
  11. ↑ "ICTV Taxonomy History for Quaranjavirus". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  12. ↑ Adams MJ, King AM, Carstens EB (September 2013). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2013)". Archives of Virology. 158 (9): 2023–30. doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1688-5 . PMID   23580178.
  13. 1 2 "Quaranjavirus". ViralZone . Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Notes on Genus: Quaranjavirus". Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Rothamsted Research . Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  15. ↑ "ICTV Master Species List 2014 v2". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  16. 1 2 Käfer S, Paraskevopoulou S, Zirkel F, Wieseke N, Donath A, Petersen M, et al. (December 2019). "Re-assessing the diversity of negative strand RNA viruses in insects". PLOS Pathogens. 15 (12): e1008224. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008224. PMC   6932829 . PMID   31830128.
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