SS Pennland

Last updated

Pennland (Bernstein).jpg
Pennland in Red Star Line service
History
Name
  • 1920: Pittsburgh
  • 1926: Pennland
Namesake
Owner
Operator
Port of registry
Route
Yard number457
Laid downNovember 1913
Launched11 November 1920
Completed25 May 1922
Maiden voyage6 June 1922
Reclassified1940: troop ship
Refit1935
Identification
FateSunk 25 April 1941
General characteristics
Type Ocean liner
Tonnage
  • 1923: 16,322  GRT, 9,856  NRT
  • 1934: 16,082  GRT, 9,513  NRT
Length575.4 ft (175.4 m)
Beam67.8 ft (20.7 m)
Depth41.2 ft (12.6 m)
Decks4
Propulsion
Speed16 knots (30 km/h)
Capacity
  • 1922: 600 cabin class, 1,500 third class
  • 1935: 486 or 550 tourist class
  • 19,920 cubic feet (564 m3) refrigerated cargo
Crewas troop ship: about 300
Sensors and
processing systems
Notes sister ships: Westernland, Doric

SS Pennland was a transatlantic ocean liner that was launched as Pittsburgh in Ireland in 1920 and renamed Pennland in 1926. She had a succession of UK, German and Dutch owners and operators. In 1940 she was converted into a troopship.

Contents

In 1941 a Luftwaffe air attack crippled her in the Mediterranean, so her Royal Navy escort sank her by gunfire. She is now a shipwreck in the Saronic Gulf.

Building

Harland & Wolff laid down Pittsburgh in its Belfast shipyard in November 1913 for the International Navigation Company (IMM). [1] She was to be a sister ship for Regina , which Harland & Wolff was building in its Govan shipyard in Scotland. [2]

On 28 July 1914 the First World War began, and in August work on Pittsburgh was suspended. Work resumed after the war and she was launched on 11 November 1920. On 22 May 1922 Harland & Wolff completed her and delivered her to the International Navigation Company, which was an IMM subsidiary. [1] Her UK official number was 145933 and she was registered in Liverpool. [3]

Pittsburgh's registered length was 575.3 ft (175.4 m), her beam was 67.8 ft (20.7 m) and her depth was 41.2 ft (12.6 m). [4] As built she had berths for 2,100 passengers: 600 cabin class and 1,500 third class. [1] Regina and Pittsburgh were among the first ships to offer cabin class accommodation. [5] Her holds had 19,920 cubic feet (564 m3) of refrigerated space for perishable cargo. [6] As built, her tonnages were 16,322  GRT and 9,856  NRT. [3]

Pittsburgh had three screws. A pair of four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines drove her port and starboard screws. Exhaust steam from their low-pressure cylinders powered a low-pressure steam turbine that drove her middle screw. [4] Between them the three engines gave her a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h). [7] She had two funnels and two masts. [1]

Harland & Wolff launched a third sister, Doric, in 1922. [8] She differed from Regina and Pittsburgh by having twin screws and pure turbine propulsion. [9]

Pittsburgh 1922–26

White Star Line, which was another IMM subsidiary, was Pittsburgh's first operator. On 6 June 1922 she left Liverpool on her maiden voyage, which was to Boston and Philadelphia. [1]

On 14 November 1922 the Italian 7,434  GRT steamship Monte Grappa transmitted a distress signal that she was in danger of sinking. Pittsburgh rescued her 45 Italian crew when they abandoned ship. [10] [11]

After less than six months White Star Line changed Pennland's route. On 1 December she left Bremen on her first voyage via Southampton and Halifax, Nova Scotia to New York. [1]

In a gale early on the morning of 30 March 1923 Pittsburgh was in mid-Atlantic east by south of Newfoundland when a huge wave struck her. It wrecked her bridge, wheelhouse, chart room and Master's cabin. Water entering through her ventilators flooded eight cabins in the forward part of her superstructure. The wave was so high that it flooded the crow's nest on her main mast, drenching the able seaman who was on watch as lookout. Captain Thomas Jones was injured by broken glass, and one of his crew was injured by broken glass and splintered wood. [12]

Pittsburgh stopped for her crew to clear the wreckage and improvise an engine order telegraph. The impact damaged her compasses and knocked them out of adjustment, which impeded navigation, but on 4 April she safely reached Bremen. [12]

In November 1923 the German terminus of Pittsburgh's route was changed from Bremen to Port of Hamburg. [1]

Pennland in civilian service 1926–40

In 1926 Pittsburgh was renamed Pennland to conform with the naming style of Red Star Line, whose ships all had names ending in "-land". In 1928 IMM transferred her ownership to another of its subsidiaries, Frederick Leyland and Company. She was transferred to the route between Antwerp and New York via Southampton and Cherbourg. [1] Her sister ship Regina, now renamed Westernland, joined her on the route. [2] [13]

In 1934 IMM sold Red Star Line to Arnold Bernstein. [14] Her last Red Star Line voyage for IMM was on the same route and began on 16 November that year. [1]

Red Star Line poster showing Pennland arriving in New York MAS Red Star Line Pennland (2) 30-05-2012 13-45-49.jpg
Red Star Line poster showing Pennland arriving in New York

In 1935 Bernstein had Pennland refitted at Kiel [1] as a one-class ship with berths for either 486 [10] or 550 [15] tourist class passengers. She was registered in Hamburg. [16] She continued to sail between Antwerp and New York, but calling at Le Havre, Southampton and Halifax. She began her first voyage for Bernstein from Antwerp on 10 May 1935. [1]

In 1939 Nazi Germany exiled Bernstein, and his German businesses were dissolved. Holland America Line (NASM) bought the Red Star Line fleet including Pennland, [17] which it registered in Rotterdam. [18] Pennland remained on the same route. [1]

After the Second World War began in September 1939, Pennland continued her usual service between Antwerp and New York via Southampton. On 19 October she called at Plymouth, which was not one of her usual ports of call. [19]

On 26 April 1940 Pennland left Antwerp for New York as usual. [1] On 10 May Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium. Pennland reached New York on 16 May. [19]

Pennland as a troop ship 1940–41

The Ministry of War Transport chartered Pennland from NASM and had her converted into a troop ship. [15] She spent a month in New York, leaving on 26 June for Halifax. There she joined Convoy HX 54, which reached Liverpool on 14 July. She spent six weeks in Liverpool, leaving on 31 August under escort [19] carrying 1,200 Free French troops [11] via Freetown [19] in Sierra Leone to Douala in French Cameroon. [11]

Pennland spent a month in Freetown and then sailed to Bathurst in South Africa, where she arrived on 31 October. She then returned to West Africa, where her ports of call included Lagos in Nigeria and Takoradi on the Gold Coast. [19]

On 21 November Pennland left Freetown and crossed the Atlantic to the Caribbean. She reached Barbados on 29 November, spent 2–7 December in Kingston, Jamaica, and then sailed to Halifax. [19] On 16 December she left Halifax carrying 1,856 troops with joined Convoy TC 8, which reached the Firth of Clyde on Christmas Day 1940. [20]

On 12 January 1941 Pennland left Belfast for Egypt. She sailed with Convoy WS 5B to Freetown, called at Durban 11–15 February and reached Suez on 3 March. She sailed through the Suez Canal, reached Port Said on 23 March and Alexandria the next day. [19]

On 1 April 1941 Pennland left Alexandria with troops for Greece. On 4 April she left Port of Piraeus and returned to Alexandria. On 6 April Germany invaded Greece and Yugoslavia, and on 12–15 April Pennland was in Piraeus for a second time. [19]

HMS Griffin sank Pennland after an air attack crippled her HMS Griffin (H31) IWM FL 013646.jpg
HMS Griffin sank Pennland after an air attack crippled her

German forces advanced deep into Greece, and the Allies started to evacuate their troops. On 23 April Pennland left Alexandria [19] for Megara [15] in Attica, where thousands of Australian troops were to be evacuated.

An attack by German dive-bombers on 25 April off the island of Agios Georgios in the Saronic Gulf prevented Pennland from reaching Megara. [15] Her Master, Captain Johann van Dulken, was wounded, and her three compasses were smashed. One bomb penetrated her deck and exploded in her engine room, killing four of her crew. [21] Her Purser, Albert la Grange, was below decks inspecting damage when a bomb hit the ship, extinguishing her lights and puncturing her hull. [22]

Pennland's Chief Officer, Pieter van Beelen, took command and ordered her crew to abandon ship. [21] Purser la Grange rallied the crew and helped to ensure they all got clear in the lifeboats. When the last boat was launched, la Grange carried an unconscious steward to the boat. [22] Seven bombs damaged Pennland [11] but she did not sink, so her destroyer escort HMS Griffin sank her by gunfire. [15] Griffin also embarked survivors and took them to Crete, where they were joined an overcrowded cargo ship that took them to Alexandria. [22]

Awards

Captain van Dulken was awarded the British DSC in December 1941 and the Dutch Bronze Cross on 18 May 1942. [23] In New York on 10 July 1942 the Dutch consul-general awarded Purser la Grange the Cross of Merit. [22] Also in New York, in August 1942 Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands awarded Chief Officer van Beelen the Cross of Merit. [21]

Related Research Articles

SS <i>Ceramic</i>

SS Ceramic was an ocean liner built in Belfast for White Star Line in 1912–13 and operated on the Liverpool – Australia route. Ceramic was the largest ship serving the route until P&O introduced RMS Mooltan in 1923.

SS <i>Akaroa</i> (1914)

SS Akaroa was a UK steam ocean liner and refrigerated cargo ship. She was launched in 1914 in Ireland as Euripides for Aberdeen Line. When new, she was the largest ship in the Aberdeen Line fleet.

SS <i>Laurentic</i> (1927)

The second SS Laurentic was a 18,724 GRT steam ocean liner built in 1927 by Harland and Wolff, Belfast, for White Star Line. She was the last steamship to be built for White Star Line.

SS Tregenna was a cargo steamship that was launched in England in 1919 and sunk by a U-boat in the Battle of the Atlantic in 1940 with the loss of 33 of her 37 crew. She was laid down as War Bulldog, but the Hain Steam Ship Co bought her before she was completed and renamed her Tregenna.

SS <i>Statendam</i> (1898) Ocean liner operated by Holland America Line, Allan Line and Canadian Pacific

SS Statendam was a transatlantic ocean liner that was launched in Ireland in 1898 for Holland America Line. She was the first of several ships in the company's history to be called Statendam. She was NASM's first ship of more than 10,000 GRT, and she was the largest ship in the company's fleet until Potsdam was completed in 1900.

Belgian Airman was a 6,959-ton cargo ship which was built by Harland & Wolff Ltd, Glasgow in 1941 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was launched as Empire Ballantyne and transferred to the Belgian Government in 1942. She was sunk by a German U-boat on 14 April 1945.

SS <i>Volendam</i> Dutch-owned transatlantic liner and troop ship

SS Volendam was a Dutch-owned transatlantic liner, launched in Scotland in 1922 and scrapped in the Netherlands in 1952. She was part of the first generation of turbine-powered steamships in the Holland America Line fleet. Volendam and her sister ship Veendam were NASM's largest turbine steamships until the flagship Statendam was completed in 1929.

SS <i>Themistocles</i> (1911)

SS Themistocles was a UK steam ocean liner and refrigerated cargo ship. She was launched in 1910 in Ireland and scrapped in 1947 in Scotland. She was built for Aberdeen Line, White Star Line managed her for a few years, and she spent the latter part of her career with Shaw, Savill & Albion Line.

SS Hertford was a refrigerated cargo steamship that was launched in Germany in 1917, seized by the United Kingdom in 1920 as World War I reparations, and sunk by a U-boat in 1942 with the loss of four members of her crew.

MS <i>Christiaan Huygens</i> Dutch ocean liner

Christiaan Huygens was a Dutch ocean liner that was built in 1927 by the Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij for the Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (SMN). She was employed on the Amsterdam – Batavia route until the outbreak of the Second World War. Requisitioned as a troopship, she was employed in the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. Surviving the end of the war in Europe, she struck a mine in the Scheldt on 26 August 1945 and was beached. She broke in two on 5 September and was declared a total loss.

SS <i>City of Bradford</i> (1903)

SS City of Bradford was a British passenger and cargo steamship that was built in Yorkshire in 1903, renamed Donau in 1916, reverted to City of Bradford in 1919 and became Hanne in 1936.

SS <i>Westernland</i>

SS Westernland was a transatlantic ocean liner that was launched as Regina in Scotland in 1917, renamed Westernland in 1929 and was scrapped in 1947. She began her career as a troop ship repatriating US troops after the Armistice of 11 November 1918. In the Second World War, Westernland served as a troop ship, repair ship and destroyer depot ship.

SS Benlomond was a British cargo steamship that was built in 1922 as Cynthiana, changed owners and names a number of times, and was sunk by a U-boat in 1942, with the loss of all but one of her 53 ship's company. The sole survivor, Poon Lim, drifted on a raft for 133 days before being rescued.

HMS <i>Dunvegan Castle</i> Cruiser of the Royal Navy

HMS Dunvegan Castle was a UK ocean liner that was converted into an armed merchant cruiser (AMC) in the Second World War. Harland and Wolff built her and her sister ship Dunnottar Castle in Belfast in 1936.

SS <i>Minnekahda</i> Transatlantic liner

SS Minnekahda was a transatlantic ocean liner that was launched in Ireland in 1917 and scrapped in Scotland in 1936. She was laid down in 1914 but the First World War delayed her completion. Because of the war she was completed in 1918 as a troop ship, and then worked as a cargo ship.

MV <i>Waimarama</i>

MV Waimarama was a UK refrigerated cargo liner. She was built in Northern Ireland for Shaw, Savill & Albion Line and launched in 1938. She carried perishable foods, particularly meat, from New Zealand to the United Kingdom.

SS Jumna was a steam passenger liner that was built in Scotland in 1929 and sunk with all hands by a German cruiser on Christmas Day 1940. She was a ship in the fleet of James Nourse, Ltd, whose trade included taking indentured labourers from India to the British West Indies.

SS Melita was one of a pair of transatlantic steam ocean liners that were built in the United Kingdom, launched in 1917 and operated by Canadian Pacific until 1935. Her sister ship was Minnedosa.

SS Pennington Court was a British cargo steamship. She was launched in 1924 as Rochdale and renamed Pennington Court in 1927. In the Second World War she carried iron ore, grain and other supplies to Britain. She was sunk with all hands in the Battle of the Atlantic in 1942.

SS Potaro was a refrigerated cargo steamship that was built in Belfast in 1904, and captured and scuttled in the First World War in 1915.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Pittsburgh". Harland and Wolff Shipbuilding & Engineering Works. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Regina". Harland and Wolff Shipbuilding & Engineering Works. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  3. 1 2 Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen (1923). Mercantile Navy List. Board of Trade. p. 416. Retrieved 4 March 2021 via Crew List Index Project.
  4. 1 2 "Steamers & Motorships". Lloyd's Register (PDF). Lloyd's Register. 1930. Retrieved 4 March 2021 via Southampton City Council.
  5. Wilson 1956, p. 42.
  6. "List of vessels fitted with refrigerating appliances". Lloyd's Register (PDF). Lloyd's Register. 1930. Retrieved 4 March 2021 via Southampton City Council.
  7. Harnack 1930, p. 442.
  8. Wilson 1956, p. 36.
  9. "Doric". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  10. 1 2 Swiggum, Susan; Kohli, Marjorie (28 February 2021). "Ship Descriptions – P – Q". TheShipsList. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 knajmilos (4 July 2019). "Pittsburgh". Titanic-Titanic. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  12. 1 2 "Huge wave wrecks bridge; stops liner" . The New York Times . 5 April 1923. p. 4. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  13. Wilson 1956, p. 56.
  14. Wilson 1956, pp. 59–60.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "Pittsburgh". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  16. "Steamers & Motorships". Lloyd's Register (PDF). Lloyd's Register. 1935. Retrieved 4 March 2021 via Southampton City Council.
  17. Wilson 1956, pp. 66–67.
  18. "Steamers & Motorships". Lloyd's Register (PDF). Lloyd's Register. 1939. Retrieved 4 March 2021 via Southampton City Council.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hague, Arnold. "Ship Movements". Port Arrivals / Departures. Don Kindell, Convoyweb. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  20. Hague, Arnold. "Convoy TC.8". TC Convoy Series. Don Kindell, Convoyweb. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  21. 1 2 3 "Ship's officer awarded cross by Holland' Queen". The Victoria Advocate . Victoria, TX. United Press. 23 August 1942. p. 8. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Purser is decorated here for heroism displayed when his ship sank off Crete" . The New York Times. 12 July 1942. p. 91. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  23. "Dulk – Dijxhoorn". Onderscheidingen aan Nederlanders voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog (in Dutch). 16 December 2003. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

Bibliography

37°06′N23°30′E / 37.10°N 23.50°E / 37.10; 23.50