STS-61-B

STS-61-B
	Construction of the ACCESS structure.
Names	Space Transportation System-23
Mission type	Satellites deployment; Technology
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1985-109A
SATCAT no.	16273
Mission duration	6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, 49 seconds (achieved)
Distance travelled	3,970,181 km (2,466,956 mi)
Orbits completed	109
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Space Shuttle Atlantis
Launch mass	118,664 kg (261,609 lb)
Landing mass	93,316 kg (205,727 lb)
Payload mass	21,791 kg (48,041 lb)
Crew
Crew size	7
Members	Brewster H. Shaw Jr. ; Bryan D. O'Connor ; Jerry L. Ross ; Mary L. Cleave ; Sherwood C. Spring ; Charles D. Walker ; Rodolfo Neri Vela ;
Start of mission
Launch date	November 27, 1985, 00:29:00 UTC
Rocket	Space Shuttle Atlantis
Launch site	Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A
Contractor	Rockwell International
End of mission
Landing date	December 3, 1985, 21:33:49 UTC
Landing site	Edwards Air Force Base,; Runway 22
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	361 km (224 mi)
Apogee altitude	370 km (230 mi)
Inclination	28.45°
Period	91.90 minutes
Instruments
	Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures (ACCESS); Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES); Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS); Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA (EASE); Getaway Special (GAS) canister; Morelos Payload Specialist Experiments (MPSE); Orbiter Experiments (OEX);
	; STS-61-B mission patch; ; Back row: Charles D. Walker, Jerry L. Ross, Mary L. Cleave, Sherwood C. Spring, Rodolfo Neri Vela ; Front row: Bryan D. O'Connor, Brewster H. Shaw Jr. Space Shuttle program ← STS-61-A (22) STS-61-C (24) →

Last updated July 14, 2023

STS-61-B was the 23rd NASA Space Shuttle mission, and its second using Space Shuttle Atlantis . The shuttle was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 26, 1985. During STS-61-B, the shuttle crew deployed three communications satellites, and tested techniques of constructing structures in orbit. Atlantis landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 16:33:49 EST on December 3, 1985, after 6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, and 49 seconds in orbit.

STS-61-B marked the quickest turnaround of a Shuttle orbiter from launch to launch in history – just 54 days elapsed between Atlantis' launch on STS-51-J and launch on STS-61-B. As of August 2022^[update], this is still the record for turn around between two flights of the same orbital space vehicle. The mission was also notable for carrying the first Mexican astronaut, Rodolfo Neri Vela. This was also Atlantis' second and final mission before the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. The Challenger disaster would ground the shuttle fleet for two and a half years and Atlantis would not fly again until STS-27, which launched three years later on December 2, 1988.

Crew


Position	Astronaut
Commander	Brewster H. Shaw Jr. Second spaceflight
Pilot	Bryan D. O'Connor First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1	Jerry L. Ross First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2	Mary L. Cleave First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3	Sherwood C. Spring Only spaceflight
Payload Specialist 1	Charles D. Walker Third and last spaceflight
Payload Specialist 2	Rodolfo Neri Vela Only spaceflight

Backup crew


Position	Astronaut
Payload Specialist 1	Robert J. Wood First spaceflight
Payload Specialist 2	Ricardo Peralta y Fabi First spaceflight

Crew seating arrangements

Seat^[1]	Launch	Landing	Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck.
S1	Shaw	Shaw
S2	O'Connor	O'Connor
S3	Ross	Spring
S4	Cleave	Cleave
S5	Spring	Ross
S6	Walker	Walker
S7	Neri Vela	Neri Vela

Shuttle processing

After landing at the Edwards Air Force Base at the end of STS-51-J on October 7, 1985, Atlantis returned to the Kennedy Space Center on October 12, 1985. The shuttle was moved directly into an Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF), where post-flight de-servicing and pre-flight processing took place simultaneously.

After only 26 days in the OPF, a record fast processing in the history of the Space Shuttle program, the shuttle was rolled to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) on November 7, 1985.^[2]Atlantis was mated with the External Tank (ET) and Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) stack and was rolled out to launch LC-39A on November 12, 1985.

Payload

Three satellites were deployed during this mission: Aussat-2, Morelos-2, and Satcom-K2. Aussat-2 and Morelos-2 were the second satellites in their series (the first satellites in the series were deployed during STS-51-I and STS-51-G). Both of these were Hughes Space and Communications HS-376 satellites and were equipped with a Payload Assist Module (PAM-D) booster to reach geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). Satcom-K2 was a version of the RCA 4000 series satellites, which were owned and operated by RCA American Communications (RCA). This satellite was deployed using a PAM-D2 booster (which was a larger version of the PAM-D). This was the first flight of the PAM-D2 booster on a Space Shuttle.

All three satellites were successfully deployed, one at a time, and their booster stages fired automatically to lift them to geostationary transfer orbits. Their respective owners assumed charge, and later fired the onboard kick motors at apogee, to circularize the orbits and align them with the equator.

Middeck payloads

Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES)
Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS)
Morelos Payload Specialist Experiments (MPSE) and Orbiter Experiments (OEX)

Other items

A checkered racing flag was carried on board Atlantis during STS-61-B; the flag is now on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum. This was also the second test flight of the Orbiter Experiments (OEX) advanced autopilot. It ran for approximately 65 hours and demonstrated the ability to fly the orbiter on nose jets only, aft jets only, to automatically stationkeep on another satellite and to fly an orbit with zero aerodynamic drag. The OEX autopilot was also more fuel efficient than the baseline system.

Mission summary

Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center at 19:29:00 p.m. EST on November 26, 1985. The launch marked the second night launch of the Space Shuttle program, and the ninth and final flight of 1985.^[3]

A key element of the mission's objectives was EASE/ACCESS, an experiment in assembling large structures in space. EASE/ACCESS was a joint venture between the Langley Research Center (LRC) and the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). ACCESS was a "high-rise" tower composed of many small struts and nodes. EASE was a geometric structure shaped like an inverted pyramid, that was composed of a few large beams and nodes. Together, these experiments demonstrated the feasibility of assembling large preformed structures in space. Astronauts Ross and Spring performed two spacewalks on the mission, which marked the 50th, and 51st extravehicular activity (EVAs) for the United States, and the 12th and the 13th for the Shuttle program. An IMAX camera mounted in the cargo bay filmed the activities of the astronauts engaged in the EASE/ACCESS work, as well as other scenes of interest.

"This is probably not the preferred way of building a space station", Ross said later of EASE.^[4]^[5] The astronauts reported that the most difficult part of the spacewalks was torquing their own masses while holding the EASE beams. They found that ACCESS worked well, while EASE required too much free floating. The astronauts judged that performing six-hour spacewalks every other day over a five or six-day period was feasible, and recommended glove changes to reduce hand fatigue. Ross said in the EVA debrief that the crew had tried to have the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) manifested for use in the second spacewalk, because "for certain applications it would be very useful. In particular if you were building portions of a space station attached to the orbiter, then moving those portions farther than the manipulator arm could transport them". He added that the MMU could be used to attach cable runs and instruments in places that were out of reach of the shuttle's robotic arm (Canadarm).

During the mission astronaut Rodolfo Neri Vela accomplished a series of experiments, that were primarily related to human physiology. He also photographed Mexico and Mexico City as part of the mission's Earth observations. However, Commander Brewster Shaw installed a padlock on the hatch control because he was "particularly concerned" that the Mexican could "flip out" during the mission.^[6] Shaw had noted that he didn't think that Neri Vela noticed the padlock, but that the other members of the crew did.^[6] Astronaut Charles Walker again operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES), the third flight of this larger and improved equipment, to produce commercial pharmaceutical products in microgravity. An experiment in Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions (DMOS), was conducted successfully for 3M. The object of this experiment was to grow single crystals that were larger and more pure than any that could be grown on Earth. One Getaway Special (GAS) canister stored in Atlantis's payload bay carried a Canadian student experiment, which involved the fabrication of mirrors in microgravity with higher performance than ones made on Earth.

All the experiments on this mission were successfully accomplished, and all equipment operated within established parameters. Atlantis landed safely at Edwards Air Force Base at 16:33:49 EST on December 3, 1985, after a mission lasting 6 days, 21 hours, 4 minutes, 49 seconds. Atlantis landed one orbit earlier than planned due to lighting concerns at the Edwards. Rollout distance on landing was 3,279 m (10,758 ft) lasting 78 seconds.^[7]

Deployment of the Morelos-2 satellite
STS-61-B crew portrait in-flight on the aft flight deck
Atlantis touches down at the lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base. Wrong picture/mission. Atlantis 61B landed on concrete runway 22.

Spacewalks

Two spacewalks were conducted during the STS-61-B mission to demonstrate assembly techniques which might be used in space station assembly.^[4]

EVA	Spacewalkers	Start (UTC)	End	Duration
EVA 1	Jerry L. Ross Sherwood C. Spring	November 29, 1985	November 29, 1985	5 hours 32 minutes
EVA 1	EVA 1 focused on human performance during assembling of an experimental erectable truss structure. Ross and Spring first assembled the 3.4 m (11 ft) Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures (ACCESS) assembly jig in Atlantis' payload bay. Each cell was assembled in the jig, then pushed up so that the next cell could be assembled. The astronauts assembled the ACCESS truss in 55 minutes, (EVA time line allotted two hours for a single ACCESS assembly) so they assembled it and built it again. The Experimental Assembly of Structures through EVA (EASE) task involved putting together beams weighing 29 kg (64 lb) to make a 3.6 m (12 ft) three-sided pyramid assessed the capabilities of free-floating astronauts. EASE was scheduled to be assembled six times, but Ross and Spring managed eight assemblies. During the first four assemblies the astronauts used foot restraints. In his post flight debriefing, Spring noted that his fingers grew numb during the third EASE assembly and very tired during the fourth. At the end of the EVA Spring assembled and hand-deployed a small target satellite to be used after the EVA as a station-keeping target for Atlantis, which played the role of an automated orbital maneuvering vehicle in rendezvous software tests.
EVA 2	Jerry L. Ross Sherwood C. Spring	December 1, 1985	December 1, 1985	6 hours 41 minutes
EVA 2	The purpose of EVA 2 was to assess the ability of astronauts to handle large structural elements and the ability of the Shuttle's robotic arm (Canadarm), to support future station assembly. Ross and Spring assembled nine bays of ACCESS, then placed parts for the tenth bay on the Canadarm. Ross stepped into the Manipulator Foot Restraint (MFR) and astronaut Mary C. Cleave positioned him within reach of the top of the ACCESS girder, where he assembled the tenth bay. The parts were not tethered. Ross performed a cable run assembly simulation by attaching a tether along the side of the tower while Cleave positioned him. Then Spring released the bottom of the tower so Ross could try to precisely handle the beam from the RMS. He replaced it in the assembly jig where it started, demonstrating astronaut ability to assemble a truss in one place and install it in another. Spring then replaced Ross on the MFR. He changed a beam on the tower to simulate structural repair, then pointed the truss at the Moon to judge his handling ability. The astronauts took down ACCESS, and Spring assembled EASE from the RMS. Before finishing, he joined two beams to simulate handling a thermal control heat pipe. Ross unlatched the EASE pyramid so that Spring could maneuver it. Then he replaced Spring on the MFR to duplicate the EASE activities.

Wake-up calls

NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.^[8]

Flight Day	Song	Artist/Composer	Played for
Day 2	"Air Force Hymn"		Brewster H. Shaw Jr.
Day 3	"America the Beautiful"
Day 4	"Marine Corps Hymn"		Bryan O'Connor
Day 5	"Notre Dame Victory March"		Jerry L. Ross
Day 6	"Born in the U.S.A."	Bruce Springsteen

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References

↑ "STS-61B". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
↑ Chris Gebhardt (July 2, 2011). "OV-104/ATLANTIS: An International Vehicle for a Changing World". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
↑ "SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-61B PRESS KIT" (PDF). NASA. November 1985. Retrieved July 3, 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
1 2 David S. Portree and Robert C. Trevino (October 1997). "Walking to Olympus: An EVA chronology (Monograpahs in Aerospace History Series #7)" (PDF). NASA History Office. Retrieved July 3, 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ "Astronauts Believe Lengthy EVA Building Sessions are Feasible". Aviation Week & Space Technology. December 16, 1985. pp. 20–21.
1 2 Evans, Ben (2012). Tragedy and triumph in orbit: the eighties and early nineties. New York, N.Y.: Springer. p. 424. ISBN 978-1-46143-430-6.
↑ "STS-61B". NASA. Retrieved July 3, 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved August 13, 2007.

External links

STS-61B Video Highlights Archived December 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] "STS-61B". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

[2] Chris Gebhardt (July 2, 2011). "OV-104/ATLANTIS: An International Vehicle for a Changing World". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved July 3, 2011.

[3] "SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-61B PRESS KIT" (PDF). NASA. November 1985. Retrieved July 3, 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[STS-61B_spacewalks-4] 1 2 David S. Portree and Robert C. Trevino (October 1997). "Walking to Olympus: An EVA chronology (Monograpahs in Aerospace History Series #7)" (PDF). NASA History Office. Retrieved July 3, 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[5] "Astronauts Believe Lengthy EVA Building Sessions are Feasible". Aviation Week & Space Technology. December 16, 1985. pp. 20–21.

[Tragedy-6] 1 2 Evans, Ben (2012). Tragedy and triumph in orbit: the eighties and early nineties. New York, N.Y.: Springer. p. 424. ISBN 978-1-46143-430-6.

[7] "STS-61B". NASA. Retrieved July 3, 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[chronology-8] Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved August 13, 2007.

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v t e Space Shuttle Atlantis (OV-104)
Completed flights	STS-51-J STS-61-B STS-27 STS-30 STS-34 STS-36 STS-38 STS-37 STS-43 STS-44 STS-45 STS-46 STS-66 STS-71 STS-74 STS-76 STS-79 STS-81 STS-84 STS-86 STS-101 STS-106 STS-98 STS-104 STS-110 STS-112 STS-115 STS-117 STS-122 STS-125 STS-129 STS-132 STS-135
Status	Retired
On display	Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Merritt Island, Florida

v t e ← 1984 · Orbital launches in 1985 · 1986 →
January	STS-51-C (USA-8)
February	USA-9 Arabsat-1A Brasilsat A1
March	Geosat Intelsat VA F-10
April	STS-51-D (Anik C1, Leasat 3) STS-51-B (Nusat)
May	GStar-1 Telecom 1B
June	Soyuz T-13 STS-51-G (Morelos 1, Arabsat-1B, Telstar 3D, SPARTAN-101) Progress 24 Intelsat VA F-11
July	Giotto Kosmos 1669 STS-51-F (PDP)
August	STS-51-I (Aussat A1, ASC-1, Leasat 4)
September	Spacenet 3 Soyuz T-14 Kosmos 1686 Intelsat VA F-12
October	STS-51-J (USA-11, USA-12) USA-10 STS-61-A (GLOMR)
November	STS-61-B (Morelos 2, Aussat A2, Satcom K2, OEX, EASE/ACCESS)
Unknown month	Sakigake Kosmos 1616 Kosmos 1617 Kosmos 1618 Kosmos 1619 Kosmos 1620 Kosmos 1621 Kosmos 1622 Molniya-3 No.36 Kosmos 1623 Kosmos 1624 Gorizont No.21L Kosmos 1625 Kosmos 1626 Kosmos 1627 Kosmos 1628 Meteor-2 No.13 Kosmos 1629 Kosmos 1630 Kosmos 1631 Kosmos 1632 Kosmos 1633 Kosmos 1634 Kosmos 1635 Kosmos 1636 Kosmos 1637 Kosmos 1638 Kosmos 1639 Kosmos 1640 Kosmos 1641 Kosmos 1642 Ekran No.28L Kosmos 1643 Kosmos 1644 Unnamed Kosmos 1645 Kosmos 1646 Kosmos 1647 Kosmos 1648 Prognoz 10 Kosmos 1649 Kosmos 1650 Kosmos 1651 Kosmos 1652 Kosmos 1653 Kosmos 1654 Molniya-3 No.39 Kosmos 1655 Kosmos 1656 Kosmos 1657 Kosmos 1658 Kosmos 1659 Kosmos 1660 Kosmos 1661 Kosmos 1662 Kosmos 1663 Unnamed Kosmos 1664 Kosmos 1665 Kosmos 1666 Kosmos 1667 Kosmos 1668 Molniya-3 No.37 Kosmos 1670 Kosmos 1671 Transit-O 24 Transit-O 30 Kosmos 1672 Kosmos 1672 Kosmos 1673 Kosmos 1674 Gran' No.26L Kosmos 1675 Kosmos 1676 Suisei Molniya-1 No.61 Kosmos 1677 Unnamed Kosmos 1678 Kosmos 1679 Kosmos 1680 Kosmos 1681 ECS-3 Kosmos 1682 Kosmos 1683 Kosmos 1684 Kosmos 1685 Kosmos 1687 Kosmos 1688 Kosmos 1689 Molniya-3 No.38 Kosmos 1690 Kosmos 1695 Kosmos 1692 Kosmos 1693 Kosmos 1694 Kosmos 1691 Kosmos 1696 Fanhui Shi Weixing 8 Kosmos 1697 Kosmos 1698 Molniya-1 No.73 Unnamed Meteor-3 No.2 Kosmos 1699 Kosmos 1700 Molniya-1 No.56 Kosmos 1701 Kosmos 1702 Gran' No.28L Kosmos 1703 Kosmos 1704 Kosmos 1705 Kosmos 1706 Kosmos 1707 USA-13 USA-14 Kosmos 1708 Kosmos 1709 Molniya-3 No.40 Kosmos 1710 Kosmos 1711 Kosmos 1712 Meteor-2 No.14 Kosmos 1713 Kosmos 1714
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).