Samadera

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Samadera
Quassia indica 15.JPG
Flowers of Samadera indica (syn. Quassia indica)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Simaroubaceae
Genus: Samadera
Gaertn.
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
  • BiporeiaThouars in Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 14 (1806)
  • HyptiandraHook.f. in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1: 293 (1862)
  • LocandiAdans. in Fam. Pl. 2: 449 (1763)
  • ManungalaBlanco in Fl. Filip.: 306 (1837)
  • MauduitaComm. ex DC. in Prodr. 1: 592 (1824), not validly publ.
  • NiotaLam. in Tabl. Encycl. 1: t. 299 (1792), nom. illeg.
  • SamanduraL. ex Baill. in Hist. Pl. 4: 491 (1873), orth. var.
  • VitmanniaVahl in Symb. Bot. 3: 51 (1794), nom. superfl.

Samadera is a genus of trees belonging to the family Simaroubaceae, in the order Sapindales (formerly Rutales or Geraniales). The genus is native to eastern Africa (Tanzania), across to parts of tropical Asia and parts of eastern Australia. [1]

Contents

Type species: Samadera indica Gaertn

Description

They are a genus of large or small trees with simple leaves. The flowers are bisexual, in peduncled (flower stalk) axillary or terminal umbels. The calyx (flower sepals) are small, 3-5 partite (divided into parts) and imbricate (overlapping each other). The 3-5 petals are much longer than the calyx, they are coriaceous (leather-like, stiff and tough) and imbricate. The flower disk is large, conical, with 8-10 stamens, including in the corolla, with a small scale at the base. The stigmas are acute and the ovules are solitary and pendulous. The fruit (or seed capsule) consists of 1-5 large dry compressed 1 seeded drupes (stone fruit), each with a narrow unilateral wing. [2] [3]

Taxonomy

It was first published and described by German Botanist Joseph Gaertner (1732–1791) in his seminal book De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum vol.2 on page 352 in 1791. [1] [4]

The species was later placed in the section Samadera of the Simaroubaceae by Hans Peter Nooteboom (1934–2022) in 1962 (published in 1963), as Quassia indica, along with Samadera harmandiana as Quassia harmandiana. Nooteboom had taken a very broad view of the genus Quassia L. and included therein various genera including, Hannoa Planch., Odyendyea (Pierre) Engl., Pierreodendron Engl., Samadera Gaertn., Simaba Aubl. and Simarouba Aubl. . [5] [6]

In 2007, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses was carried out on members of the Simaroubaceae family. It found that genus Samadera was a sister to Clade V and that genus Quassia was also a sister to Clade V but they had separate lineages. This suggested the splitting up of genera Quassia again, with all Nooteboom's synonyms listed above being resurrected as independent genera. This includes Samadera indicaGaertn. as the accepted name for Quassia indica. The ornamental Quassia amara L., which is occasionally planted in Singapore, remains in genus Quassia. [7]

Genus Samadera is agreed name by various authors including Klaus Kubitzki, [8] Devecchi et al 2018, [9] and Pirani et al 2021. [10]

It is listed as a possible synonym of Quassia L. by GRIN (United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service), [11] and by World Flora Online. [12]

Etymology

The genus name of Samadera is derived from the New Latin, from Sinhalese word samadarā, a tree of Ceylon. [13] [14]

Species

It has 4 known species; [1]

Tropicos lists 5 known species; Samadera harmandianaPierre, Samadera indicaGaertn., Samadera lucida(Wall.) Planch., Samadera madagascariensisA. Juss. and Samadera tetrapetala(Poir.) G. Don. [17]

Distribution

The genus is native to the countries (and regions) of east Africa (within Tanzania (including Pemba Island), Comoros islands and Madagascar), tropical Asia (within Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka), parts of Indo-China (within Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam), parts of Malesia (within Borneo, Malaya, Philippines, Sulawesi and Sumatra), parts of Papuasia (within Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea and Solomon Islands) Australia (within the states of New South Wales and Queensland, [2] [16] ) and lastly in northwestern Pacific (within the Caroline Islands). [1]

Habitat

Samadera indica for example, occurs in lowland tropical forest and peat swamp forest. at an altitude of 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. [18]

While Samadera bidwillii is commonly found in Queensland, Australia within lowland rainforest often with species Araucaria cunninghamii or on the edges of rain-forests, but it can also be found in other forest types, such as open forest and woodland, it is commonly found in areas adjacent to both temporary and permanent watercourses. At an altitude of 510 m (1,670 ft) above sea level. [16]

Endangered

Samadera indica (Quassia indica) was assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2019. Samadera indica is listed as least concern (LC). [18]

Samadera bidwillii is listed in Australia, as vulnerable under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and vulnerable under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992. Due to threats to its habitat, such as clearing as a result of a range of activities including agriculture, forestry, urban development and recreational activities. The spread of non-native species such as lantana ( Lantana camara ) and exotic grasses, including guinea grass ( Megathyrsus maximus ) and Rhodes grass ( Chloris gayana ), may also threaten populations of Samadera bidwillii. [16]

Uses

Some species such as Samadera indica are gathered from the wild and are used medicinally in local folk medicines and also used to produce insecticides. [19] The wood of the tree is used locally for example in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia, where it is used for making knife-handles. [18]

In the state of Kerala, India species Samadera indica has found to have anti-tumor, [20] antifeedant, [21] phytotoxic, [22] antiviral, [23] anthelmintic, [24] and anti-malarial activities, [25] growth regulating activities, [26] and antioxidant,[ citation needed ] and antimicrobial activities. [27] It was used to vitiate diseases such as vata, kapha, arthritis, constipation, and skin diseases like leprosy, scabies, pruritus, and erysipelas. [28]

A methanolic extract of Samadera indica can be used to treat skin diseases. [28]

Related Research Articles

<i>Quassia</i> Genus of plants in the Simaroubaceae family found in the tropics of the world

Quassia is a plant genus in the family Simaroubaceae. Its size is disputed; some botanists treat it as consisting of only one species, Quassia amara from tropical South America, while others treat it in a wide circumscription as a pantropical genus containing up to 40 species of trees and shrubs.

<i>Azadirachta indica</i> Species of plant

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, margosa, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and to parts of Southeast Asia, but is naturalized and grown around the world in tropical and subtropical areas. Its fruits and seeds are the source of neem oil. Nim (नीम) is a Hindustani noun derived from Sanskrit nimba (निंब).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rutaceae</span> Family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales

The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.

<i>Araucaria bidwillii</i> Species of tree in the family Araucariaceae

Araucaria bidwillii, commonly known as the bunya pine, bunya-bunya, or sometimes the monkey puzzle tree, is a large evergreen coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae which is endemic to Australia. Its natural range is southeast Queensland with two very small, disjunct populations in northeast Queensland's World Heritage listed Wet Tropics. The southern population was, and is, of very high cultural significance to the indigenous tribes of the region. There are many planted specimens on the Atherton Tableland, in New South Wales, and around the Perth metropolitan area, and it has also been widely planted in other parts of the world. They are very tall trees – the tallest living individual is in Bunya Mountains National Park and was reported by Robert Van Pelt in January 2003 to be 51.5 m (169 ft) in height.

<i>Alectryon</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Alectryon is a genus of about 30 species of trees and shrubs from the family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally across Australasia, Papuasia, Melanesia, western Polynesia, east Malesia and Southeast Asia, including across mainland Australia, especially diverse in eastern Queensland and New South Wales, the Torres Strait Islands, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii, Indonesia and the Philippines. They grow in a wide variety of natural habitats, from rainforests, gallery forests and coastal forests to arid savannas and heaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Combretaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Combretaceae, often called the white mangrove family, are a family of flowering plants in the order Myrtales. The family includes about 530 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in ca 10 genera. The family includes the leadwood tree, Combretum imberbe. Three genera, Conocarpus, Laguncularia, and Lumnitzera, grow in mangrove habitats (mangals). The Combretaceae are widespread in the subtropics and tropics. Some members of this family produce useful construction timber, such as idigbo from Terminalia ivorensis. The commonly cultivated Quisqualis indica is now placed in the genus Combretum. Many plants in the former Quisqualis genus contain the excitotoxin quisqualic acid, a potent AMPA agonist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simaroubaceae</span> Family of plants

The Simaroubaceae are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phylogeny of the family was published in 2007, greatly clarifying relationships within the family. Together with chemical characteristics such as the occurrence of petroselinic acid in Picrasma, in contrast to other members of the family such as Ailanthus, this indicates the existence of a subgroup in the family with Picrasma, Holacantha, and Castela.

<i>Libocedrus</i> Genus of conifers

Libocedrus is a genus of five species of coniferous trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to New Zealand and New Caledonia. The genus is closely related to the South American genera Pilgerodendron and Austrocedrus, and the New Guinean genus Papuacedrus, both of which are included within Libocedrus by some botanists. These genera are rather similar to the Northern Hemisphere genera Calocedrus and Thuja: in earlier days, what is now Calocedrus was sometimes included in Libocedrus. They are much less closely related, as recently confirmed. The generic name means "teardrop cedar", apparently referring to drops of resin.

<i>Fagopyrum tataricum</i> Species of plant

Fagopyrum tataricum, also known as Tartary buckwheat, green buckwheat, ku qiao, Tatar buckwheat, or bitter buckwheat, is a domesticated food plant in the genus Fagopyrum in the family Polygonaceae. With another species in the same genus, common buckwheat, it is often counted as a cereal, but the buckwheats are not closely related to true cereals.

<i>Quassia amara</i> Species of tree

Quassia amara, also known as amargo, bitter-ash, bitter-wood, or hombre grande is a species in the genus Quassia, with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus who named it after the first botanist to describe it: the Surinamese freedman Graman Quassi. Q. amara is used as insecticide, in traditional medicine and as additive in the food industry.

<i>Monoon longifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Monoon longifolium, the false ashoka, also commonly known by its synonym Polyalthia longifolia, is an Asian small tree species in the family Annonaceae. It is native to southern India and Sri Lanka, but has been widely introduced elsewhere in tropical Asia. This evergreen tree is known to grow over 20 m. in height and is commonly planted due to its effectiveness in alleviating noise pollution. It exhibits symmetrical pyramidal growth with willowy weeping pendulous branches and long narrow lanceolate leaves with undulate margins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emodin</span> Chemical compound

Emodin (6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is a chemical compound, of the anthraquinone family, that can be isolated from rhubarb, buckthorn, and Japanese knotweed. Emodin is particularly abundant in the roots of the Chinese rhubarb, knotweed and knotgrass as well as Hawaii ‘au‘auko‘i cassia seeds or coffee weed. It is specifically isolated from Rheum palmatum L. It is also produced by many species of fungi, including members of the genera Aspergillus, Pyrenochaeta, and Pestalotiopsis, inter alia. The common name is derived from Rheum emodi, a taxonomic synonym of Rheum australe, and synonyms include emodol, frangula emodin, rheum emodin, 3-methyl-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone, Schüttgelb (Schuttgelb), and Persian Berry Lake.

Hannoa is a genus of plant in the family Simaroubaceae. Found in tropical parts of Africa.

Pierreodendron is a genus of plants in the family Simaroubaceae.

<i>Simarouba</i> Family of shrubs and trees

Simarouba is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Simaroubaceae, native to the neotropics. It has been grouped in the subtribe Simaroubina along with the Simaba and Quassia genera. They have compound leaves, with between 1 and 12 pairs of alternate pinnate leaflets. Their flowers are unisexual, relatively small and arranged in large panicles. Plants are dioecious, bearing only male or female flowers. The individual flowers have between 4 and 6 sepals and petals and between 8 and 12 stamens. The fruit is a carpophore and has up to 5 drupaceous mericarps.

<i>Castela emoryi</i> Species of plant

Castela emoryi, with the common names crucifixion thorn, Emory's crucifixion-thorn, and Spanish: chaparro amargosa, is a shrub species in the genus Castela of the family Simaroubaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antifeedant</span>

Antifeedants are organic compounds produced by plants to repel herbivores through distaste or toxicity. These chemical compounds are typically classified as secondary metabolites in that they are not essential for the metabolism of the plant, but instead confer longevity. Antifeedants exhibit a wide range of activities and chemical structures as biopesticides. Examples include rosin, which inhibits attack on trees, and many alkaloids, which are highly toxic to specific insect species. Such as quassinoids against the diamondback moth. Samadera indica also has quassinoids used for insect antifeedant uses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quassinoid</span>

Quassinoids are degraded triterpene lactones of the Simaroubaceae plant family grouped into C-18, C-19, C-20, C-22 and C-25 types. The prototypical member of the group, quassin, was first described in the 19th century from plants of the genus Quassia from which it gets its name. It was isolated in 1937, and its structure elucidated in 1961. XIX

Samadera harmandiana is a freshwater mangrove shrub or small tree in the Simaroubaceae family. It is found in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. The wood provides firewood. Certain fish eat the poisonous fruit

<i>Simaba</i> Genus of flowering plants

Simaba is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Simaroubaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Samadera Gaertn. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  2. 1 2 Edmund Gregory Botany Bulletin, Queensland. Department of Agriculture and Stock (1895) , p. 8, at Google Books
  3. ↑ Frederick Manson Bailey Botany:Contributions to the Queensland Flora (1891) at Google Books
  4. ↑ "De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum: accedunt seminum centuriae quinque priores cum tabulis Aeneis LXXIX. Stutgardiae, Tubingae | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Noteboom, Hans Peter (1962). "Generic delimitation in Simaroubaceae tribus Simaroubeae and a conspectus of the genus Quassia L." (PDF). Blumea . XI (2): 509–28. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  6. ↑ "Quassia indica | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  7. ↑ Clayton, J.W.; Fernando, E.S.; Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of the Tree-of-Heaven family (Simaroubaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear markers". Int. J. Plant Sci. 168 (9): 1325–1339. doi:10.1086/521796. S2CID   86016778.
  8. ↑ Clayton, J.W. (2011). "Simaroubaceae". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (10 ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 408–423.
  9. ↑ Devecchi, Marcelo Fernando; Thomas, William Wayt; Plunkett, Gregory M.; Pirani, José Rubens (March 2018). "Testing the monophyly of Simaba (Simaroubaceae): Evidence from five molecular regions and morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 120: 63–82. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.024 . PMID   29222065.
  10. ↑ Pirani, J.R.; Majure, L.C.; Devecchi, M.F. (2021). "An updated account of Simaroubaceae with emphasis on American taxa". Brazilian Journal of Botany. 45: 201–221. doi:10.1007/s40415-021-00731-x. S2CID   238714018.
  11. ↑ "Samadera GRIN-Global". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "Samadera Gaertn" . Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "Samadera noun" . Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  14. ↑ Alexander Senning Elsevier's Dictionary of Chemoetymology: The Whys and Whences of Chemical ... (2006) , p. 350, at Google Books
  15. ↑ "Species profile — Samadera baileyana | Environment, land and water". apps.des.qld.gov.au. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Species profile | Environment, land and water Species profile—Samadera bidwillii". apps.des.qld.gov.au. Queensland Government. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  17. ↑ "Tropicos:Samadera Gaertn". tropicos.org. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 Oldfield, S. (2020). "Quassia indica : e.T117895344A117895375". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  19. ↑ Chopra., R. N.; Nayar, S. L.; Chopra, I. C. (1986). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
  20. ↑ Fukamiya, N.; Lee, K.; Muhammad, I.; Murakami, C.; Okano, M.; Harvey, I.; et al. (2005). "Structure-activity relationships of quassinoids for eukaryotic protein synthesis". Cancer Lett. 220 (1): 37–48. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2004.04.023. PMID   15737686.
  21. ↑ Daido, M.; Ohno, N.; Imamura, K.; Fukamiya, N.; Hatakoshi, M.; Yamazaki, H.; et al. (1995). "Antifeedant and insecticidal activity of quassinoids against the diamondback moth (Plutela xylostella) and structure-activity relationships". Biosci. Biotech Biochem. 59 (6): 974–9. doi:10.1271/bbb.59.974.
  22. ↑ De Feo, V.; Martino, L.; Quaranta, E.; Pizza, C. (2003). "Isolation of phytotoxic compounds from tree-of heaven (Ailanthus altissima Swingle)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (5): 1177–80. doi:10.1021/jf020686+. PMID   12590453.
  23. ↑ Apers, S.; Cimanga, K.; Berghe, D.V.; Meenen, E.V.; Longanga, A.O.; Foriers, A.; et al. (2002). "Antiviral activity of simalikalactone D, a quassinoid from Quassia africana". Planta Med. 68 (1): 20–4. doi:10.1055/s-2002-19870. PMID   11842321. S2CID   260284246.
  24. ↑ Nunomura, R.C.; Silva, E.C.; Oliveira, D.F.; Garcia, A.M.; Boeloni, J.N.; Nunomura, S.M.; et al. (2006). "In-vitro studies of the anthelmintic activity of Picrolemma sprucei Hook. f. (Simaroubaceae)". Acta Amaz. 36 (3): 327–30. doi: 10.1590/S0044-59672006000300006 .
  25. ↑ Wright, C.W. (2005). "Traditional antimalarial and development of novel antimalarial drugs". J. Ethnopharmacol. 100 (1–2): 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.012. PMID   16023812.
  26. ↑ Govindachari, T.R.; Krishnakumari, G.N.; Gopalakrishnan, G.; Suresh, G.; Wesley, S.D.; Sreelatha, T. (2001). "Insect antifeedant and growth regulating activities of quassinoids from Samadera indica". Fitotherapia. 72 (5): 568–71. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00342-7. PMID   11429258.
  27. ↑ Viswanad, Vidya; Aleykutty, N.A.; Jaykar, B.; Zachariah, S.M.; Thomas, L. (2011). "Studies on antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Methanolic extract of Samadera indica". Int J Pharma Sci Rev Res. 11: 59–64.
  28. 1 2 Viswanad, Vidya; Aleykutty, N. A.; Jayakar, B.; Zacharia, Subin Mary; Thomas, Litha (April–June 2012). "Development and evaluation of antimicrobial herbal formulations containing the methanolic extract of Samadera indica for skin diseases". J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 3 (2): 106–111. doi: 10.4103/2231-4040.97285 . PMC   3401671 . PMID   22837958.


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