 Scorched rice in Iran | |
| Alternative names | List
|
|---|---|
| Type | Cooked rice |
| Main ingredients | Rice |
| Variations | Cucayo, guōbā, nurungji, okoge, tah dig, rengginang |
Scorched rice, also known as crunchy rice, is a thin crust of slightly browned rice at the bottom of the cooking pot. It is produced during the cooking of rice over direct heat from a flame.
In Cape Verdean Creole, the burned, scorched, or otherwise crunchy rice at the bottom of the pot is referred to as kokorota. [1] It is traditionally cooked outside, or in a semi-enclosed cooking space in a three-legged metal pot over burning firewood. In modern times, butane-powered stoves and store-bought pots are more commonly used in Cape Verde; however, the three-legged pots are still frequently used in the rural areas and when making food for parties, festivals or any occasion where large quantities of food are required.
Guōbā (simplified Chinese :锅巴; traditional Chinese :鍋巴; pinyin :guō bā; lit.'pan adherents'), sometimes known as mi guoba (米 鍋巴, lit. 'rice guoba') is a Chinese food ingredient consisting of scorched rice. [1] Traditionally guōbā forms during the boiling of rice over direct heat from a flame. This results in the formation of a crust of scorched rice on the bottom of the wok or cooking vessel. This scorched rice has a firm and crunchy texture with a slight toasted flavour, and is sometimes eaten as a snack.
Guōbā is also used as an ingredient in many Chinese dishes with thick sauces, since the bland taste of the scorched rice takes on the flavour of the sauces. Guōbā is also served in soups and stews and prominently featured in Sichuan cuisine. Since demand for guōbā outstrips traditional production and modern ways of cooking rice (in electric rice cookers) do not produce it, guōbā has been commercially manufactured since the 1980’s. [2]
In Cantonese-speaking areas of China, scorched rice is known as faan6 ziu1 (飯焦, lit. 'rice scorch') and is a prominent feature of claypot rice.
Scorched rice is referred to as kanzo or ɛmo ase (bottom of rice) in Twi. It is made by mistake or by chance since it happens when the rice burns while cooking. Some people choose to discard it. However, kanzo has been rebranded as a staple and is now being either sold or made. [3]
Scorched rice is called apango in Madagascar. It is boiled with water and the obtained drink, is called "ranon'apango" ["apango" water] or "ranovola", ([golden water], in reference to the golden-black color). It serves as the national drink, accompanying every traditional food. The scorched rice, once soften, can also be eaten on its own, in place of traditional rice and is even favored in some regions. [4]
In Indonesia, especially Central Java, scorched rice is called intip. It is a specialty of the Wonogiri Regency area and served as a cracker. The rice cracker is made from the hardened semi-burnt rice that sticks to the inner bottom of rice-cooking vessels. These cooking vessels are filled with water to loosen up the stuck rice. After it is separated from the cooking vessel, the stuck rice is sun-dried until it loses all of its liquid contents. The dried sticky rice is later deep-fried to create a crispy rice cracker.
In Indonesia there is a similar rice cracker called rengginang . Unlike intip, however, it is not made from scorched rice salvaged from the bottom of a rice cooking vessel, but created separately from steamed sticky rice, boiled, seasoned, made into a flat and rounded shape, and sun-dried prior to deep-frying. [5]
In Iran, Tahdig (Persian : ته دیگ, tah "bottom" + dīg "pot") is a specialty of Iranian cuisine consisting of crisp, caramelized [6] rice taken from the bottom of the pot in which the rice ( chelow ) is cooked. [7] It is a necessary part of every kind of rice cooking and traditionally served to guests at a meal. [8]
Often, instead of a pot of rice the bottom layer of which is crisped, a small amount of oil or lamb fat is first poured in the pot, then various items are placed at the bottom of the pot and then topped with rice, so the bottom ingredients crisp up instead of the rice. [9] Variations of tahdig include yogurt mixed with saffron, thin bread, toast, potato, pumpkin, tomato, carrots, spinach, lettuce, beetroot, eggplant, and fruits such as sour cherry. [10] Iranians almost always apply this cooking method to spaghetti as well, providing a hardened base. [11]
Iraqi rice cooking is a multi-step process intended to produce tender, fluffy grains of rice. [12] A prominent aspect of Iraqi rice cooking is the hikakeh, a crisp bottom crust. [12] The hikakeh contains some loose rice as well. [12] Before serving, the hikakeh is broken into pieces so that everyone is provided with some along with the fluffy rice. [12]
Okoge (お焦げ, おこげ) is Japanese food, usually rice, that has been scorched or blackened. [13]
Until electric rice cookers came into common use in the 20th century, rice in Japan was cooked in a kamado , a traditional stove heated by wood or charcoal. Because regulating the heat of a wood or charcoal fire is more difficult, a layer of rice at the bottom of the pot would often be slightly burned during cooking; this layer, called okoge, was not discarded, but was eaten with vegetables or moistened with water, soup, or tea.
Okoge is still eaten in Japanese cuisine, and is an important part of the kaiseki meal served at tea ceremonies, where it is typically served with hot water and pickles as the final course. It has a crispy texture and a nutty flavour.
Because the cooking temperature of modern electric rice cookers is precisely controlled, okoge does not usually form naturally during the cooking process. However, there are rice cookers on the market in Japan that have an okoge setting. Okoge can also be made by scorching cooked rice in a frying pan.
Nurungji [14] (Korean : 누룽지) or scorched rice [14] is a traditional Korean food made of scorched rice. After boiling and serving rice, a thin crust of scorched rice will usually be left in the bottom of the cooking pot. This yellowed scorched state is described as nureun (눌은) in Korean; nurungji derives from this adjective. [15]
Nurungji can be eaten in its crisp state as a snack or as an after meal rice tea by adding hot water, [16] or reboiled with water to make nureun bap (눌은밥) or nurungji bap (누룽지밥). [17] Nurungji in its broad sense also refers to the crisp crust that forms at the bottom of the pots and pans when cooking various rice dishes such as dolsot bibimbap (돌솥 비빔밥) and bokkeumbap .
Nurungji is traditionally known for its medicinal attributes. According to records in the 17th century medical book Dongui Bogam , nurungji was called chwigunban (취건반;炊乾飯) and considered as a remedy "when food does not swallow easily, upsets the stomach and induces vomiting". [18] It is also lauded as a well-being food in South Korea. [19]
South Korean companies made nurungji available in various pre-packaged forms around the mid-2000s. [19] Besides sweet fried nurungji snacks and instant nurungji to make nureunbap, many nurungji-flavored products were also developed such as candies and tea. [20] Nurungi is also used as an ingredient in a variety of new dishes like nurungji baeksuk and nurungji pizza. [19]
Mentions of nurungji in folklore are common, the most famous being a folk song recognizing the difficulties of memorizing the Thousand Character Classic. The lines are changed from the original chant to a clever rhyme that loosely translates into "sky cheon (天), earth ji (地), nurungji in the gamasot (cauldron pot)". (Korean: "하늘 천, 따 지, 가마솥에 누룽지"). [21]
Scorched rice is known as cucayo, pegao, cocolón (Ecuador), concolón, raspa, raspado, graten (Haiti), bunbun (Jamaica) and concón (Dominican Republic) in the Caribbean. In Colombian cuisine, scorched rice is called cucayo, pega or pego. It is often consumed with vegetable toppings as a cracker, or served in soups. It is also eaten alone or used to make leftovers. In Dominican cuisine, scorched rice is called concón, though this word can refer to the crunchy, toasted underside of other food types, as well. In Puerto Rican cuisine, scorched rice is called pegao (shortened "pegado", "stuck"). In Ecuador, kukayu(cucayo) is the name given to food items that are meant for travel, derived from kukayu (Quechua for a ration of coca) .In Trinidad and Tobago cuisine and other English speaking Caribbean countries, scorched rice at the bottom of the pot is called bun bun. [22] [23] [24]
In the Burmese language, scorched rice is called htamin gyo (ထမင်းချိုး). It is commonly found in hsi htamin , glutinous rice cooked with turmeric and oil.
Tutong (Tagalog) or dukót (Cebuano, "to stick") is used for a wide variety of dishes in Philippine cuisine, even as flavouring for ice cream. [25] [26] Some people may consider it a poverty food, but others eat it because they enjoy the taste. [27] [28]
Socarrat (in Catalan language) refers to the crust that forms on the bottom of the pan when cooking paella. It is appreciated as a particularly tasty bit. It is also known as churruscado in Spanish. [29]
In Vietnamese cuisine, it is called cơm cháy (literally "scorched rice"). It is typically fried in oil until golden brown, then topped with chà bông (pork floss) or tôm khô (dried shrimp), mỡ hành (chopped scallions cooked by pouring boiling oil over them to release their aroma), and chili paste to produce a popular dish called cơm cháy chà bông or cơm cháy tôm khô (although both the pork and shrimp may be used, in which case the dish is called cơm cháy chà bông tôm khô or cơm cháy tôm khô chà bông). Cơm cháy may be made from the crust of rice left over from cooking rice in an iron pot, or, more commonly since the advent of electric rice cookers in the late 20th century, from leftover rice that is fried in oil over high heat to acquire a crispy texture. [30]
Vietnamese cuisine encompasses the foods and beverages originated from Vietnam. Meals feature a combination of five fundamental tastes : sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and spicy. The distinctive nature of each dish reflects one or more elements, which are also based around a five-pronged philosophy. Vietnamese recipes use ingredients like lemongrass, ginger, mint, Vietnamese mint, long coriander, Saigon cinnamon, bird's eye chili, lime, and Thai basil leaves. Traditional Vietnamese cooking has often been characterised as using fresh ingredients, not using much dairy or oil, having interesting textures, and making use of herbs and vegetables. The cuisine is also low in sugar and is almost always naturally gluten-free, as many of the dishes are rice-based instead of wheat-based, made with rice noodles, papers and flour. Vietnamese cuisine is strongly influenced not only by the cuisines of neighboring China, Cambodia and Laos, but also by French cuisine due to French colonial rule over the region from 1887 to 1954.
Glutinous rice is a type of rice grown mainly in Southeast and East Asia, and the northeastern regions of South Asia, which has opaque grains, very low amylose content, and is especially sticky when cooked. It is widely consumed across Asia.
Malaysian cuisine consists of cooking traditions and practices found in Malaysia, and reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population. The vast majority of Malaysia's population can roughly be divided among three major ethnic groups: Malays, Chinese and Indians. The remainder consists of the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia, the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, the Peranakan and Eurasian creole communities, as well as a significant number of foreign workers and expatriates.
Malay cuisine is the traditional food of the ethnic Malays of Southeast Asia, residing in modern-day Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand and the Philippines as well as Cocos Islands, Christmas Island, Sri Lanka and South Africa.
Breadcrumbs consist of crumbled bread of various dryness, sometimes with seasonings added, used for breading or crumbing foods, topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, adding inexpensive bulk to soups, meatloaves and similar foods, and making a crisp and crunchy covering for fried foods, especially breaded cutlets like tonkatsu and schnitzel. The Japanese variety of breadcrumbs is called "panko".
Oxtail is the culinary name for the tail of cattle. While the word once meant only the tail of an ox, today it can also refer to the tails of other cattle. An oxtail typically weighs around 3.5 kilograms and is skinned and cut into shorter lengths for sale.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the preparation of food:
Claypot rice, sometimes translated as "rice casserole", is a Chinese traditional dinner eaten widely in Guangdong in Southern China as well as the Chinese communities of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand.
Sungnyung (Korean: 숭늉) is a traditional Korean infusion made from boiled scorched rice.
Fried onions are slices of onions that are either pan fried (sautéed) or deep fried — and consumed as a popular snack food, garnish, or vegetable accompaniment to various recipes.
Kho or kha is a cooking technique in Vietnamese and Cambodian cuisine, where a protein source such as fish, shrimp, poultry, pork, beef, or fried tofu is simmered on low or medium heat in a mixture of sugar, and water or a water substitute such as young coconut juice and seasoned with fish sauce or soy sauce and aromatics such as pepper, garlic, shallots and ginger. The resulting dish is salty and savory, and meant to be eaten with rice noodles, baguette, or steamed rice.
Fried chicken, also known as Southern fried chicken, is a dish consisting of chicken pieces that have been coated with seasoned flour or batter and pan-fried, deep fried, pressure fried, or air fried. The breading adds a crisp coating or crust to the exterior of the chicken while retaining juices in the meat. Broiler chickens are most commonly used.
Bap is a Korean name for cooked rice prepared by boiling rice or other grains, such as black rice, barley, sorghum, various millets, and beans, until the water has cooked away. Special ingredients such as vegetables, seafood, and meat can also be added to create different kinds of bap. In the past, except for the socially wealthy class, people used to eat mixed grain rice together with beans and barley rather than only rice.
Rengginang or ranginang is a variety of Indonesian thick rice crackers, made from cooked glutinous sticky rice and seasoned with spices, made into a flat and rounded shape, and then sun-dried. The sun-dried rengginang is deep-fried with ample cooking oil to produce a crispy rice cracker.
Prawn crackers are a deep-fried snack made from starch and prawn. They are a common snack food in Southeast Asian cuisine, but they are most closely associated with Indonesia. They have also been adapted into East Asian cuisines, where the similar Japanese kappa ebisen (かっぱえびせん) and Korean saeukkang are popular snacks.
A dolsot or gopdolsot is a small-sized piece of cookware or serveware made of agalmatolite, suitable for one to two servings of bap. In Korean cuisine, various hot rice dishes such as bibimbap or gulbap as well as plain white rice can be prepared and served in dolsot. As a dolsot does not cool off as soon as removed from the stove, rice continues to cook and arrives at the table still sizzling.
Baghalaa polow ; is an Iranian dish of rice, fava beans and dill. In Persian, baghalaa means fava bean while polo is pilaf, a style of cooked rice. It is made by cooking rice and green broad beans in boiling water. When cooked, the rice and beans are layered with dill in a pan, and everything is baked in an oven until ready. Saffron water can also be added to the rice. It is typically served with meat. Like other Iranian traditional foods, the dish may be served at special occasions and family gatherings.
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