Second Battle of Newtonia Site

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Second Battle of Newtonia Site
Beanfield south of Newtonia MO.jpg
Field on the eastern edge of the site
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Nearest city Newtonia, Missouri
Coordinates 36°52′26″N94°11′25″W / 36.8739°N 94.1903°W / 36.8739; -94.1903 Coordinates: 36°52′26″N94°11′25″W / 36.8739°N 94.1903°W / 36.8739; -94.1903
Area560 acres (230 ha)
NRHP reference No. 04000698
Added to NRHPDecember 23, 2004

The Second Battle of Newtonia Site is a battlefield listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) near Newtonia and Stark City in Missouri. In late 1864, Major General Sterling Price of the Confederate States Army began a raid into Missouri in hopes of diverting Union troops away from more important theaters of the American Civil War. After a defeat at the Battle of Westport on October 23, Price's Army of Missouri began retreating through Kansas, but suffered three consecutive defeats on October 25. By October 28, the retreating Confederates had reached Newtonia, where the Second Battle of Newtonia broke out when Union pursuers caught up with the Confederates. Confederate cavalry under Brigadier General Joseph O. Shelby was initially successful, but after Union reinforcements under Brigadier General John B. Sanborn counterattacked, the Confederates withdrew. The Union troops did not pursue, and Price's men escaped, eventually reaching Texas by December.

Contents

In 2004, the site of the battle was listed on the NRHP. The site consists of four contributing properties: the battlefield proper, a cornfield near the Mathew H. Ritchey House, a Union artillery position north of the main battlefield site, and a portion of the Granby Road. Most of the battlefield is located within the site, although some outlying portions are not well preserved and are not included. Several noncontributing properties are located within the site, including a bakery and a silo. While railroad construction, open-pit mining, and the development of Stark City have encroached on the site, it is considered to be well-preserved. A 2013 study determined that the battlefield was not significant enough for National Park Service management, but 25 acres were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022.

History

Context

Map of Price's Raid NPS map of Price's Raid.png
Map of Price's Raid

By the beginning of September 1864, the American Civil War had been continuing for several years, and events in the eastern United States, especially the Confederate defeat in the Atlanta campaign, gave President of the United States Abraham Lincoln, who supported continuing the war, an edge in the 1864 United States Presidential Election over George B. McClellan, who promoted ending the war. At this point, the Confederacy had very little chance of winning the war. [1] As events east of the Mississippi River turned against the Confederates, General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, was ordered to transfer the infantry under his command to the fighting in the Eastern and Western Theaters. However, this proved to be impossible, as the Union Navy controlled the Mississippi River, preventing a large scale crossing. Despite having limited resources for an offensive, Smith decided that an attack designed to divert Union troops from the principal theaters of combat would have the same effect as the proposed transfer of troops. Major General Sterling Price and the Confederate Governor of Missouri Thomas Caute Reynolds suggested that an invasion into the state of Missouri would be an effective offensive; Smith approved the plan and appointed Price to command the offensive. Price expected that the offensive would create a popular uprising against Union control of Missouri, divert Union troops away from principal theaters of combat (many of the Union troops previously defending Missouri had been transferred out of the state, leaving the Missouri State Militia to be the state's primary defensive force), and aid McClellan's chance of defeating Lincoln; [2] on September 19, Price's column entered the state. [3]

Originally, Price and his Army of Missouri had hoped to capture St. Louis, but a defeat at the Battle of Pilot Knob in late September dissuaded the Confederates from assaulting that city. Jefferson City, a secondary target, was deemed to strong to attack in early October, so the Confederates began moving westwards towards Kansas City. During the movement, the Army of Missouri collected supplies during side raids such as the Battle of Glasgow, although Major General William S. Rosecrans, commander of the Union Department of the Missouri, began mobilizing troops against Price. By October 23, Union Major General Samuel R. Curtis and the Army of the Border caught up with Price near Kansas City and badly defeated him in the Battle of Westport. The Army of Missouri then began retreating through Kansas, but was forced to fight three battles– Marais des Cygnes, Mine Creek, and Marmiton River. Mine Creek in particular was a disastrous rout in which large quantities of supplies and soldiers were captured. On October 28, Price halted his retreat near Newtonia, Missouri, hoping to give his weary men a rest. [4]

Second Battle of Newtonia

Price's main camp was south of Newtonia, although a small skirmish line was aligned to the west of the town. [5] Major General [6] James G. Blunt's command approached around 14:00, and opened fire with artillery. The Confederates were caught by surprise, but Brigadier General Joseph O. Shelby deployed his cavalrymen dismounted to meet Blunt's threat. [7] Both sides then formed into lines of battle, and began an artillery duel. Blunt had four 3-inch ordnance rifles and two mountain howitzers, while Shelby had two 10-pounder Parrott rifles. [8] Shelby soon ordered a counterattack. While fire from the mountain howitzers allowed the Union right to hold, part of the Confederate line outflanked Blunt's left. The Union soldiers fell back to a line near the Mathew H. Ritchey farm and reformed. One of the Union batteries was repositioned to a supporting role northwest of the town; meanwhile, Shelby's men reorganized and prepared for another attack. With his ammunition running low, Blunt was considering ordering a withdrawal from the field when he was reinforced by the command of Brigadier General John B. Sanborn. [9]

Sanborn aligned his brigade to the left of Blunt's line, and after waiting for his cavalrymen to dismount, ordered an assault. Encouraged by the advance of Sanborn's brigade, Blunt's men joined in the fight. Additional Union artillery had arrived with Sanborn, increasing the Confederates' artillery disadvantage to two guns against eight. Facing a freshly reinforced and suddenly aggressive foe, Shelby ordered a withdrawal. A small detachment from Major General James F. Fagan's division arrived during the retreat to support Shelby, but by then, the battle was already lost. The Confederates withdrew to some woods south of Newtonia, but were not pursued. Curtis, who had arrived on the field, and Blunt decided not to pursue until the next morning, due to the fatigue of their men. Both Blunt and Shelby claimed victory. [10] Estimates of casualties incurred during the fighting vary significantly: one modern source places Union casualties at 26 and those of the Confederates at 24, [11] while a period newspaper reported 113 Union casualties and "less than 200" for the Confederates. [10] Price continued his retreat after Newtonia, reaching Arkansas by October 30. [12] Curtis continued pursuing the Confederates until Price reached the Arkansas River on November 8. The Army of Missouri did not stop its retreat until it reached Texas; by December, less than a third of the men Price had taken into Missouri remained in his army. [11]

Features

Map of the Second Battle of Newtonia battle area Newtonia II Battlefield Missouri.jpg
Map of the Second Battle of Newtonia battle area

The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on December 23, 2004, as the Second Battle of Newtonia Site, with a NRHP register number of 4000698. [13] While the town of Stark City has been developed since the battle was fought, land use patterns at the site are still primarily agricultural. [14] The site of the battlefield itself suffered disruption when the Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad was constructed in the early 20th century. [15] Tailings from open-pit mining also intrude on the site, but are not particularly noticeable from the ground. While the roads used at the time of the battle are no longer in use and some small stone walls present in 1864 have disappeared, the site's NRHP application form noted that landscape appearance was similar to what it was during the battlefield. A road runs through the southern portion of the site, but it also provides a vantage point for open views of the field. [14]

Four contributing properties make up the district. The first is defined as the overall battlefield. Most of the primary fighting area of the battle is included in this property, which encompasses .87 square miles (2.3 km2), the majority of which is in private hands. Some isolated fringes of the fighting occurred south of the modern-day location of Stark City, although the ground there is not well preserved and is not part of the NRHP site. The second district is the Ritchey cornfield. While Ritchey farmed 56 acres (23 ha) of corn in 1864, only 26 acres (11 ha) are part of the historic site. The cornfield site is located at the intersection of Missouri Route 86 and Missouri Supplemental Route O and is still used for agricultural purposes. North of Route 86 and the main battle site is a contributing property preserving the Union artillery position on the ridge. The final contributing property is the former site of the Granby Road near the artillery site; while the road no longer exists, its track has been identified through archaeology and the presence of a hedgerow. [16] In addition to the contributing properties; a bakery, a machine shop, a silo, and 17 houses and outbuildings are located within the site, mainly on its edges. [17] The site's boundaries include most of the core area of the battlefield. While the Second Battle of Newtonia Site is distinct from the First Battle of Newtonia Historic District, the two NRHP properties' boundaries touch at two points. [18]

The American Battlefield Trust has preserved 8 acres (3.2 ha) at Newtonia, and additional land is preserved by the Newtonia Battlefields Association. [19] After the site was listed on the NRHP, the National Park Service (NPS) conducted an analysis to determine if the location was suitable for inclusion in the NPS's list of official units, but the study determined that while the site was well-preserved, it did not rise to the level of importance that would warrant NPS preservation as a site characteristic of either the American Civil War as a whole, Price's Raid, or through association with Price, which the study noted as an important historical figure. [20] The Ritchey House and 25 acres of the battlefields including the Old Newtonia Cemetery were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment. [21] [22]

Related Research Articles

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The Battle of Marais des Cygnes took place on October 25, 1864, in Linn County, Kansas, during Price's Missouri Raid in the American Civil War. It is also known as the Battle of Trading Post. In late 1864, Confederate Major General Sterling Price invaded the state of Missouri with a cavalry force, attempting to draw Union troops away from the primary theaters of fighting further east. After several victories early in the campaign, Price's Confederate troops were defeated at the Battle of Westport on October 23 near Kansas City, Missouri. The Confederates then withdrew into Kansas, camping along the banks of the Marais des Cygnes River on the night of October 24. Union cavalry pursuers under Brigadier General John B. Sanborn skirmished with Price's rearguard that night, but disengaged without participating in heavy combat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Mine Creek</span> Battle of the American Civil War

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Westport</span> Battle of the American Civil War

The Battle of Westport, sometimes referred to as the "Gettysburg of the West", was fought on October 23, 1864, in modern Kansas City, Missouri, during the American Civil War. Union forces under Major General Samuel R. Curtis decisively defeated an outnumbered Confederate force under Major General Sterling Price. This engagement was the turning point of Price's Missouri Expedition, forcing his army to retreat. The battle ended the last major Confederate offensive west of the Mississippi River, and for the remainder of the war the United States Army maintained solid control over most of Missouri. This battle was one of the largest to be fought west of the Mississippi River, with over 30,000 men engaged.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Fort Davidson</span> Battle of the American Civil War

The Battle of Fort Davidson, also known as the Battle of Pilot Knob, was a battle of Price's Raid fought on September 27, 1864, near Pilot Knob, Missouri. Confederate troops under the command of Major General Sterling Price had entered Missouri in September 1864 with hopes of challenging Union control of the state. On September 24, Price learned that Union troops held Pilot Knob. Two days later, he sent part of his command north to disrupt and then moved towards Pilot Knob with the rest of his army. The Confederate divisions of Major General James F. Fagan and Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke drove Union troops under Brigadier General Thomas Ewing Jr. and Major James Wilson from the lower Arcadia Valley into Fort Davidson on September 26 and on the morning of September 27.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Battle of Newtonia</span> 1862 battle of the American Civil War

The First Battle of Newtonia was fought on September 30, 1862, between Confederate soldiers commanded by Colonel Douglas H. Cooper and a Union column commanded by Brigadier General Frederick Salomon near Newtonia, Missouri, during the American Civil War. Cooper's force had moved into southwestern Missouri, and encamped near the town of Newtonia. The Confederate column was composed mostly of cavalry led by Colonel Joseph O. Shelby and a brigade of Native Americans. A Union force commanded by Brigadier General James G. Blunt moved to intercept Cooper's force. Blunt's advance force, led by Salomon, reached the vicinity of Newtonia on September 29, and attacked Cooper's position on September 30. A Union probing force commanded by Colonel Edward Lynde was driven out of Newtonia by Cooper's forces on the morning of the 30th.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Battle of Newtonia</span> 1864 battle of the American Civil War

The Second Battle of Newtonia was fought on October 28, 1864, near Newtonia, Missouri, between cavalry commanded by Major General James G. Blunt of the Union Army and Brigadier General Joseph O. Shelby's rear guard of the Confederate Army of Missouri. In September 1864, Confederate Major General Sterling Price had entered the state of Missouri with hopes of creating a popular uprising against Union control of the state. A defeat at the Battle of Pilot Knob in late September and the strength of Union positions at Jefferson City led Price to abandon the main objectives of the campaign; instead he moved his force west towards Kansas City, where it was badly defeated at the Battle of Westport by Major General Samuel R. Curtis on October 23. Following a set of three defeats on October 25, Price's army halted to rest near Newtonia on October 28.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Price's Missouri Expedition</span> Military campaign during the American Civil War

Price's Missouri Expedition, also known as Price's Raid or Price's Missouri Raid, was an unsuccessful Confederate cavalry raid through Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. Led by Confederate Major-General Sterling Price, the campaign's intention was to recapture Missouri and renew the Confederate initiative in the larger conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilson's Creek National Battlefield</span> National battlefield in Missouri, United States

Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Davidson</span> Historic site in Missouri

Fort Davidson, a fortification near the town of Pilot Knob, Missouri, was the site of the Battle of Fort Davidson during the American Civil War. Built by Union Army soldiers during the American Civil War, the fort repulsed Confederate attacks during the Battle of Fort Davidson on September 27, 1864, during Price's Raid. That night, the Union garrison blew up the fort's magazine and abandoned the site. A mass grave was constructed on the site to bury battlefield dead. After the war, the area was used by a mining company, before passing into private hands and eventually the administration of the United States Forest Service. In 1968, the Battle of Pilot Knob State Historic Site was created as a Missouri State Park. The fort itself was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. As of 2020, a visitors center containing a museum is located within the park. The museum contains a fiber optic display, as well as artifacts including Brigadier General Thomas Ewing Jr.'s sword. The fort's walls are still visible, as is the crater created when the magazine was detonated. A monument marks the location of the mass grave.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mathew H. Ritchey House</span> Historic home in Missouri

Mathew H. Ritchey House, also known as Mansion House and Belle Starr House, is a historic home located in Newtonia, Newton County, Missouri. It was built about 1840, and is a two-story, brick dwelling with a two-story rear wing built using slave labor. The house rests on a sandstone block foundation and has a side-gabled roof. It features a one-story front portico and interior end chimneys. Also on the property is the contributing Ritchey family cemetery, outbuildings, and a well. During the American Civil War, the site saw fighting during both the First and Second Battles of Newtonia, which required its use as a hospital after the battles. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and is a contributing property in the First Battle of Newtonia Historic District. The building was damaged by a tornado in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Battle of Newtonia Historic District</span> Historic district in Missouri

The First Battle of Newtonia Historic District, near Newtonia, Missouri, is a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) site that preserves the location of the First Battle of Newtonia, an 1862 battle during the American Civil War. The battle saw Confederate troops under Colonels Douglas H. Cooper and Joseph O. Shelby defeat a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Frederick Salomon. The historic district contains some Civil War-period structures, as well as the Mathew H. Ritchey House, which is listed separately on the NRHP.

Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Originally formed as Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Battalion, the unit consisted of men recruited in Missouri by Lieutenant Colonel Alonzo W. Slayback during Price's Raid in 1864. The battalion's first action was at the Battle of Pilot Knob on September 27; it later participated in actions at Sedalia, Lexington, and the Little Blue River. In October, the unit was used to find an alternate river crossing during the Battle of the Big Blue River. Later that month, Slayback's unit saw action at the battles of Westport, Marmiton River, and Second Newtonia. The battalion was briefly furloughed in Arkansas before rejoining Major General Sterling Price in Texas in December. Probably around February 1865, the battalion reached official regimental strength after more recruits joined.

The capture of Sedalia occurred during the American Civil War when a Confederate force captured the Union garrison of Sedalia, Missouri, on October 15, 1864. Confederate Major General Sterling Price, who was a former Governor of Missouri and had commanded the Missouri State Guard in the early days of the war, had launched an invasion into the state of Missouri on August 29. He hoped to distract the Union from more important areas and cause a popular uprising against Union control of the state. Price had to abandon his goal of capturing St. Louis after a bloody repulse at the Battle of Fort Davidson and moved into the pro-Confederate region of Little Dixie in central Missouri.

Nichols's Missouri Cavalry Regiment served in the Confederate States Army during the late stages of the American Civil War. The cavalry regiment began recruiting in early 1864 under Colonel Sidney D. Jackman, who had previously raised a unit that later became the 16th Missouri Infantry Regiment. The regiment officially formed on June 22 and operated against the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad through August. After joining Major General Sterling Price's command, the unit participated in Price's Raid, an attempt to create a popular uprising against Union control of Missouri and draw Union troops away from more important theaters of the war. During the raid, while under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles H. Nichols, the regiment was part of an unsuccessful pursuit of Union troops who were retreating after the Battle of Fort Davidson in late September.

References

  1. ↑ Kennedy 1998, p. 343.
  2. ↑ Collins 2016, pp. 27–28.
  3. ↑ Collins 2016, p. 37.
  4. ↑ Kennedy 1998, pp. 380–386.
  5. ↑ Collins 2016, p. 172.
  6. ↑ Kennedy 1998, p. 382.
  7. ↑ Collins 2016, p. 173.
  8. ↑ Collins 2016, p. 175.
  9. ↑ Collins 2016, p. 177.
  10. 1 2 Collins 2016, p. 179.
  11. 1 2 Kennedy 1998, p. 386.
  12. ↑ Collins 2016, p. 180.
  13. ↑ "National Register Database and Research". National Park Service. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  14. 1 2 Stith & Maserang 2004, p. 8.
  15. ↑ Stith & Maserang 2004, p. 25.
  16. ↑ Stith & Maserang 2004, pp. 9–10.
  17. ↑ Stith & Maserang 2004, p. 10.
  18. ↑ Stith & Maserang 2004, pp. 25–26.
  19. ↑ "Newtonia Battlefield". American Battlefield Trust . Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  20. ↑ "Newtonia Battlefield Special Resource Study" (PDF). National Park Service. January 2013. pp. 30–32. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  21. ↑ "S. Rept. 117-185 - Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Addition". Congress.gov. October 18, 2022.
  22. ↑ Ostmeyer, Andy. "Fight to preserve Newtonia continues, but with new sense of urgency". Joplin Globe. Retrieved 2022-12-28.

Sources

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