Soft skills

Last updated

Soft skills, also known as power skills, common skills, essential skills, or core skills, are psychosocial skills generally applicable to all professions. [1] [2] [3] [4] These include critical thinking, problem solving, public speaking, professional writing, teamwork, digital literacy, leadership, professional attitude, work ethic, career management and intercultural fluency. This is in contrast to hard skills, which are specific to individual professions. [5] [6] [7]

Contents

The word "skill" highlights the practical function. The term alone has a broad meaning, and describes a particular ability to complete tasks ranging from easier ones like learning how to kick a ball [6] to harder ones like learning to be creative. [6] In this specific instance, the word "skill" has to be interpreted as the ability to master hardly controlled actions.

History

.The term "soft skills" was created by the U.S. Army in the late 1960s. It refers to any skill that does not employ the use of machinery. The military realized that many important activities were included within this category, and in fact, the social skills necessary to lead groups, motivate soldiers, and win wars were encompassed by skills they had not yet catalogued or fully studied. Since 1959, the U.S. Army has been investing a considerable amount of resources into technology-based development of training procedures. In 1968 the U.S. Army officially introduced a training doctrine known as "Systems Engineering of Training" covered in the document CON Reg 35 -100-1. [8] [9]

PG Whitmore cited the CON Reg 350-100-1 definition: "job-related skills involving actions affecting primarily people and paper, e.g., inspecting troops, supervising office personnel, conducting studies, preparing maintenance reports, preparing efficiency reports, designing bridge structures." [10]

In 1972, a US Army training manual began the formal usage of the term "soft skills". [11] At the 1972 CONARC Soft Skills Conference, Dr. Whitmore presented a report [12] [13] [14] aimed at figuring out how the term "soft skills" is understood in various CONARC schools. After designing and processing a questionnaire, experts formulated a new tentative definition: "Soft skills are important job-related skills that involve little or no interaction with machines and whose application on the job is quite generalized." [12] [14]

They further criticized the state of the concept then as vague with a remark "in other words, those job functions about which we know a good deal are hard skills and those about which we know very little are soft skills." Another immediate study by them also concluded in a negative tone. [12]

Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey famously stated that social intelligence, rather than qualitative intelligence, defines humans. Many industries today give prominence to the soft skills of their employees. Some companies now offer professional training of soft skills to their employees.

Concept

Soft skills are personal attributes that enable someone to interact effectively. These skills can include social graces, communication abilities, language skills, personal habits, cognitive or emotional empathy, time management, teamwork and leadership traits. A definition based on review literature explains soft skills as an umbrella term for skills under three key functional elements: people skills, social skills, and personal career attributes. [2]

The importance of soft skills lies in the fact that they are not restricted to a specific field. These thinking dispositions consist of a group of abilities that can be used in every aspect of people's lives, without any need to readapt them based on the situation. Their ductility helps “people to adapt and behave positively so that they can deal effectively with the challenges of their professional and everyday life”. [15] Soft skills make people flexible in a world which keeps changing.

Interest in soft skills has increased over the years. The more research that is conducted, the more people understand the relevance of this concept. The huge amount of fund companies and worldwide organizations are investing in the training and development of this field shows this interest. The European Commission launched the program Agenda for new skills and jobs in 2012 in order to train and explain to young adults this new set of skills. [15]

In the 21st century, soft skills are a major differentiator, a sine qua non for employability and success in life. [16] The Nobel Prize-winning economist James Heckman claims that “soft skills predict success in life, that they casually produce that success, and that programs that enhance soft skills have an important place in an effective portfolio of public policies”. [15] The significance employers give to the topic is shown by the fact that soft skills are now as important as GPA (once considered the most important factor in making decisions) in hiring a new worker. [15]

The high request, and the broadly diffused confusion about the meaning and the training of soft skills represent two elements that can explain the lack of soft skills in the job market. Employers struggle to find leaders and worker able to keep up with the evolving job market. The problem is not limited to young people who are looking for a job, but also for actual employees. A 2019 survey by the Society for Human Resource Management found that three-quarters of employers have a hard time finding graduates with the soft skills their companies need. [17]

Versus hard skills

“Hard skills include technical or administrative competence”. [18] Soft skills are commonly used to “refer to the “emotional side” of human beings in opposition to the IQ (Intelligence Quotient) component related to hard skills". [15] Hard and soft skills are usually defined as similar concepts or complements. This fact demonstrates how these two different types of abilities are strictly related.

Hard skills were the only skills necessary for career employment and were generally quantifiable and measurable from an educational background, work experience or through interview. Success at work seemed to be related solely to the technical ability of completing tasks. For this reason, employer and companies used to hire new people based only on their objective competencies. This clarifies why nowadays people with good soft skills are in such shorter supply than workers with good hard skills.

The trend has changed in the last years, in part due to more businesses adopting a hybrid work environment. [19] Hard skills still represent a fundamental aspect, but soft skills equaled them for importance. According to the leadership professor Robert Lavasseur, most of the researchers he interviewed in this field  “rated soft skills higher than technical skills”. [18] Studies by Stanford Research Institute and the Carnegie Mellon Foundation among Fortune 500 CEOs confirm this idea establishing that 75% of long term job success resulted from soft skills and only 25% from technical skills (Sinha, 2008). Another study found that 80% of achievements in career are determined by soft skills and only 20% by hard skills.

In employment sectors that have seen rapid growth, employers have stated that newly graduated employees possess a skill gap. This skill gap resides between soft and hard skills, these newly graduated employees possess the hard skills required and expected, but are lacking the soft skills. [20] Research shows the effect of poorer soft skills on life outcomes, and how improving these can fill skills gaps or increase individuals' own life circumstances. [21]

Measurement

Studies by the OECD in 2015 suggested soft skills can be meaningfully measured within cultural and linguistic boundaries. Such measures include a combination of methods that include self-reported personality, behavioural surveys and objective psychological assessments. These measurements can be improved by collecting data from multiple sources across learning contexts such as the school environment, family context and the wider community and triangulating the data (OECD, 2015). [22]

This is because surveys can be subject to bias and having multiple sources such as self, teacher, peer and parental reporting can provide unique perspectives on student's skills as well as infer latent personality (John and De Fruyt, 2014). [23]  In addition, anchoring vignettes is another a method that can be implemented to lessen biases and increase data quality as well as improve cross-cultural comparability of soft skill assessments (King, Murray, Salomon, and Tandon, 2003; [24] Kyllonen and Bertling, 2014 [25] ). Frameworks have been developed to measure and progress in essential soft skills, such as the Universal Framework for Essential Skills. [26]

Education

Because of their rising importance, the need to teach soft skills has become a major concern for educators and employers all over the world. [27] [28] Because soft skills are poorly defined, teaching them is more challenging, compared to classical skills. For this reason, the first step consists of understanding how to evaluate them, so that educators can track student progress.

As for teaching, evaluating soft skills is harder than technical skills. “Quizzes or exams cannot accurately measure interpersonal and leadership skills”. [29] Group projects seem to be a good way to develop soft skills, but evaluating them still represents a hard obstacle. Researchers consider peer evaluation a good compromise between working in groups and an objective evaluation. The researches conducted on this topic reported both positive and negative results. [29] The study carried out by professor Zhang of Georgia Southern University, although with few participants, “is an initial step in designing and validating a peer assessment scale”. [29]

“The development of soft skills is much more difficult than the development of hard skills because it requires actively interacting with others on an ongoing basis and being willing to accept behavioral feedback”. [18] While hard skills can be learned studying from a book or from individual training, soft skills needs a combination of environment and other people to be mastered. For this reason, learning doesn't depend solely on the person, but it is influenced by different factors that make the education harder and unpredictable.

Training transfer, “defined as the extent to which what is learned in training is applied on the job and enhances job-related performance”, [30] is another reason why the education of soft skills is hard. “Prior research and anecdotal evidence has emphasized that soft-skills training is significantly less likely to transfer from training to job than hard-skills training”. [30] This forces companies and organizations to invest more money and time in training, and not all are willing to do it. [30]

The OECD ‘'Future of Education and Skills 2030’' report released in 2019 highlighted the growing importance of soft skills in education due to trends such as globalization and rapid advancements in technology and artificial intelligence, which demand changes of the labor market and the skills future workers require in order to succeed. It says, "to remain competitive, workers will need to acquire new skills continually, which requires flexibility, a positive attitude towards lifelong learning and curiosity". [31]

Research has been conducted investigating the transfer of soft skills and knowledge through formats such as play (DeKorver, Choi and Town, 2017 [32] ) as well as project-based learning (Lee and Tsai, 2004 [33] ). Another key finding from the literature is that in order to maximize benefits of soft skills over the long-term, they should be focused on young children particularly from the age of 1 – 9 years old. Nobel prize winners Heckman and Kautz (2012 [34] ) provided evidence of this in their analysis of the Perry Preschool Soft Skills program, where they found how personality traits can be changed in ways that produce beneficial life outcomes. The program involved teaching social skills to 3 and 4-year-old children from low income black families with initial IQ scores below 85 at age 3. 128 children participated in the four year high-quality preschool education program which emphasized active learning. The children were involved in activities designed to develop their decision making and problem solving skills and that were planned, executed and reviewed by the children themselves with support from adults. Teachers also paid weekly 1.5 hour visits to each student's home to involve the mother in the educational process and help implement the preschool curriculum at home.

This longitudinal study was evaluated using randomized controlled trials (RCT). It was found that the group which experienced the enrichment preschool program compared to the control group which didn't participate had significantly more positive life outcomes than their peers by the age of 40. This included that 60% of the program group earned more per year (over US$20,000) as compared to the 40% that the non-program group. In addition, 77% of the program group graduated high school whereas only 60% of the non-program group graduated. Other life outcomes included program school participants were less likely to get arrested, owned their own home and car and had fewer teenage pregnancies (Heckman and Kautz, 2012 [34] ). Evidence from other studies are consistent with the findings from the Perry Preschool Program, such as data from Project STAR (Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio) carried out by Krueger and Whitmore (2001 [35] ) and Project PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) that teaches self-control, emotional awareness and social-problem skills aimed at elementary school children (Bierman et al., 2010 [36] ). Both studies have found implementing soft skills education to small groups of children at a young age have led to significantly higher wages in early adulthood compared to their peers and other lifetime successes (Dee and West, 2011; [37] Durlak et al., 2011 [38] ).

IBM SkillsBuild has soft skills training courses. [39]

Metacognition

The same OECD report emphasized the importance of metacognitive skills for lifelong learning. Metacognition amounts to thinking about one's thinking. More specifically, it refers to the processes used to assess one's understanding. It includes critical thinking, reflection, and awareness of oneself as a thinker and a learner (Chick, 2013). With increasing automation, purely cognitive or professional skills no longer suffice to navigate this VUCA world (volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous) (Yeo, 2019, [40] OECD 2015. [22]

Employment

According to the OECD's Skills Outlook 2019 report, life-long learning or metacognition, is becoming more necessary for employment and for handling a future environment of increased uncertainty. The report states, ‘humans are likely to be able to handle uncertainty better than AI,’ as an artificial intelligence can complete specific tasks efficiently, but cannot be easily programmed to account for the uncertainty and unexpected complexity encountered in working with humans or for human customers. Put another way, soft skills are very difficult to code. In contrast, humans can respond more readily to uncertainty, volatility, complexity, and ambiguity, through being adaptable learners and being able to readily adopt, develop, and discard their beliefs and their understanding of the world, when given a new context (OECD, 2019 [41] ). That said, humans sometimes fail to adapt productively, and machines, in many cases, lack those capacities entirely (Laukkonen, Biddell and Gallagher, 2018 [42] ).

Criticism

While "soft skills" have become increasingly taught in educational programs worldwide, some scholars have shown the inconsistent usage of the term, as well as the ways it is used to control, rather than empower, employees. Deborah Cameron, for example, shows that the growing focus on "communication" skills among service providers in the UK has limited workers' forms of expression and produced uniform conversational codes. [43] Kori Allan demonstrates that state-run integration programs for new immigrants in Canada, employ the focus on soft skills so that individuals adopt the interpersonal cultural norms of Canadian society. [44] In China, the Ministry of Education has sought to promote students' self-expression and communicational skills at the expense of exam-driven learning, yet the difficulty in measuring these abilities, [45] and moreover the fact that these abilities are more easily identified among the urban elite rather than democratically accessible, [46] has curtailed much of these efforts. As Gil Hizi shows, rather than being treated as objectively recognized abilities necessary for the job market, people in China who foster soft skills regard themselves as becoming more individualistic and cosmopolitan in contrast to the demands of their local culture. [47]

See also

Related Research Articles

Human capital or human assets is a concept used by economists to designate personal attributes considered useful in the production process. It encompasses employee knowledge, skills, know-how, good health, and education. Human capital has a substantial impact on individual earnings. Research indicates that human capital investments have high economic returns throughout childhood and young adulthood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vocational education</span> Studies that prepares a person for a specific occupation

Vocational education is education that prepares people for a skilled craft as an artisan, trade as a tradesperson, or work as a technician. Vocational education can also be seen as that type of education given to an individual to prepare that individual to be gainfully employed or self employed with requisite skill. Vocational education is known by a variety of names, depending on the country concerned, including career and technical education, or acronyms such as TVET and TAFE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Training</span> Acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of teaching or practice

Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any skills and knowledge or fitness that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, productivity and performance. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of technology. In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation or profession, training may continue beyond initial competence to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life. People within some professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as professional development. Training also refers to the development of physical fitness related to a specific competence, such as sport, martial arts, military applications and some other occupations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Career</span> Individuals journey through learning, work, and other aspects of life

A career is an individual's metaphorical "journey" through learning, work and other aspects of life. There are a number of ways to define career and the term is used in a variety of ways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adult education</span> Any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling

Adult education, distinct from child education, is a practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained self-educating activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values. It can mean any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling, encompassing basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner, and to ensure the fulfillment of an individual.

A skill is the learned ability to act with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, teamwork and leadership, self-motivation and others, whereas domain-specific skills would be used only for a certain job. Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Early childhood education</span> The teaching of children from birth to age eight

Early childhood education (ECE), also known as nursery education, is a branch of education theory that relates to the teaching of children from birth up to the age of eight. Traditionally, this is up to the equivalent of third grade. ECE is described as an important period in child development.

Cooperative education is a structured method of combining classroom-based education with practical work experience.

Retraining or refresher training is the process of learning a new or the same old skill or trade for the same group of personnel. Retraining is required to be provided on a regular basis to avoid personnel obsolescence due to technological changes and the individuals' memory capacity. This short-term instruction course shall serve to re-acquaint personnel with skills previously learnt or to bring their knowledge or skills up-to-date (latest) so that skills stay sharp. This kind of training could be provided annually or more frequently as maybe required, based on the importance of consistency of the task of which the skill is involved. Examples of refreshers are cGMP, GDP, HSE trainings. Retraining shall also be conducted for an employee, when the employee is rated as ‘not qualified’ for a skill or knowledge, as determined based on the assessment of answers in the training questionnaire of the employee.

Employability refers to the attributes of a person that make that person able to gain and maintain employment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outdoor education</span> Organized learning that takes place in the outdoors

Outdoor education is organized learning that takes place in the outdoors, typically during school camping trips. Outdoor education programs sometimes involve residential or journey wilderness-based experiences in which students participate in a variety of adventurous challenges and outdoor activities such as hiking, climbing, canoeing, ropes courses and group games. Outdoor education draws upon the philosophy, theory, and practices of experiential education and environmental education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemistry education</span> Study of the teaching and learning of chemistry

Chemistry education is the study of teaching and learning chemistry. It is one subset of STEM education or discipline-based education research (DBER). Topics in chemistry education include understanding how students learn chemistry and determining the most efficient methods to teach chemistry. There is a constant need to improve chemistry curricula and learning outcomes based on findings of chemistry education research (CER). Chemistry education can be improved by changing teaching methods and providing appropriate training to chemistry instructors, within many modes, including classroom lectures, demonstrations, and laboratory activities.

Workplace wellness, also known as corporate wellbeing outside the United States, is a broad term used to describe activities, programs, and/or organizational policies designed to support healthy behavior in the workplace. This often involves health education, medical screenings, weight management programs, and onsite fitness programs or facilities. It can also include flex-time for exercise, providing onsite kitchen and eating areas, offering healthy food options in vending machines, holding "walk and talk" meetings, and offering financial and other incentives for participation.

On-the-job training is an important topic of human resource management. It helps develop the career of the individual and the prosperous growth of the organization. On-the-job training is a form of training provided at the workplace. During the training, employees are familiarized with the working environment they will become part of. Employees also get a hands-on experience using machinery, equipment, tools, materials, etc. Part of on-the-job training is to face the challenges that occur during the performance of the job. An experienced employee or a manager are executing the role of the mentor who through written, or verbal instructions and demonstrations are passing on his/her knowledge and company-specific skills to the new employee. Executing the training on at the job location, rather than the classroom, creates a stress-free environment for the employees. On-the-job training is the most popular method of training not only in the United States but in most of the developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, etc. Its effectiveness is based on the use of existing workplace tools, machines, documents and equipment, and the knowledge of specialists who are working in this field. On-the-job training is easy to arrange and manage and it simplifies the process of adapting to the new workplace. On-the-job training is highly used for practical tasks. It is inexpensive, and it doesn't require special equipment that is normally used for a specific job. Upon satisfaction of completion of the training, the employer is expected to retain participants as regular employees.

Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable humans to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of life. This concept is also termed as psychosocial competency. The subject varies greatly depending on social norms and community expectations but skills that function for well-being and aid individuals to develop into active and productive members of their communities are considered as life skills.

People skills are patterns of behavior and behavioral interactions. Among people, it is an umbrella term for skills under three related set of abilities: personal effectiveness, interaction skills, and intercession skills. This is an area of exploration about how a person behaves and how they are perceived irrespective of their thinking and feeling. It is further elaborated as dynamics between personal ecology and its function with other people's personality styles in numerous environments. British dictionary definition is "the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way, especially in business" or personal effectiveness skills. In business it is a connection among people in a humane level to achieve productivity.

Educational neuroscience is an emerging scientific field that brings together researchers in cognitive neuroscience, developmental cognitive neuroscience, educational psychology, educational technology, education theory and other related disciplines to explore the interactions between biological processes and education. Researchers in educational neuroscience investigate the neural mechanisms of reading, numerical cognition, attention and their attendant difficulties including dyslexia, dyscalculia and ADHD as they relate to education. Researchers in this area may link basic findings in cognitive neuroscience with educational technology to help in curriculum implementation for mathematics education and reading education. The aim of educational neuroscience is to generate basic and applied research that will provide a new transdisciplinary account of learning and teaching, which is capable of informing education. A major goal of educational neuroscience is to bridge the gap between the two fields through a direct dialogue between researchers and educators, avoiding the "middlemen of the brain-based learning industry". These middlemen have a vested commercial interest in the selling of "neuromyths" and their supposed remedies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Youth unemployment</span> Situation of young people who are willing to work but unable to find a job

Youth unemployment is a special case of unemployment; youth, here, meaning those between the ages of 15 and 24.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">21st century skills</span> Skills identified as being required for success in the 21st century

21st century skills comprise skills, abilities, and learning dispositions identified as requirements for success in 21st century society and workplaces by educators, business leaders, academics, and governmental agencies. This is part of an international movement focusing on the skills required for students to prepare for workplace success in a rapidly changing, digital society. Many of these skills are associated with deeper learning, which is based on mastering skills such as analytic reasoning, complex problem solving, and teamwork, which differ from traditional academic skills as these are not content knowledge-based.

TVE refers to all forms and levels of education and which provide knowledge and skills related to occupations in various sectors of economic and social life through formal, non-formal and informal learning methods in both school-based and work-based learning contexts.To achieve its aims and purposes, TVE focuses on the learning and mastery of specialized techniques and the scientific principles underlying those techniques, as well as general knowledge, skills and values.

References

  1. ↑ "Why "power skills" is the new term for soft skills in the hybrid work world". 18 February 2022.
  2. 1 2 "NACE Defines Career Readiness, Identifies Key Competencies". National Association of Colleges and Employers . Retrieved 9 March 2021. The National Association of Colleges and Employers, through a task force of college career services and HR/staffing professionals, has developed a definition, based on extensive research among employers, and identified eight competencies associated with career readiness.
  3. ↑ Tritelli, David (20 January 2015). "Employers Judge Recent Graduates Ill-Prepared for Today's Workplace, Endorse Broad and Project-Based Learning as Best Preparation for Career Opportunity and Long-Term Success". Association of American Colleges and Universities . Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  4. ↑ "Core competencies — importance of a set of base transferable skills". National Skills Commission. Australian government. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  5. ↑ Workforce connections: Key soft skills that foster youth workforce success, Child Trends, June 2015
  6. 1 2 3 Claxton, Guy; Costa, A.; Kallick, Bena. "Hard thinking about soft skills". Educational Leadership. 73: 60–64.
  7. ↑ "The Core Leadership Skills You Need in Every Role". Center for Creative Leadership. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  8. ↑ CON Reg 350-100-1 (PDF), Fort Monroe, Virginia: UNITED STATES CONTINENTAL ARMY COMMAND, 1968, retrieved November 21, 2016
  9. ↑ Silber, K.H. & Foshay, W.R., Handbook of Improving Performance in the Workplace, Instructional Design and Training Delivery, John Wiley & Sons 2009, ISBN   9780470190685, p.63
  10. ↑ CON Reg 350-100-1, as cited in Whitmore, Paul G., "What are soft skills?"
  11. ↑ Katherine S. Newman, Chutes and Ladders: Navigating the Low-wage Labor Market, Harvard University Press 2006, ISBN   0674023366, p.351
  12. 1 2 3 Whitmore, Paul G., "What are soft skills?", Paper presented at the CONARC Soft Skills Conference, Texas, 12–13 December 1972
  13. ↑ Fry, John P., "Procedures for Implementing Soft-Skill Training in CONARC Schools," Paper presented at the CONARC Soft Skills Conference, Texas, 12–13 December 1972
  14. 1 2 Whitmore, Paul G.; Fry, John P., "Soft Skills: Definition, Behavioral Model Analysis, Training Procedures. Professional Paper 3-74.", Research Report ERIC Number: ED158043, 48pp.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Succi, Chiara. "Soft Skills for the Next Generation: Toward a Comparison between Employers and Graduate Students' Perceptions". Sociologia del Lavoro. 137: 244–256.
  16. ↑ Heckman and Kautz, Hard Evidence on Soft Skills, 2012
  17. ↑ "Employers Say Students Aren't Learning Soft Skills in College". Society for Human Resource Management. October 21, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  18. 1 2 3 Levasseur, Robert E. (2013). "People Skills: Developing Soft Skills — a Change Management Perspective". Interfaces. 43 (6): 566–571. doi:10.1287/inte.2013.0703.
  19. ↑ Brown, Molly. "IT careers: 5 soft skills for engineering teams in 2022". The Enterprisers Project. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  20. ↑ https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/diversity/reports/KSG2015_SoftSkills_FullReport.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  21. ↑ "Essential Skills Tracker 2023". Skills Builder. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  22. 1 2 Skills for Social Progress: The Power of Social and Emotional Skills. OECD Skills Studies. 2015. doi:10.1787/9789264226159-en. ISBN   9789264226142 . Retrieved 2020-04-28.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ "The returns of going to university are higher among those in the higher social and emotional skill deciles". Skills for Social Progress. OECD Skills Studies. 2015-03-10. doi:10.1787/9789264226159-graph16-en. ISBN   9789264226142. ISSN   2307-8731.
  24. ↑ King, Gary; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Salomon, Joshua A.; Tandon, Ajay (2003). "Enhancing the Validity and Cross-Cultural Comparability of Measurement in Survey Research" (PDF). The American Political Science Review. 97 (4): 567–583. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000881. ISSN   0003-0554. JSTOR   3593024. S2CID   229170977.
  25. ↑ Rutkowski, Leslie Davier, Matthias von Rutkowski, David (2013). Handbook of International large-scale assessment : background, technical issues, and methods of data analysis. CRC Press. ISBN   978-1-4398-9512-2. OCLC   867469251.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ "The Universal Framework". Skills Builder. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  27. ↑ "Employers Say Students Aren't Learning Soft Skills in College". Society for Human Resource Management. October 21, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  28. ↑ Crowley, Elizabeth (25 October 2019). "Tackling the future 'human' skills deficit together". Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development . Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 Zhang, Aimao (2012). "Peer assessment of soft skills and hard skills". Journal of Information Technology Education: Research. 11: 155–168. doi: 10.28945/1634 .
  30. 1 2 3 Laker, Dennis R.; Powell, Jimmy L (2011). "The Differences between Hard and Soft Skills and Their Relative Impact on Training Transfer". Human Resource Development Quarterly. 22: 111–122. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20063.
  31. ↑ "OECD Skills Outlook 2019 : Thriving in a Digital World | en | OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  32. ↑ DeKorver, Brittland K.; Choi, Mark; Towns, Marcy (2017-02-14). "Exploration of a Method To Assess Children's Understandings of a Phenomenon after Viewing a Demonstration Show". Journal of Chemical Education. 94 (2): 149–156. Bibcode:2017JChEd..94..149D. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00506. ISSN   0021-9584.
  33. ↑ Lee, C.-I.; Tsai, F.-Y. (2004-02-03). "Internet project-based learning environment: the effects of thinking styles on learning transfer". Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 20 (1): 31–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2004.00063.x . ISSN   0266-4909.
  34. 1 2 Heckman, James J.; Kautz, Tim (2012-08-01). "Hard evidence on soft skills". Labour Economics. European Association of Labour Economists 23rd annual conference, Paphos, Cyprus, 22-24th September 2011. 19 (4): 451–464. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2012.05.014. ISSN   0927-5371. PMC   3612993 . PMID   23559694.
  35. ↑ Krueger, Alan B.; Whitmore, Diane M. (2001-01-01). "The Effect of Attending a Small Class in the Early Grades on College-test Taking and Middle School Test Results: Evidence from Project Star" (PDF). The Economic Journal. 111 (468): 1–28. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00586. ISSN   0013-0133.
  36. ↑ Bierman, Karen L.; Coie, John D.; Dodge, Kenneth A.; Greenberg, Mark T.; Lochman, John E.; McMahon, Robert J.; Pinderhughes, Ellen (April 2010). "The effects of a multiyear universal social–emotional learning program: The role of student and school characteristics". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 78 (2): 156–168. doi:10.1037/a0018607. ISSN   1939-2117. PMC   3534742 . PMID   20350027.
  37. ↑ Dee, Thomas S.; West, Martin R. (March 2011). "The Non-Cognitive Returns to Class Size" (PDF). Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. 33 (1): 23–46. doi:10.3102/0162373710392370. ISSN   0162-3737. S2CID   36383874.
  38. ↑ Durlak, Joseph A.; Weissberg, Roger P.; Dymnicki, Allison B.; Taylor, Rebecca D.; Schellinger, Kriston B. (January 2011). "The Impact of Enhancing Students' Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions". Child Development. 82 (1): 405–432. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x. ISSN   0009-3920. PMID   21291449. S2CID   5689540.
  39. ↑ "IBM targets teaching soft skills in its most popular SkillsBuild courses". Fortune. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  40. ↑ Yeo, Jennifer (2019-01-02). "Facing the challenges of the future of education". Learning: Research and Practice. 5 (1): 1–3. doi: 10.1080/23735082.2019.1585120 . ISSN   2373-5082.
  41. ↑ "OECD Skills Outlook 2019 : Thriving in a Digital World | en | OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  42. ↑ "OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  43. ↑ Cameron, Deborah (2000). Good to Talk?: Living and working in a communication culture. London, UK: Sage.
  44. ↑ Allan, Kori (2016). "Going Beyond Language: Soft skill-ing cultural difference and immigrant integration in Toronto, Canada". Multilingua. 35 (6): 617–647. doi:10.1515/multi-2015-0080. S2CID   152173634.
  45. ↑ Woronov, Terry (2008). "Raising Quality, Fostering "Creativity": Ideologies and Practices of Education Reform in Beijing". Anthropology & Education Quarterly. 39 (4): 401–422. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1492.2008.00030.x.
  46. ↑ Howlett, Zachary (2021). Meritocracy and its Discontents. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  47. ↑ Hizi, Gil (2021). "Against Three "Cultural" Characters Speaks Self-Improvement: Social Critique and Desires for "Modernity" in Pedagogies of Soft Skills in Contemporary China". Anthropology and Education Quarterly. 52 (3): 237–253. doi:10.1111/aeq.12366. S2CID   234152158.

◦ Brieuc du Roscoät, Romaric Servajean-Hilst, Sébastien Bauvet and Rémi Lallement(2022), Soft skills related to innovation and organizational transformation. How to act in uncertainty?, Institut pour la transformation et l’innovation, March 2022 https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/english-articles/soft-skills-innovate-and-transform-organizations


Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.