Somewhere Back in Time World Tour

Last updated

Somewhere Back in Time World Tour
Tour by Iron Maiden
Iron Maiden 47f b.jpg
Iron Maiden performing in Irvine on 31 May 2008
Location
  • Americas
  • Europe
  • Asia
  • Oceania
Associated albums
Start date1 February 2008
End date2 April 2009
Legs4
No. of shows90 in total (91 scheduled)
Iron Maiden concert chronology

Somewhere Back in Time World Tour was a concert tour by the heavy metal band Iron Maiden in 2008 and 2009, focused on the band's 1980s material, in particular songs from Powerslave , Somewhere in Time and Seventh Son of a Seventh Son . The tour tied in with the second part of the DVD series, entitled "The History of Iron Maiden", [1] and prompted the release of a new greatest hits compilation, Somewhere Back in Time . [2]

Contents

The tour was advertised as a way of bringing back the 1980s stage show and forgotten "classics" for an audience of younger fans, not having been born in time to witness the original. Many of the band's songs had not been played in a long time, as much as 21 years in one case, and two of them ("Moonchild" and "Rime of the Ancient Mariner") never having been played by the current line-up. The stage set was based around that of the widely celebrated World Slavery Tour of 1984–85, featuring similar pyrotechnics and the return of the giant mummified Eddie, but also included a lighting rig and cyborg walk-on Eddie based on that of Somewhere on Tour 1986. [1]

The tour would also see the first use of Ed Force One, Iron Maiden's customised Boeing 757, designed to carry band, crew and equipment across continents, which is piloted by the band's lead singer Bruce Dickinson, who also received the qualifications to flight the Boeing 757. [1] The ground breaking nature of the tour led to the documentary entitled Iron Maiden: Flight 666 , released in select cinemas in April 2009, [3] followed by a Blu-ray, DVD and CD release in May and June, [4] which would top the music DVD charts in 25 countries. [5]

The 2008 tour was the second highest grossing of the year for a British artist, [6] with the band reportedly playing to well over than 2 million people worldwide over both years. [5]

Tour synopsis

The first leg of Iron Maiden's Somewhere Back in Time World Tour opened in Mumbai, India on 1 February, and continued through Australia, Japan, Los Angeles and Mexico, followed by concerts in Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Puerto Rico and New Jersey, before finishing in Toronto, on 16 March. Over the 45-day period the band played 23 concerts to over 500,000 fans in 11 countries, flying close to 50,000 miles in the specially refitted plane: Boeing 757, dubbed "Ed Force One" after a competition to name the plane. On this leg of the tour, the Iron Maiden: Flight 666 film was shot.

Concerning concerts in Scandinavia, EMA Telstar announced that the Iron Maiden tour will be the biggest rock tour that any band has ever undertaken in these Nordic regions. Tour promoter Thomas Johansson of EMA Telstar commented:

Adrian Smith, Dave Murray and Janick Gers performing in Irvine. Iron Maiden @ Verizon Wireless Irvine MAy 31 2008.jpg
Adrian Smith, Dave Murray and Janick Gers performing in Irvine.
Bruce Dickinson performing "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" in Paris. Dickinson 4.jpg
Bruce Dickinson performing "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" in Paris.

"We are all very proud to be making history by giving our rock fans the biggest Nordic Rock Tour there has ever been and certainly one of the most spectacular. Maiden is so hugely popular with the Nordic peoples that we wanted to ensure that as many fans as possible got the opportunity to see this very special show next year as we expect demand for tickets to be enormous.", [7]

Maiden had also announced that they would be returning to cities that they hadn't returned to for years. Western Canada is included, as their five city run through Western Canada had sold out the very day they went on sale. Calgary and Regina had sold out in just under an hour. Edmonton sold out completely in a few hours. Winnipeg and Vancouver sold out within two hours. Calgary also had the highest pre-sale ever for the band, in which they sold out half the tickets. Edmonton and Regina were not far behind. Says Dickinson about the results: "We are truly overwhelmed by this response, especially as some of these cities we haven't played in 20 years!! Being Brits we are always very comfortable with Canadians and it will be a great pleasure to get back on the prairies again. It was always a LOUD response there! We look forward to this immensely and hope to give you all a show to remember." [8] Most recently they played at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Tickets to this show were sold out. During the performance of "Powerslave" the band's instruments lost power for a brief period of time and they passed time by playing football on the stage. Once the equipment was fixed they returned and asked the audience if they should play the last verse of the song or do the next one. The band opted to play the next song which was "Heaven Can Wait". Due to storm damage to the PA and lights at the Metalway Festival in Zaragoza, Spain, Iron Maiden had to cancel their 12 July date. The Metalway Festival in Zaragoza could be rescheduled, but it seems unlikely that Iron Maiden can appear for their fans in Zaragoza. [9] The 15 March presentation, in São Paulo's Race Course, had Iron Maiden's all-time biggest attendance for them as sole performers (not a festival). Bruce Dickinson announced to the crowd that "100.000 fans" were at the venue.

Support acts

The opening bands on the tour were:

Setlist

2008 Setlist

Transylvania/Churchill's Speech
Intro song to all shows on this leg of the tour.

  1. "Aces High" (from Powerslave , 1984)
  2. "2 Minutes to Midnight" (from Powerslave, 1984)
  3. "Revelations" (from Piece of Mind , 1983)
  4. "The Trooper" (from Piece of Mind, 1983)
  5. "Wasted Years" (from Somewhere in Time , 1986)
  6. "The Number of the Beast" (from The Number of the Beast , 1982)
  7. "Can I Play with Madness" (from Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , 1988)
  8. "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" (from Powerslave, 1984)
  9. "Powerslave" (from Powerslave, 1984)
  10. "Heaven Can Wait" (from Somewhere in Time, 1986)
  11. "Run to the Hills" (from The Number of the Beast, 1982)
  12. "Fear of the Dark" (from Fear of the Dark , 1992)
  13. "Iron Maiden" (from Iron Maiden , 1980)

Encore

  1. "Moonchild" (from Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, 1988)
  2. "The Clairvoyant" (from Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, 1988)
  3. "Hallowed Be Thy Name" (from The Number of the Beast, 1982)
2009 Setlist

Transylvania/Churchill's Speech
Intro song to all shows on this leg of the tour.

  1. "Aces High" (from Powerslave , 1984)
  2. "Wrathchild" (from Killers , 1981)
  3. "2 Minutes to Midnight" (from Powerslave, 1984)
  4. "Children of the Damned" (from The Number of the Beast , 1982)
  5. "Phantom of the Opera" (from Iron Maiden , 1980)
  6. "The Trooper" (from Piece of Mind , 1983)
  7. "Wasted Years" (from Somewhere in Time , 1986)
  8. "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" (from Powerslave, 1984)
  9. "Powerslave" (from Powerslave, 1984)
  10. "Run to the Hills" (from The Number of the Beast, 1982)
  11. "Fear of the Dark" (from Fear of the Dark , 1992)
  12. "Hallowed Be Thy Name" (from The Number of the Beast, 1982)
  13. "Iron Maiden" (from Iron Maiden, 1980)

Encore

  1. "The Number of The Beast" (from The Number of the Beast, 1982)
  2. "The Evil That Men Do" (from Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , 1988)
  3. "Sanctuary" (from Iron Maiden, 1980)

Note:

  • In Belgrade, the opening date of the 2009 tour, "2 Minutes to Midnight" and "Wrathchild" were played the other way round. In addition, The drum intro to "The Trooper" was mistakenly played before "Phantom of the Opera", and the intro to "Wasted Years" was also played before "The Trooper". Only the first mistake affected the concert's setlist. [12]

Personnel

(Credits taken from the official tour programme.) [13]

Crew

Tour dates

DateCityCountryVenue
Asia/Australia (Leg #1)
1 February 2008 Mumbai India Bandra-Kurla complex
4 February 2008 Perth Australia Burswood Dome
6 February 2008 Melbourne Rod Laver Arena
7 February 2008
9 February 2008 Sydney Acer Arena
10 February 2008
12 February 2008 Brisbane Brisbane Entertainment Centre
15 February 2008 Yokohama Japan Yokohama Pacifico
16 February 2008 Chiba Makuhari Messe
North America/South America (Leg #1)
19 February 2008 Inglewood United States The Forum
21 February 2008 Zapopan Mexico Auditorio Telmex
22 February 2008 Monterrey Monterrey Arena
24 February 2008 Mexico City Foro Sol
26 February 2008 San José Costa Rica Estadio Ricardo Saprissa
28 February 2008 Bogotá Colombia Simón Bolívar Park
2 March 2008 São Paulo Brazil Estádio Palestra Itália
4 March 2008 Curitiba Pedreira Paulo Leminski
5 March 2008 Porto Alegre Gigantinho
7 March 2008 Buenos Aires Argentina Estadio Ricardo Etcheverry
9 March 2008 Santiago Chile Pista Atletica
12 March 2008 San Juan Puerto Rico Coliseo de Puerto Rico, José Miguel Agrelot
14 March 2008 East Rutherford United States Izod Center
16 March 2008 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre
North America (Leg #2)
21 May 2008 Selma United States Verizon Wireless Amphitheater
22 May 2008 The Woodlands Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion
25 May 2008 Albuquerque Journal Pavilion
26 May 2008 Phoenix Cricket Wireless Pavilion
28 May 2008 Concord Sleep Train Pavilion
30 May 2008 Irvine Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre
31 May 2008
2 June 2008 Auburn White River Amphitheatre
3 June 2008 Vancouver Canada Pacific Coliseum
5 June 2008 Calgary Saddledome
6 June 2008 Edmonton Rexall Place
8 June 2008 Regina Brandt Centre
9 June 2008 Winnipeg MTS Centre
11 June 2008 Rosemont United States Allstate Arena
12 June 2008 Cuyahoga Falls Blossom Music Center
14 June 2008 Holmdel PNC Bank Arts Center
15 June 2008 New York City Madison Square Garden
17 June 2008 Camden Susquehanna Bank Center
18 June 2008 Columbia Merriweather Post Pavilion
20 June 2008 Mansfield Comcast Center
21 June 2008 Montreal Canada Parc Jean-Drapeau
Europe (Leg #2)
27 June 2008 Bologna Italy Gods of Metal
29 June 2008 Dessel Belgium Graspop Metal Meeting
1 July 2008 Paris France Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy
2 July 2008
5 July 2008 London England Twickenham Stadium
9 July 2008 Lisbon Portugal Super Bock Super Rock
11 July 2008 Mérida Spain Via de la Plata Festival
12 July 2008 Zaragoza Metalway Festival
16 July 2008 Stockholm Sweden Stockholm Olympic Stadium
18 July 2008 Helsinki Finland Helsinki Olympic Stadium
19 July 2008 Tampere Ratina Stadion
22 July 2008 Trondheim Norway Lerkendal Stadion
24 July 2008 Oslo Valle Hovin
26 July 2008 Gothenburg Sweden Ullevi Stadium
27 July 2008 Horsens Denmark Godsbanepladsen
31 July 2008 Wacken Germany Wacken Open Air
2 August 2008 Athens Greece Terra Vibe Park
4 August 2008 Bucharest Romania Cotroceni Stadium
7 August 2008 Warsaw Poland Gwardia Stadium
8 August 2008 Prague Czech Republic Synot Tip Arena
10 August 2008 Split Croatia Stadion Poljud
12 August 2008 Budapest Hungary Sziget Festival
14 August 2008 Basel Switzerland St. Jakobshalle
16 August 2008 Assen Netherlands TT Circuit Assen
19 August 2008 Moscow Russia Olimpiyskiy Arena
Serbia/Asia/New Zealand (Leg #3)
10 February 2009 Belgrade Serbia Belgrade Arena
13 February 2009 Dubai United Arab Emirates Media City Amphitheatre
15 February 2009 Bangalore IndiaPalace Grounds
20 February 2009 Auckland New Zealand Mount Smart Stadium
22 February 2009 Christchurch Westpac Arena
North America/South America (Leg #3)
25 February 2009MonterreyMexico Estadio Universitario
26 February 2009 Guadalajara Arena VFG
28 February 2009Mexico CityForo Sol
3 March 2009 Alajuela Costa Rica Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto
5 March 2009 Caracas Venezuela Poliedro de Caracas
7 March 2009BogotaColombiaSimon Bolivar Park
10 March 2009 Quito Ecuador Estadio Aucas
12 March 2009 Manaus Brazil Sambodromo
14 March 2009 Rio de Janeiro Praça da Apoteose
15 March 2009São Paulo Autodromo de Interlagos
18 March 2009 Belo Horizonte Mineirinho
20 March 2009 Brasília Estádio Mané Garrincha
22 March 2009SantiagoChile Club Hipico Santiago
26 March 2009 Lima Peru Estadio Nacional
28 March 2009Buenos AiresArgentina José Amalfitani Stadium
31 March 2009 Recife BrazilPernambuco Jockey Club
2 April 2009 Sunrise, Florida United States BankAtlantic Center
Iron Maiden in Paris, 1 July 2008. Iron Maiden in Bercy 2.jpg
Iron Maiden in Paris, 1 July 2008.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Maiden</span> English heavy metal band

Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. Although fluid in the early years of the band, the line-up for most of the band's history has consisted of Harris, lead vocalist Bruce Dickinson, drummer Nicko McBrain, and guitarists Dave Murray, Adrian Smith and Janick Gers. As pioneers of the new wave of British heavy metal movement, Iron Maiden released a series of UK and US Platinum and Gold albums, including 1980's debut album, 1981's Killers, and 1982's The Number of the Beast – its first album with Bruce Dickinson, who replaced Paul Di'Anno as lead singer. The addition of Dickinson was a turning point in their career, establishing them as one of heavy metal's most important artists. The Number of the Beast is among the most popular heavy metal albums of all time, having sold almost 20 million copies worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bruce Dickinson</span> English heavy metal singer (born 1958)

Paul Bruce Dickinson is a British singer, best known as the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden. Dickinson has performed in the band across two stints, from 1981 to 1993 and from 1999 to the present day. He is known for his wide-ranging operatic vocal style and energetic stage presence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steve Harris (musician)</span> English musician, founder and bassist of Iron Maiden

Stephen Percy Harris is an English musician who is the bassist, keyboardist, backing vocalist, primary songwriter and founder/leader of heavy metal band Iron Maiden. He has been the band's only constant member since their inception in 1975 and, along with guitarist Dave Murray, the only member to appear on every album.

<i>Somewhere in Time</i> (Iron Maiden album) 1986 studio album by Iron Maiden

Somewhere in Time is the sixth studio album by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released on 29 September 1986 in the United Kingdom by EMI Records and in the United States by Capitol Records. It was the band's first album to feature guitar synthesisers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicko McBrain</span> English drummer

Michael Henry "Nicko" McBrain is an English musician, best known as the drummer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden since 1982. Having played in small pub bands since 1966 from the age of 14, McBrain paid his bills after graduating from school with session work before he joined a variety of artists, such as Streetwalkers in 1975, Pat Travers, and the French political band, Trust. He joined Iron Maiden, in time to debut on their fourth album Piece of Mind (1983), and has remained with them since, contributing to a total of fourteen studio releases, as well as being the third-longest serving member of the band.

<i>Piece of Mind</i> 1983 studio album by Iron Maiden

Piece of Mind is the fourth studio album by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released on 16 May 1983 in the United Kingdom by EMI Records and in the United States by Capitol Records. It was the first album to feature drummer Nicko McBrain, who had recently left the band Trust and has been Iron Maiden's drummer ever since.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Trooper</span> 1983 single by Iron Maiden

"The Trooper" is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released as the second single on 20 June 1983 from the band's fourth studio album, Piece of Mind (1983). It was one of only a few songs to get much radio airplay in the United States, thus peaking at No. 28 on the US Mainstream Rock charts. It also achieved success in the United Kingdom, peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Charts as well as gaining a much better reception than the band's previous single, "Flight of Icarus".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aces High (song)</span> 1984 single by Iron Maiden

"Aces High" is a song by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, written by the band's bassist Steve Harris. It is Iron Maiden's eleventh single release and the second from their fifth studio album, Powerslave (1984).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A Matter of Life and Death Tour</span> 2006–2007 concert tour by Iron Maiden

A Matter of Life and Death and A Matter of the Beast were two concert tours by Iron Maiden from 2006 to 2007. The first tour was unique, as the set list primarily consisted of the band's most recent release, A Matter of Life and Death, in its entirety, although this got a mixed response from audiences. Unusually, the first leg did not include "The Number of the Beast", a song which Iron Maiden had previously played on every tour since its inception. The second part of the tour, in celebration of The Number of the Beast's 25th anniversary, saw the band playing four songs from said album as well as five from A Matter of Life and Death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour</span> 1988 concert tour by Iron Maiden

Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour was a world tour conducted by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden in 1988, in support of their seventh studio album, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son. It was their last tour to feature the World Piece Tour-era lineup until 2000's Brave New World Tour with guitarist Adrian Smith leaving the band in January 1990 and their first to include Michael Kenney on keyboards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Slavery Tour</span> 1984–1985 concert tour by Iron Maiden

The World Slavery Tour was a concert tour by the heavy metal band Iron Maiden in support of their fifth album, Powerslave, beginning in Warsaw, Poland on 9 August 1984 and ending in Irvine, California on 5 July 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtual XI World Tour</span> 1998 concert tour by Iron Maiden

The Virtual XI Tour was a concert tour by the heavy metal band Iron Maiden from 22 April 1998 to 12 December 1998. As with their previous tour, several of the band's U.S. shows had to be cancelled after vocalist Blaze Bayley had issues with his voice, this time reportedly from an allergic reaction to pollen and dust while the group were in Nevada and Arizona. The band later made up the Los Angeles and San Diego dates. This would be Iron Maiden's last tour with Bayley as then former vocalist Bruce Dickinson would return to the group the following year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Real Live Tour</span> 1993 concert tour by Iron Maiden

The Real Live Tour was a concert tour by the heavy metal band Iron Maiden from 25 March 1993 to 28 August 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fear of the Dark Tour</span> 1992 concert tour by Iron Maiden

The Fear of the Dark Tour was a concert tour by the heavy metal band Iron Maiden from 3 June 1992 to 4 November 1992.

<i>Route 666</i> (The Iron Maidens album) 2007 studio album by The Iron Maidens

Route 666 is the second album by the all-female tribute band The Iron Maidens and the first under their Japanese label Powerslave Records. It is also the first release featuring guitarist Heather Baker. Produced by Bob Kulick and Brett Chassen, Route 666 is a CD/DVD package, with the DVD featuring the band's live performance at the Galaxy Theatre in Santa Ana, CA, on March 12, 2005. Most notable are the guest appearances of Motörhead guitarist Phil Campbell and Iron Maiden keyboardist Michael Kenney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Final Frontier World Tour</span> 2010–2011 concert tour by Iron Maiden

The Final Frontier World Tour was a concert tour by Iron Maiden in support of the band's 15th album, The Final Frontier, which began on 9 June 2010 in Dallas and ended in London, England on 6 August 2011. The tour was announced on the band's official website on 5 March 2010 under the following statement:

"Iron Maiden are pleased to announce that their forthcoming new studio album will be called 'The Final Frontier', and is expected be released late summer of this year.

The announcement comes with news of a North American Tour with Very Special Guests Dream Theater to open in Dallas, Texas, on 9th June and finish in Washington, D.C. on 20th July, making it Maiden's most extensive North American tour in many years.

Following these shows in USA and Canada The Final Frontier World Tour will travel back to Europe for a few selected major festival and stadium shows with the band planning to continue to many other countries in 2011."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maiden England World Tour</span> 2012–2014 concert tour by Iron Maiden

The Maiden England World Tour was a concert tour by Iron Maiden, which began on 21 June 2012 in Charlotte, North Carolina and ended on 5 July 2014 with a performance at the Sonisphere Festival at Knebworth, UK. The tour's setlist was largely based on the original 1989 concert video of the same name, shot during the Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour in 1988, which was re-released in 2013. Because of this, the tour's setlist consisted almost entirely of the band's 1980s material, with a particular focus on their 1988 album, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son. The stage show was also based on the original tour and featured numerous pyrotechnic effects in addition to multiple appearances by the band's mascot, Eddie. Following 2005's Eddie Rips Up the World Tour and 2008–2009's Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, this was the group's third and final tour inspired by a particular period of their history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legacy of the Beast World Tour</span> 2018–2022 concert tour by Iron Maiden

The Legacy of the Beast World Tour was a concert tour by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, named after the comic and mobile game released by the band in 2017. Described as a "history/hits tour", Iron Maiden manager Rod Smallwood has revealed that the concerts and stage design will feature "a number of different but interlocking ‘worlds’ with a setlist covering a large selection of 80s material with a handful of surprises from later albums."

The Future Past World Tour is an ongoing concert tour by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, in support of their seventeenth studio album Senjutsu, which is part of their tour's theme, along with their 1986 album Somewhere in Time. The tour featured "Alexander the Great", which was performed for the first time. The tour is expected to continue into 2024, according to the band's manager, Rod Smallwood. The tour started on 28 May 2023 in Ljubljana.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Lane, Daniel (7 September 2007). "Iron Maiden Tour Plans". Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  2. ↑ "Iron Maiden To Release Somewhere Back in Time Collection". Blabbermouth.net . 11 March 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2011. The album celebrates the essence of the current tour by featuring most of the essential tracks from the band's first seven studio albums and one live album, recorded between 1980 and 1989
  3. ↑ Bezer, Terry (20 January 2009). "Iron Maiden: The Movie! Catch The Trailer!". Classic Rock . Archived from the original on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  4. ↑ "Iron Maiden Flight 666 To Be Released on Blu-Ray, DVD". Blabbermouth.net . 15 April 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  5. 1 2 "Iron Maiden's Flight 666 Is A Global Smash". Blabbermouth.net . 18 June 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  6. ↑ "The Police and Iron Maiden lead British music stars' foreign earnings to hit record levels". The Daily Telegraph . London. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  7. ↑ "06.11.2007 Dates for the Nordic tour". Ironmaiden-bg.com. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  8. ↑ "Iron Maiden official website – Maiden Mania now hits Western Canada". Ironmaiden.com. 28 March 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  9. ↑ "Iron Maiden Official Website – Zaragoza cancelled today". Ironmaiden.com. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  10. ↑ "Iron Maiden Official Website – Lauren Harris debut album and tour details". Ironmaiden.com. 21 April 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  11. ↑ "Trivium To Support Iron Maiden in New Jersey". Blabbermouth.net . 14 April 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
  12. ↑ Andy. "Iron maiden in Belgrade, Serbia, February 10, 2009". Metal Traveller. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  13. ↑ EMI (2009). "Iron Maiden – Somewhere Back in Time World Tour 08-09" (4th ed.). London.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.