Television in South Korea

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In South Korea, there are a number of national television networks, the three largest of which are KBS, MBC, and SBS. Most of the major television studios are located on Yeouido and Sangam-dong, Seoul. South Korea became the fourth adopter in Asia when television broadcasting began on 12 May 1956 with the opening of HLKZ-TV, a commercially operated television station. HLKZ-TV was established by the RCA Distribution Company (KORCAD) in Seoul with 186–192 MHz, 100-watt output, and 525 scanning lines. [1]

Contents

Important genres of television shows include serial dramas, historical dramas, variety shows, game shows, news programs, and documentaries. All three networks have produced increasingly lavish historical dramas in recent years. Some South Korean television programs are available on satellite and multicultural channels in foreign countries. South Korean television dramas have been widely popular in other East Asian, South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, and became popularized internationally at a later stage, with whole sets of videotapes or DVDs of series available with completed subtitles in different languages, online subtitle websites are also created by numerous fan clubs to cater to a global audience. Shopping channels have become quite popular in recent years as well, and the models sometimes put on entertaining acts during product pitches.

Most cable operators in South Korea were consolidated into 3 major telecommunication companies, KT, SK Telecom, and LG Uplus. They also operates Internet Protocol television services. There are approximately 14 million cable TV subscribers nationwide. The cable operator provides TPS to its subscribers. (with the exception of Arirang which is free).

History

Since the beginning of the 1950s, television was introduced to Korea by RCA to sell second-hand black & white TV sets as a marketing scheme. Some TV sets were strategically set up at Pagoda Park, others at the Seoul Station and Gwanghwamun during this time. [2] However it was not until 1956 when South Korea began its own television broadcasting station, the HLKZ-TV, part of the KORCAD (RCA Distribution Company). The first ever Korean television drama, 천국의 문 (The Gates of Heaven) debuted the same year, planning director Choi Chang-Bong spent two and a half months continuously fixing the script, preparing sets and even the first instance of special effects, all for a drama that lasted no longer than fifteen minutes.

The early 1960s saw a phenomenal growth in television broadcasting. On 1 October 1961 the first full-scale television station, HLKA-TV (now known as KBS 1TV), was established and began operation under the Ministry of Culture and Public Information.

Following KBS was Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation's TBC-TV which was launched in 1964, and ran until merged in 1980. It was the first private television network in South Korea.

The second commercial television system, MBC-TV, made its debut in 1969. The advent of MBC-TV brought significant development to the television industry in Korea and after 1969 the television industry was characterized by furious competition among the three networks.

The 1970s were highlighted by government intervention into the media system in Korea. In 1972, President Park Chung Hee government imposed censorship upon media through the Martial Law Decree. The government revised the Broadcasting Law under the pretext of improving the quality of television programming. After the revision of the law, the government expanded its control of media content by requiring all television and radio stations to review programming before and after transmission. Although the government argued that its action was taken as a result of growing public criticism of broadcasting media practices, many accused the government of wanting to establish a monopoly over television broadcasting.

The 1980s were the golden years for South Korea's television industry. Growth was phenomenal in every dimension: the number of programming hours per week rose from 56 in 1979 to nearly 88.5 in 1989; the number of television stations increased from 12 in 1979 to 78 by 1989; and the number of television sets grew from four million in 1979 to nearly six million in the same period. Despite producing color televisions for export, color television was not officially introduced in the country until late 1980. [3] Color broadcasting, however, occasioned a renewal of strong competition among the networks. However, the South Korean TV industry was also suffered huge blows in this decade. During Chun Doo-hwan's regime, several newspapers, broadcasters and publications were forcibly closed, or were merged into a single organization. One of which is TBC-TV which was awarded to KBS. TBC-TV was then replaced by KBS 2TV. After the country's 1987 democratic reforms, several regulations were imposed to insulate broadcasters from political influence. For example, the National Assembly established the Foundation for Broadcast Culture to insulate MBC from political influence and KBS.

At the beginning of the 1990s, with the introduction of cable television, the government initiated an experimental multi-channel and multi-purpose cable television service. In addition, South Korea launched its first broadcasting/communication satellite, Mugungwha 1, to 36,000 km above the equator in 1995. The development of an integrated broadband network is expected to take the form of B-ISDN immediately after the turn of the century. This decade is a period of great technological change in the South Korean broadcasting industry, which will make broadcasting media even more important than in the past. In this decade the South Korean broadcasting industry will maximize the service with new technological developments such as DBS, satellites, and interactive cable systems, all of which will allow South Korea to participate fully in the information society.

On 22 July 2009, after heated political debates, amendment of the Media law passed the South Korean national assembly to deregulate the media market of South Korea. On 31 December 2010, four general Cable Television networks were licensed.

All analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on New Year's Eve (31 December) 2012 at 03:59:59 KST (UTC+9) for all nationwide (including Seoul Capital Area such as Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon) so all analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on same time. On New Year's Eve (31 December) 2012 at 04:00:00 KST (UTC+9), the digital terrestrial television of the South Korea fully turned, shifted and switched to all full ultra high definition for all nationwide (including Seoul Capital Area such as Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon).

National networks

In South Korea, there are four nationwide free-to-air terrestrial television networks, three general networks and one educational network as follows:

NameChannels
(Seoul Capital Area)		Channels
(Busan region)		Channels
(Jeju region)		LaunchType & Owner
Korean Broadcasting System (KBS)
한국방송공사
韓國放送公社
  • 31 December 1961;62 years ago (KBS1)
  • 1 December 1980;43 years ago (KBS2)
  • 3 March 2010;14 years ago (KBS News D)
 Public broadcasting
Government of South Korea
Educational Broadcasting System (EBS)
한국교육방송공사
韓國敎育放送公社
  • 27 December 1990;33 years ago (EBS 1)
  • 11 February 2015;9 years ago (EBS 2)
 Public broadcasting
Government of South Korea
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)
MBC 네트워크
株式會社文化放送
  • MBC TV
    HLKV-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 11–1)
  • 8 August 1969;54 years ago (MBC TV)
 Public/Commercial broadcasting
The Foundation of Broadcast Culture
The Jeongsu Scholarship Foundation
Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS Network)
한국민영방송연합 (SBS네트워크)
  • SBS TV
    HLSQ-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 6–1)
  • KNN TV
    HLDG-DTV/UHDTV (Channel 6–1)
20 March 1991;33 years ago Commercial broadcasting
Seoul Broadcasting System
(Taeyoung Group)

List of television channels

All of them are free-to-air channels. Furthermore, all of them are the official digital terrestrial television and ATSC providers of the nation (since 2005, approved by the Korean Government).

Public broadcasting channels

NameOwnerLaunchGenreDescription
KBS1 Korean Broadcasting System 1 October 1961;62 years agoNews, drama, culture, kids and sportsThe channel's callsign is HLKA-DTV and HLKA-UHDTV.
KBS2 Korean Broadcasting System 1 December 1964;59 years agoVariety, sports and entertainmentFormerly known as TBC , renamed to KBS 2TV in 1980.
The channel's callsign is HLSA-DTV.
KBS News D Korean Broadcasting System 19 July 2021;2 years agoNews, live events, emergency alerts ATSC 3.0 only channel, broadcasting in HD format.
The channel's callsign is HLKA-UHDTV.
EBS1 Educational Broadcasting System 27 December 1990;33 years agoEducation, News, Kids EntertainmentFormerly known as KBS 3TV, renamed to EBS in 1990.
The channel's callsign is HLQL-DTV.
EBS2 Educational Broadcasting System 11 February 2015;9 years agoEducation ATSC 3.0 only channel, broadcasting in HD format.
The channel's callsign is HLQL-DTV.
MBC TV Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation 8 August 1969;54 years agoNews and entertainmentThe Channel's callsign is HLKV-DTV and HLKV-UHDTV.

Commercial broadcasting channels

In South Korea, many commercial television networks have been created after the deregulation taken in 1961 till 1990. [4] SBS is responsible in distributing its programming content nationally, but is not responsible for producing local content aired by their affiliates.

MBC Networks Channel

Local broadcasting companies affiliated with MBC Networks originally started as affiliated broadcasting stations in the same way as SBS Networks.

After Policy for Merger and Abolition of the Press, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation is took over 50% of the shares in local broadcasting stations, and all local broadcasting stations became subsidiaries of Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation.

Due to this background, MBC Networks is currently operating simultaneously with the characteristics of public broadcasting and commercial broadcasting.

NameOwnerLaunchCoversGenreDescription
MBC TV Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation 1 August 1969;54 years ago Seoul Capital Area City news and entertainmentThe Channel's callsign is HLKV-DTV and HLKV-UHDTV.
MBC Network Headquarters
Chuncheon MBC TVChuncheon Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation20 January 1983;41 years agoNorthern Yeongseo Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAN-DTV.
Wonju MBC TVWonju Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation26 November 1987;36 years agoSouthern Yeongseo Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLSB-DTV and HLSB-UHDTV.
MBC Gangwon-yeongdong TV (Gangneung)MBC Gangwon-yeongdong Broadcasting Corporation6 September 1985;38 years agoNorthern Yeongdong Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAF-DTV and HLAF-UHDTV.
Formerly known as Gangneung MBC, renamed to MBC Gangwon-yeongdong (Gangneung) in 2015.
MBC Gangwon-yeongdong TV (Samcheok)27 November 1987;36 years agoSouthern Yeongdong Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAQ-DTV.
Formerly known as Samcheok MBC, renamed to MBC Gangwon-yeongdong (Samcheok) in 2015.
Daejeon MBC TVDaejeon Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation24 April 1971;52 years ago Daejeon, Sejong City and Chungnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLCQ-DTV and HLCQ-UHDTV.
MBC Chungbuk TV (Cheongju)MBC Chungbuk Broadcasting Corporation1 April 1983;40 years agoSouthern Chungbuk Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAX-DTV.
Formerly known as Cheongju MBC, renamed to MBC Chungbuk (Cheongju) in 2016.
MBC Chungbuk TV (Chungju)17 November 1987;36 years agoNorthern Chungbuk Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAO-DTV.
Formerly known as Chungju MBC, renamed to MBC Chungbuk (Chungju) in 2016.
Gwangju MBC TVGwangju Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation29 August 1970;53 years ago Gwangju and Central Northern Jeonnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLCN-DTV and HLCN-UHDTV.
Mokpo MBC TVMokpo Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation16 November 1987;36 years agoSouthwest Jeonnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAM-DTV.
Yeosu MBC TVYeosu Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation21 November 1987;36 years agoEastern Jeonnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAT-DTV.
Jeonju MBC TVJeonju Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation23 April 1971;52 years ago Jeonbuk Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLCX-DTV.
Daegu MBC TVDaegu Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation18 July 1970;53 years ago Daegu, Midwest Southern Gyeongbuk Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLCT-DTV and HLCT-UHDTV.
Andong MBC TVAndong Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation23 November 1987;36 years agoNorthern Gyeongbuk Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAW-DTV.
Pohang MBC TVPohang Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation24 November 1987;36 years agoEast Coast Gyeongbuk.Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAV-DTV.
Busan MBC TVBusan Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation24 January 1970;54 years ago Busan Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLKU-DTV and HLKU-UHDTV.
Ulsan MBC TVUlsan Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation25 January 1971;53 years ago Ulsan Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAU-DTV and HLAU-UHDTV.
MBC Gyeongnam TV (Jinju)MBC Gyeongnam Broadcasting Corporation20 November 1987;36 years agoWestern Gyeongnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAK-DTV
Formerly known as Jinju MBC, renamed to MBC Gyeongnam (Jinju) in 2011.
MBC Gyeongnam TV (Changwon)5 October 1972;51 years agoEastern Gyeongnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAP-DTV
Formerly known as Masan MBC(1971-2010) / Changwon MBC(2010-2011), renamed to MBC Gyeongnam (Changwon) in 2011.
Jeju MBC TVJeju Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation1 August 1970;53 years ago Jeju Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLAU-DTV.
Formerly known as Namyang MBC, renamed to Jeju MBC in 1984.

SBS Networks Channel

SBS, which was originally established as an independent broadcasting station, was established in 1995 by PSB (Currently, KNN), CJB, TBC, and TJB, and SBS Networks was created around SBS.

Currently, 9 broadcasting stations are affiliated.

NameOwnerLaunchCoversGenreDescription
SBS TV SBS Media Holdings 9 December 1991;32 years ago Seoul Capital Area City news and entertainmentThe Channel's callsign is HLSQ-DTV and HLSQ-UHDTV
SBS Network Headquarters
KNN Korea New Network Corporation 14 March 1995;29 years ago Busan and Gyeongnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLDG-DTV and HLDG-UHDTV.
Formerly known as PSB Pusan Broadcasting, renamed to KNN in 2006.
TBC Daegu Broadcasting Corporation 14 March 1995;29 years ago Daegu and Gyeongbuk Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLDE-DTV and HLDE-UHDTV.
KBC Kwangju Broadcasting Corporation 14 March 1995;29 years ago Gwangju and Jeonnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLDH-DTV and HLDH-UHDTV.
TJB Taejon Broadcasting Corporation 14 March 1995;29 years ago Daejeon, Sejong City and Chungnam Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLDF-DTV and HLDF-UHDTV.
UBC Ulsan Broadcasting Corporation 1 September 1997;26 years ago Ulsan, eastern part of South Gyeongsang Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLDP-DTV and HLDP-UHDTV.
JTV Jeonju Television 17 September 1997;26 years ago North Jeolla Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLDQ-DTV.
CJB Cheongju Broadcasting Corporation 18 October 1997;26 years ago North Chungcheong Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLDR-DTV.
G1 Gangwon No.1 Broadcasting Corporation 15 December 2001;22 years ago Gangwon Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLCG-DTV and HLCG-UHDTV.
JIBS Jeju International Broadcasting System Corporation 31 May 2002;21 years ago Jeju Local entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLKJ-DTV.

Independent station

After 1990, independent broadcasting stations excluding SBS include iTV Kyung-in Broadcasting (formerly iTV Incheon Broadcasting), which opened in 1997 and closed in 2004, and OBS Gyeongin TV, which opened in 2007.

The viewing area of the two broadcasting stations was the same in Seoul Capital Area, and among them, iTV Kyung-in Broadcasting was broadcast to other regions through Pay television and served as a Superstation.

NameOwnerLaunchCoversGenreDescription
OBS Young An Hat Co., Ltd.28 December 2007;16 years ago Seoul Capital Area Metropolitan entertainment and newsThe Channel's callsign is HLQS-DTV.

Cable TV networks/channels

NameLaunchGroup
Korea TV March 1, 1995KTV
National Assembly TV May 24, 2004NATV
Arirang TV February 3, 1997Arirang
Animax April 29, 2006JJMediaWorks
AXN March 1, 2016KC Global Media
B tvJanuary 12, 2009SK Broadband
Boomerang November 14, 2015Warner Bros. Discovery
Cartoon Network November 11, 2006Warner Bros. Discovery
CATCH ON 11993CJ
CATCH ON 22000CJ
Channel A December 1, 2011Channel A
Channel A Plus July 1, 2015Channel A
Channel NowApril 1, 2006t.cast
Channel SApril 8, 2021SK Broadband
Channel View February 1, 2009t.cast
ChingMay, 2005SkyTV
Chunghwa TV September 1, 2009CJ
cineF August 1, 2010t.cast
Comedy TV October 1, 2000iHQ
DRAMAcube August 1, 2011t.cast
DramaxJuly 1, 2002iHQ
Discovery Channel September 1, 2020Warner Bros. Discovery
E ChannelOctober 1, 2000t.cast
EBS EnglishApril 6, 2007EBS
EBS KidsJanuary 1, 2018EBS
EBS Plus 1March 1, 2002EBS
EBS Plus 2March 1, 2002EBS
ENA September 29, 2003SkyTV
ENA DramaJuly 1, 2002SkyTV
ENA PlayJuly 3, 2010SkyTV
ENA StoryApril 29, 2022SkyTV
Fashion NMarch, 2009t.cast
Golf & PBA2010IB SPORTS
HealthMedi TVDecember, 2013SkyTV
History (Korea)September 22, 2017iHQ, A+E
IB SPORTSJuly 1, 2009IB SPORTS
iHQ PlayJuly 2, 2012iHQ
iHQ Show July 1, 2012iHQ
JTBC December 1, 2011JTBC
JTBC GOLF January 7, 2005JTBC
JTBC GOLF & SPORTS August 1, 2015JTBC
JTBC2 March 1, 1995JTBC
JTBC4 April 21, 2018JTBC
KBS drama February 2, 2002KBS
KBS joy November 1, 2006KBS
KBS Kids May 5, 2012KBS
KBS LIFE February 27, 2002KBS
KBS N SPORTS February 2, 2002KBS
KBS STORY April 1, 2021KBS
Kids Talk Talk PlusMarch 31, 2003SkyTV
Korea Economic TV August 31, 1999The Korea Economic Daily
K-STAR December 1, 1995K Holic
Lifetime (Korea)September 22, 2017iHQ, A+E
Lotte Home ShoppingSeptember 15, 2001Lotte Corporation
Maeil Business TVMarch 1, 2015MBN
MBC Drama April 2, 2001MBC
MBC every1 January 1, 2003MBC
MBC M February 1, 2012MBC
MBC ON February 18, 2019MBC
MBC Sports+ April 2, 2001MBC
MBN December 6, 1994MBN
MBN PlusApril 27, 2016MBN
Mnet March 1, 1995CJ
MTN2008Money Today
MXNovember 1, 2022t.cast
OCN March 1, 1995CJ
OCN Movies July 12, 2002CJ
OCN Thrills July 1, 2001CJ
OGN July 24, 2000OP.GG
OLIFESeptember 14, 2020SkyTV
ONCEMarch 16, 2020SkyTV
ONTJanuary, 2011SkyTV
Pinkfong TV June 16, 2020The Pinkfong Company
SBS Biz May 1, 2002SBS
SBS FiL October 1, 2019SBS
SBS FiL UHD August 1, 2016SBS
SBS funE August 16, 2005SBS
SBS Golf June 1, 1999SBS
SBS Golf 2 April 1, 2023SBS
SBS M July 1, 2001SBS
SBS Plus September 1, 2000SBS
SBS Plus UHD August 1, 2016SBS
SBS Sports March 1, 1995SBS
SCREENFebruary 1, 2009t.cast
SK ShoppingJanuary 6, 2015SK Broadband
Sky SportsAugust 1, 2014SkyTV
SPOTV May 1, 2010Eclat
SPOTV2January 1, 2012Eclat
SPOTV Golf & HealthMay 6, 2020Eclat
STATVMarch 16, 2020Eclat
Tooniverse December 1, 1995CJ
TV CHOSUN December 1, 2011CHOSUN
TV CHOSUN2 February 12, 2007CHOSUN
TV CHOSUN3 April 1, 2021CHOSUN
tvN October 9, 2006CJ
tvN DRAMASeptember 10, 2015CJ
tvN STORY June 1, 2000CJ
tvN SHOW September 1, 2021CJ
tvN SPORTSMay 20, 2022CJ
Yonhap News TV December 1, 2011Yonhap News
YTN March 1, 1995YTN
YTN2March 1, 2021YTN
YTN ScienceNovember 8, 2010YTN

International channels

Most viewed channels

PositionChannelShare of total viewing (%)
1 KBS 1TV 9.1
2 MBC TV 8.8
3 SBS TV 6.0
4 KBS Drama 4.9
5 OBS 4.4
6 tvN 3.9
7 MBC Drama 3.1
8 KBS 2TV 2.8
9 KBS News D 2.7
10 Mnet 1.9
11 EBS 1TV 1.4
12 EBS 2TV 0.9

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "SOUTH KOREA - the Museum of Broadcast Communications". Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  2. ↑ http://withs2.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-the-K-Drama-Empire-Chapter-2-Mad-Men.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  3. ↑ Color television finally comes to South Korea market -- with a rush, Christian Science Monitor , 17 March 1981
  4. ↑ South Korea Archived 7 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine , The Museum of Broadcast Communications, Retrieved on 21 March 2009
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