Turkistan Islamic Party

Last updated

Turkistan Islamic Party
تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى
Leaders
Governing bodyShura Council
Dates of operation1997–present
Group(s) Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria [4]
MotivesAn Islamic state in Xinjiang and the entire Central Asia, eventually Caliphate [5]
Headquarters Idlib Governorate, Syria (largest operation base)
Active regions
(2014–2016)
Ideology Anti-Chinese sentiment
Anti-Zionism
Sunni Islamism
Islamic fundamentalism
Pan-Islamism
Separatism
StatusDesignated as a terrorist organization by China, the European Union, the United Nations and multiple other governments; the ETIM is no longer designated as a terrorist organization by the United States since 2020, however the TIP is still designated as a terrorist organization. The U.S. views the TIP as separate from the ETIM. [10] (see below )
Size1,000 in Afghanistan (2022 UN report) [11]
4,000 in Syria
Allies
Opponents
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Islamic State - Khorasan Province [17]
Battles and wars
تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى‎
Turkistan Islamic Party
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 突厥斯坦伊斯兰党
Traditional Chinese 突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨

The Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) [note 1] is a terrorist Uyghur Islamic extremist organization founded in Pakistan by Hasan Mahsum. Its stated goals are to establish an Islamic state in Xinjiang and Central Asia. [5]

Contents

The Chinese government asserts that the TIP is synonymous with the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), but the United States government refuses this, stating that there has been "no credible evidence" of ETIM activity since the 2000s. The US government argues that the ETIM label has been misused by the Chinese government to justify its "oppressive policies" against Muslims in Xinjiang. [18] The U.S. State Department sees the Turkistan Islamic Party as a terrorist organization and a separate group from the ETIM. "Uyghur terrorists fighting in Syria and Afghanistan are members of the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP)," the State Department spokesperson said to Newsweek, "a separate organization that China and others have incorrectly identified as ETIM." [19] ETIM has been described by scholars as demanding total independence and supporting or being indifferent to more radical methods driven by religious and ethnic motives. [20] [21]

Influenced by the success of the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviets in the Soviet–Afghan War, the ETIP (later become known as TIP in 2001) was established in September 1997 by Hasan Mahsum in Pakistan. After 11 September 2001, the Chinese regime strove to include its repression of Uyghur opposition within the international dynamic of the struggle against Islamic terrorist networks. [22] Their slogans contained anti-Communist rhetoric and calls for uniting Turks, indicating a movement akin to Islamic pan-Turkism historically congruent with southern Xinjiang rather than pure, radical Salafi jihadism or religious extremism. The revolt lasted several days and was put down by the Chinese government, which deployed significant forces to suppress the insurrection. The Chinese government viewed them as a jihadist movement akin to the mujahideen in Afghanistan across the border which gave birth to more radical movements such as the Party of Allah and the Islamic Movement of East Turkistan. [22]

The Syrian branch of the TIP is active in the Syrian civil war and are largely grouped in Idlib. [23] [15]

History

Earlier groups

Abdul Hameed, Abdul Azeez Makhdoom and Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom launched the Hizbul Islam Li-Turkestan (Islamic Party of Turkistan or Turkistan Islamic Movement) in 1940. They were killed, imprisoned or driven underground by the China by the late 1950s. [24] After being set free from prison in 1979, Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom instructed Muhammad Amin Jan and other Uyghurs in his version of Islam. [25]

Founding

The East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP) was organised in Pakistan by Hasan Mahsum and Abudukadir Yapuquan in September 1997. [26] [27] [28] In 1998, Mahsum moved the ETIP (which China claims is the ETIM)'s headquarters to Kabul, taking shelter under Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. [29] The leader, Hasan Mahsum, was killed by a Pakistani raid on a suspected Al-Qaeda camp in South Waziristan in 2003, leading to the group's collapse. [30] [28]

However, ETIP resurged after the Iraq War inflamed mujaheddin sentiment. [31] The group was mentioned again in 2007, when China announced it raided its militants in Akto County. [32] ETIM received material support from the Taliban and had links to the Pakistani Taliban (Tehreek i Taliban Pakistan), [29] prompting China to urge Pakistan to take action against the militants in 2009. [33]

From ETIP to TIP

The new organization called itself the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) to reflect its new domain and abandoned usage of the name ETIP,[ when? ] although China still calls it by the name ETIM. [32] [34] The Turkistan Islamic Party was originally subordinated to the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) but then[ when? ] split off and declared its name as TIP and started making itself known by promoting itself with its Islamic Turkistan magazine and Voice of Islam media in Chinese, Arabic, Russian, and Turkish in order to reach out to global jihadists. [35] Control over the Uyghur and Uzbek militants was transferred to the Pakistani Taliban from the Afghan Taliban after 2001, so violence against the militant's countries of origins can no longer restrained by the Afghan Taliban since the Pakistani Taliban does not have a stake in doing so. [36] [37]

In 2013, the group announced it was moving fighters to Syria, its profile in China and even Afghanistan and Pakistan has decisively waned since then, while in Syria it has risen. [38]

The TIP has links to al-Qaeda and affiliated groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, [39] and the Pakistani Taliban. [40] The US has designated it as having received "training and financial assistance" from al-Qaeda. [41]

University of Virginia associate professor Philip B. K. Potter wrote in 2013 that, even though "throughout the 1990s, Chinese authorities went to great lengths to publicly link organizations active in Xinjiang—particularly the ETIM—to al-Qaeda [...] the best information indicates that before 2001, the relationship included some training and funding but relatively little operational cooperation." [42] [41] Meanwhile, specific incidents were downplayed by Chinese authorities as isolated criminal acts. [43] [44] However, in 1998 the group's headquarters were moved to Kabul, in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, while "China’s ongoing security crackdown in Xinjiang has forced the most militant Uyghur separatists into volatile neighboring countries, such as Pakistan," Potter writes, "where they are forging strategic alliances with, and even leading, jihadist factions affiliated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban." [43]

However, according to the US Treasury, TIP member Abdul Haq al-Turkistani joined al-Qaeda's Majlis-ash-Shura (executive leadership council) in 2005 [45] and TIP member Abdul Shakoor Turkistani was appointed military commander of its forces in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. [46] Abdul Haq was considered sufficiently influential by the al-Qaeda leadership that he served as a mediator between rival Taliban factions and played a role in military planning. [47]

In the mid-2010s, TIP's relationship to al-Qaeda was still contested but they became more closely aligned and TIP leader head Abdul Haq confirmed loyalty to al-Qaeda in May 2016. [48] In 2014, according to the SITE Intelligence Group, the al-Qaeda aligned al-Fajr Media Center began to distribute TIP promotional material, placing it in the "jihadist mainstream". [49] The East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serial Islamic Spring's 9th release by Ayman Al-Zawahiri in 2016. Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9/11 included the participation of Uighurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi, Bin Ladin and the Uighur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. [50] [ vague ] [51] This was before the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing. [52] The Turkistan Islamic Party slammed and attacked Assad, Russia, NATO, the United States and other western countries in its propaganda outlets such as the Islamic Turkestan magazine and its Telegram channel. [53]

Afghanistan and Waziristan

In February 2018, airstrikes were conducted by American forces in Afghanistan’s Badakhshan province against training camps belonging to the Taliban and the Turkistan Islamic Party. [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] Speaking with Pentagon reporters, US Air Force Maj. Gen. James B. Hecker, commander of NATO Air Command Afghanistan was quoted "The destruction of these training facilities prevents terrorists from planning any acts near the border with China and Tajikistan. The strikes also destroyed stolen Afghan National Army vehicles in the process of being converted to vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices. ETIM enjoys support from the Taliban in the mountains of Badakhshan, so hitting these Taliban training facilities and squeezing the Taliban's support networks degrades ETIM capabilities." [57]

After the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, TIP was removed from Badakhshan, as the new Afghan government seeks aid from China. [59]

Syria

TIP (ETIM) sent the "Turkistan Brigade" (Katibat Turkistani), also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria to take part in the Syrian Civil War as part of a network of al-Qaeda linked groups alongside al-Nusra, most notably in the 2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive where they were part of the Army of Conquest coalition. [60] [61] [62] They have been described as well organized, experienced and as having an important role in offensives against President Bashar al-Assad's forces in Syria's northern regions. [15]

Ideology

The NEFA Foundation, an American terrorist analyst foundation, translated and released a jihad article from ETIM, whose membership it said consisted primarily of "Uyghur Muslims from Western China." The TIP's primary goal is the independence of East Turkestan. [63] ETIM continues this theme of contrasting "Muslims" and "Chinese", in a six-minute video in 2008, where "Commander Seyfullah" warns Muslims not to bring their children to the 2008 Summer Olympics, and also saying "do not stay on the same bus, on the same train, on the same plane, in the same buildings, or any place the Chinese are". [64]

Structure

TIP is led by Abdul Haq al-Turkistani, who's the group's Emir and leader of the Shura Council. [65] The Council also includes a Deputy Emir, and the heads of at least three groups: Religious Education Division, Military Affairs Division and Information Center. [65] There have also been reports of a Intelligence Division and a Logistics Division. [65]

Media

In 2008, TIP's Ṣawt al-Islām (Voice of Islam) media arm was created and began releasing video messages. [38] The full name of their media center is "Turkistan Islamic Party Voice of Islam Media Center" (Uyghur: تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى ئىسلام ئاۋازى تەشۋىقات مەركىزى; Türkistan Islam Partiyisi Islam Awazi Teshwiqat Merkizi). [66] [67] [68]

Members

In October 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security released a list of eight terrorists linked to ETIM, including some of the leadership, with detailed charges. [69] They are:

NameAliasesChargesWhereabouts
Memetimin Memet (Memetiming Memeti)Abdul HaqLeading the organization, inciting ethnic tensions in 2006 and 2007, buying explosives, organizing terrorist attacks against the 2008 Summer Olympics Thought to have been killed in North Waziristan drone attack [70] [71] Resurfaced in 2014 [1]
Emeti Yakuf
(Ehmet Yakup)		Abu Abdurehman, Sayfullah, Abdul JabarThreatening to use biological and chemical weapons against servicepeople and Western politicians for the 2008 Olympics, disseminating manuals on explosives and poisonsKilled in North Waziristan drone attack [72]
Memetituersun Yiming
(Memet Tursun Imin)		Abdul AliRaised funds for ETIM, tested bombs in the run-up to the OlympicsSince 2008, Western Asia
Memetituersun Abuduhalike
(Memet Tursun Abduxaliq)		Metursun Abduxaliq, Ansarul, NajmuddinAttacked government organizations, money laundering for ETIM operations, buying vehicles and renting houses for attacksUnknown
Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti
(Shamseden ehmet Abdumijit)		SayyidRecruiting for ETIM in the Middle East, blew up a Chinese supermarketUnknown
Aikemilai Wumaierjiang
(Akrem Omerjan)		Assisted Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti in the supermarket attackUnknown
Yakuf Memeti
(Yakup Memet)		Abdujalil Ahmet, Abdullah, PunjabSneaked into China illegally to gather information on Chinese neighborhoods, a failed suicide attack against oil refinery Killed in North Waziristan drone attack [73]
Tuersun Toheti
(Tursun Tohti)		Mubather, NurullahOrganizing a terror team for the 2008 Olympics, buying raw materials for them and requesting chemical formulas for explosivesKilled in North Waziristan drone attack [73]

Guantanamo Bay detainees

The United States captured 22 Uyghur militants from combat zones in Afghanistan in 2006 on information that they were linked to Al-Qaeda. [74] They were imprisoned without trial for five to seven years, where they testified that they were trained by ETIM leader Abdul Haq, at an ETIM training camp. After being found No Longer Enemy Combatant, [75] i.e. never having been enemy combatants, a panel of judges ordered them released into the United States. Despite the alarm of politicians that the release of embittered former Guantanamo detainees into the United States was unsafe and illegal, the United States did not want to release them back to China as they were wanted on charges that included arson and illegal manufacture of explosives, [76] though ABC News wrote that "It is believed that if the United States returned the men to China, they could be tortured." [77]

Attacks and incidents

Terrorist designation

Since the September 11 attacks, the group has been designated as a terrorist organization by China, the European Union, [103] Kyrgyzstan, [note 2] [82] [106] Kazakhstan, [107] [108] [109] [110] Malaysia, [111] Pakistan, [112] Russia, [113] Turkey, [114] [115] United Arab Emirates, [116] [117] the United Kingdom, [118] [119] and the United Nations. [120]

The organization was formerly classified as a terrorist organization under Title 8 of the United States Code Section 1189 by the United States from 2002 to 2020. [121] [122] The United States Department of the Treasury confiscated the organization's property and prohibited transactions with it according to Executive Order 13224, [123] while the State Department blocked its members from entering the country. [124] The US revoked that classification for the ETIM in October 2020 on the basis that "there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist." [125] [126] The U.S. State Department however continues to view the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) as a terrorist organization. A State Department Spokesperson told Newsweek that "Uyghur terrorists fighting in Syria and Afghanistan are members of the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP)," and that is "a separate organization that China and others have incorrectly identified as ETIM." [127] China accused the US of double standards as it dropped ETIM from its terrorism list, [128] [129] [130] while the US contends that the label has been broadly misused to oppress Muslims in Xinjiang. [131] [132] [133]

Analysis

In 2009, Dru C. Gladney, an authority on research on ethnic and cultural nationalism in Asia, said that there was "a credibility gap" about the group since the majority of information on ETIM "was traced back to Chinese sources", and that some believe ETIM to be part of a US-China quid pro quo, where China supported the US-led War on Terror, and "support of the US for the condemnation of ETIM was connected to that support." [134] The Uyghur American Association has publicly doubted the ETIM's existence. [135]

Andrew McGregor, writing for the Jamestown Foundation in 2010, noted that "though there is no question a small group of Uyghur militants fought alongside their Taliban hosts against the Northern Alliance [...] the scores of terrorists Beijing claimed that Bin Laden was sending to China in 2002 never materialized" and that "the TIP’s "strategy" of making loud and alarming threats (attacks on the Olympics, use of biological and chemical weapons, etc.) without any operational follow-up has been enormously effective in promoting China's efforts to characterize Uyghur separatists as terrorists." [136]

On 16 June 2009, US Representative Bill Delahunt convened hearings to examine how organizations were added to the US blacklist in general, and how the ETIM was added in particular. [137] Uyghur expert Sean Roberts testified that the ETIM was new to him, that it wasn't until it was blacklisted that he heard of the group, and claimed that "it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the organization no longer exists at all." [137] [ dead link ] The Congressional Research Service reported that the first published mention of the group was in the year 2000, but that China attributed attacks to it that had occurred up to a decade earlier. [137] [ dead link ]

Stratfor has noted repeated unexplained attacks on Chinese buses in 2008 have followed a history of ETIM targeting Chinese infrastructure, and noted the group's splintering and subsequent reorganization following the death of Mahsum. [138]

In 2010, intelligence analysts J. Todd Reed and Diana Raschke acknowledge that reporting in China presents obstacles not found in countries where information is not so tightly controlled. However, they found that ETIM's existence and activities could be confirmed independently of Chinese government sources, using information gleaned from ETIM's now-defunct website, reports from human rights groups and academics, and testimony from the Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Reed & Raschke also question the information put out by Uyghur expatriates that deny ETIM's existence or impact, as the Uyghurs who leave Xinjiang are those who object most to government policy, are unable to provide first-hand analysis, and have an incentive to exaggerate repression and downplay militancy. They say that ETIM was "obscure but not unknown" before the September 11 attacks, citing "Western, Russian, and Chinese media sources" that have "documented the ETIM's existence for nearly 20 years". [139]

In 2010, Raffaello Pantucci of Jamestown Foundation wrote about the convictions of two men linked to a ETIM cell in Dubai with a plot to attack a shopping mall. [140]

Nick Holdstock, in a 2015 New York Times interview, said that no organization is taking responsibility for attacks in Xinjiang, and that there is not enough proof to blame any organization for the attacks, that most "terrorism" there is "unsubstantiated", and that posting internet videos online is the only thing done by the "vague and shadowy" ETIM. [141]

In 2016, David Volodzko wrote that the Al-Qaeda allied Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members were fighting in Syria, and refuted and disproved the claims that Uyghurs were not in Syria made by "The Sydney Morning Herald", the Daily Mail, and Bernstein's article in the New York Review of Books. [142]

Muhanad Hage Ali wrote on Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party jihadists in Syria for Al Arabiya. [143]

In 2019, Uran Botobekov from ModernDiplomat has written about the Turkistan Islamic Party along with other Central-Asian jihadist groups in a report titled Think like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups. [144] [145]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑
    • Arabic: الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني, romanized: al-Ḥizb al-Islāmī al-Turkistānī
    • Uyghur: تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى, romanized: Türkistan Islam Partiyisi
    • Turkish: Türkistan İslam Partisi
    • Chinese :突厥斯坦伊斯兰党; pinyin :Tūjuésītǎn yīsīlán dǎng
  2. ↑ The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party, Organization for Freeing Eastern Turkistan and the Islamic Party of Turkistan were outlawed by Kyrgyzstan's Lenin District Court and its Supreme Court in November 2003 [104] [105]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Turkestan</span> Geographical region in Central Asia

East Turkestan or East Turkistan, also called Uyghuristan, is a loosely-defined geographical region in the northwestern part of the People's Republic of China, which varies in meaning by context and usage. The term was coined in the 19th century by Russian Turkologists, including Nikita Bichurin, who intended the name to replace the common Western term for the region, "Chinese Turkestan", which referred to the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang or Xinjiang as a whole during the Qing dynasty. Beginning in the 17th century, Altishahr, which means "Six Cities" in Uyghur, became the Uyghur name for the Tarim Basin. Uyghurs also called the Tarim Basin "Yettishar," which means "Seven Cities," and even "Sekkizshahr", which means "Eight Cities" in Uyghur. Chinese dynasties from the Han dynasty to the Tang dynasty had called an overlapping area the "Western Regions".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Turkestan independence movement</span> Independence movement in Central Asia

The East Turkestan independence movement is a political movement that seeks the independence of East Turkestan, a large and sparsely-populated region in northwest China, as a nation state for the Uyghur people. The region is currently administered as a province-level subdivision of the People's Republic of China (PRC), under the official name Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR). Within the movement, there is widespread support for the region to be renamed, since "Xinjiang" is seen by independence activists as a colonial name. "East Turkestan" is the best-known proposed name as it is the historical geographic name of the region and the name of the two independent states that briefly existed in the region in the first half of the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Turkestan Liberation Organization</span> Uyghur secessionist organization

The East Turkestan Liberation Organization (ETLO) was a secessionist Uyghur organization that advocated for an independent Uyghur state named East Turkestan in the Western Chinese province known as Xinjiang. The organization was established in Turkey in late 1997 to fight against the Chinese government in Xinjiang, a territory of ethnic Uyghur majority.

Ahmed Adil is a citizen of China who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps in Cuba.

Ahmad Tourson or Ahmad Abdulahad, is a Uyghur refugee unlawfully detained for more than seven years in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps. The detention occurred despite becoming clear early on that he was innocent. The Department of Defense reports that Tourson was born on January 26, 1971, in Xinjiang Province, China, and assigned him the Internment Serial Number 201. Tourson is one of approximately two dozen detainees from the Uighur ethnic group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hasan Mahsum</span> Uyghur militant

Hasan Mahsum, also known as Abu-Muhammad al-Turkestani and Ashan Sumut, was an Uyghur militant who was the leader of the Turkistan Islamic Party, an Islamic extremist group suspected of having ties with Al Qaeda. He was shot dead in a counter-terrorism operation on October 2, 2003 by the Pakistani Army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Xinjiang raid</span> Chinese military operation during the Xinjiang conflict

The January 2007 Xinjiang raid was carried out on January 5, 2007, by Chinese paramilitary police against a suspected East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) training camp in Akto County in the Pamir plateau.

Terrorism in China refers to the use or threatened use of violence to effect political or ideological change in the People's Republic of China. The definition of terrorism differs among scholars, between international and national bodies and across time and there is no legally binding definition internationally. In the cultural setting of China, the term is relatively new and ambiguous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Kashgar attack</span>

The 2008 Kashgar attack occurred on the morning of 4 August 2008, in the city of Kashgar in the Western Chinese province of Xinjiang. According to Chinese government sources, it was a terrorist attack perpetrated by two men with suspected ties to the Uyghur separatist movement. The men reportedly drove a truck into a group of approximately 70 jogging police officers, and proceeded to attack them with grenades and machetes, resulting in the death of sixteen officers.

Abdul Haq al-Turkistani is a Uyghur Islamic militant and terrorist who leads the Turkistan Islamic Party. The United States Treasury reported he took over leadership of the organization in 2003, following the death of its previous leader, and took a seat on al-Qaeda's shura in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uyghurs in Pakistan</span> Ethnic group in Pakistan

Uyghurs in Pakistan are a small community of ethnic Uyghurs who live in Pakistan that originate from Xinjiang, China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Kashgar attacks</span> Series of knife and bomb attacks in Xinjiang, China

The 2011 Kashgar attacks were a series of knife and bomb attacks in Kashgar, Xinjiang, China on July 30 and 31, 2011. On July 30, two Uyghur men hijacked a truck, killed its driver, and drove into a crowd of pedestrians. They got out of the truck and stabbed six people to death and injured 27 others. One of the attackers was killed by the crowd; the other was brought into custody. On July 31, a chain of two explosions started a fire at a downtown restaurant. A group of armed Uyghur men killed two people inside of the restaurant and four people outside, injuring 15 other people. Police shot five suspects dead, detained four, and killed two others who initially escaped arrest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xinjiang conflict</span> Geopolitical conflict in Central Asia

The Xinjiang conflict, also known as the East Turkistan conflict, Uyghur–Chinese conflict or Sino-East Turkistan conflict, is an ongoing ethnic geopolitical conflict in what is now China's far-northwest autonomous region of Xinjiang, also known as East Turkistan. It is centred around the Uyghurs, a Turkic ethnic group who constitute a plurality of the region's population.

On 26 June 2013, rioting broke out in Shanshan County, in the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. 35 people died in the riots, including 22 civilians, two police officers and eleven attackers.

On 28 October 2013, a car ran over pedestrians and crashed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, in a terrorist suicide attack. Five people died in the incident; three inside the vehicle and two others nearby. Police identified the driver as Usmen Hasan and the two passengers as his wife, Gulkiz Gini, and his mother, Kuwanhan Reyim. An additional 38 people were injured.

On the early morning of Wednesday, 30 July 2014, Juma Tahir, the imam of China's largest mosque, the Id Kah Mosque in northwestern Kashgar, was stabbed to death by three young male Uyghur extremists. Religious leaders across denominations condemned the attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</span> Uyghur Sunni jihadist militant group

The Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria is the Syrian branch of the Turkistan Islamic Party, an armed Uyghur Jihadist group with a presence in the Syrian Civil War. While the TIP has been active in Syria, the organization's core leadership is based in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with a presence in its home territory of China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abu Omar al-Turkistani</span> Uyghur al-Qaeda militant

Abu Omar al-Turkistani was a high-ranking commander for several al-Qaeda-affiliated groups, such as the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU), the Al-Nusra Front and the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria (TIP). Active as a militant since at least 2001, al-Turkistani fought in both the War in Afghanistan and the Syrian Civil War. By late 2016, he was considered to be "one of top ten leading 'jihadists' in Syria" and one of the "four most prominent leaders" of TIP. Shortly before his death, al-Turkistani helped to facilitate the merger of many Islamist rebel groups into Tahrir al-Sham. He was eventually killed by an American drone strike on 1 January 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war</span>

Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war have come to Syria and joined all four sides in the war. In addition to Sunni foreign fighters arriving to defend the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant or join the Syrian rebels, Shia fighters from several countries have joined pro-government militias in Syria, and leftists have become foreign fighters in the Syrian Democratic Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Islamic State – Khorasan Province</span>

The Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISIS–K) is a regional branch of the Islamic State terrorist group active in South-Central Asia, primarily Afghanistan. ISIS–K seeks to destabilize and overthrow existing governments of the historic Khorasan region to establish an Islamic caliphate under its strict, fundamentalist Islamist rule.

References

  1. 1 2 "Turkestan Islamic Party emir thought killed in 2010 reemerged to lead group in 2014". The Long War Journal. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  2. ↑ "TIP Leader Congratulates Attack in Hotan in Video". SITE Intel Group. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  3. ↑ MacLean, William (23 November 2013). "Islamist group calls Tiananmen attack 'jihadi operation': SITE". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  4. ↑ Weiss, Caleb. "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria shows more 'little jihadists'". Long War Journal. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  5. 1 2 Moubayed, Sami (29 September 2015). Under the Black Flag: At the Frontier of the New Jihad. I.B.Tauris. pp. 161–. ISBN   978-0-85772-921-7. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  6. ↑ Zenn, Jacob. "An Overview of Chinese Fighters and Anti-Chinese Militant Groups in Syria and Iraq". Jamestown. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  7. ↑ Bennett-Jones, Owen (8 March 2017). "North Waziristan: What happened after militants lost the battle?". BBC News. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  8. ↑ Sarwar, Mustafa (14 February 2018). "Taliban Increasing Presence In Remote Afghan Region Bordering China". Rfe/Rl. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  9. ↑ "TIP Division in Syria Releases Video Promoting Cause, Inciting for Jihad". SITE Institute. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  10. ↑ O'Connor, Tom (11 September 2021). "Islamic Terrorists or Chinese Dissidents? U.S. Grapples with Uyghur Dilemma". Newsweek. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  11. ↑ "S/2022/419". United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "Turkistan Islamic Party leader criticizes the Islamic State's 'illegitimate' caliphate | FDD's Long War Journal". Longwarjournal.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  13. ↑ "Beijing, Kunming, Urumqi and Guangzhou: The Changing Landscape of Anti-Chinese Jihadists". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  14. ↑ "Afghanistan becomes again terrorist haven". 16 June 2022.
  15. 1 2 3 "Chinese jihadis' rise in Syria raises concerns at home". Associated Press. 22 April 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  16. ↑ "Syrian rebels pour men and missiles into frontlines". The Fiscal Times. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  17. ↑ "Turkistan Islamic Party leader criticizes the Islamic State's 'illegitimate' caliphate".
  18. ↑ O'Connor, Tom (11 September 2021). "Islamic Terrorists or Chinese Dissidents? U.S. Grapples with Uyghur Dilemma". Newsweek. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  19. ↑ O'Connor, Tom (21 September 2021). "Islamic Terrorists or Chinese Dissidents? U.S. Grapples with Uyghur Dilemma". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  20. ↑ Özkan, Güner (2023), "The Uyghur Movement in Exile", in Shei, Chris; Chen, Jie (eds.), Routledge Resources Online – Chinese Studies, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9780367565152-RECHS60-1
  21. ↑ Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). "The Contemporary and Historical Contexts of Uyghur Separatism". The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   9780313365416.
  22. 1 2 Castets, Rémi (1 October 2003). "The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows. After September 11th 2001, the Chinese regime strove to include its repression of Uyghur opposition within the international dynamic of the struggle against Islamic terrorist networks". China Perspectives (in French). 2003 (49). doi: 10.4000/chinaperspectives.648 . Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  23. ↑ Clarke, Colin P.; Kan, Paul Rexton (1 November 2017). "Uighur Foreign Fighters: An Underexamined Jihadist Challenge". JSTOR . Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  24. ↑ Acharya, Arabinda; Gunaratna, Rohan; Pengxin, Wang (22 June 2010). Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 53–. ISBN   978-0-230-10787-8. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  25. ↑ Acharya, Arabinda; Gunaratna, Rohan; Pengxin, Wang (22 June 2010). Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 54–. ISBN   978-0-230-10787-8. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  26. ↑ "China: The Evolution of ETIM". Stratfor.com. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  27. ↑ Gunaratna, Rohan; Oreg, Aviv (1 July 2015). The Global Jihad Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 244–. ISBN   978-1-4422-4542-6.
  28. 1 2 Kashgarian, Asim (26 December 2020). "Uighur Diaspora Hails Removal of ETIM From US Terror List". VOA. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  29. 1 2 Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Santa Barbara: Praeger. pp. 68–72.
  30. ↑ "Chinese militant "shot dead"". BBC News. 23 December 2003. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  31. ↑ Guang, Pan (May 2006). "East Turkestan Terrorism and the Terrorist Arc: china's Post-9/11 Anti-Terror Strategy". China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly. 4 (2). ISSN   1653-4212.
  32. 1 2 "China: The Evolution of ETIM". Stratfor. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  33. ↑ "Hu Jintao urges Zardari to crush ETIM extremists". The Nation (Pakistan). Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  34. ↑ Winterbottom, Vaughan (14 August 2013). "No end in sight to Xinjiang unrest". China Outlook. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  35. ↑ Zenn, Jacob (24 June 2013). "On the Eve of 2014: Islamism in Central Asia". Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. Hudson Institute. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  36. ↑ Zenn, Jacob (2 October 2013). "Increasing Numbers of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria". The Central Asia-Caucasus Analystb. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  37. ↑ "The Taliban". Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  38. 1 2 "The Turkistan Islamic Party in Double-Exile: Geographic and Organizational Divisions in Uighur Jihadism". Jamestown Foundation . Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  39. ↑ Zenn, Jacob (23 May 2014). "Beijing, Kunming, Urumqi and Guangzhou: The Changing Landscape of Anti-Chinese Jihadists". China Brief. 14 (10). Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  40. ↑ A. Acharya; R. Gunaratna; W. Pengxin (21 June 2010). Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-230-10787-8.
  41. 1 2 Foreign terrorist organizations (PDF) (Report). U.S. State Department. p. 237. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  42. ↑ Potter, Philip B. K. (Winter 2013). "Terrorism in China: Growing Threats with Global Implications" (PDF). Strategic Studies Quarterly . 7 (4): 71–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  43. 1 2 "China: The Evolution of ETIM". Stratfor. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  44. ↑ "Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang" (PDF). Human Rights Watch . 17 (2): 16. April 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2018. Post 9/11: labeling Uighurs terrorists
  45. ↑ Roggio, Bill (23 January 2010). "US airstrike killed 15 Turkistan Islamic Party fighters in Afghanistan". The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  46. ↑ Roggio, Bill (25 August 2012). "Turkistan Islamic Party leader thought killed in US drone strike". The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  47. ↑ Potter, Philip B. K. (Winter 2013). "Terrorism in China: Growing Threats with Global Implications" (PDF). Strategic Studies Quarterly . 7 (4): 71–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  48. ↑ Clarke, Michael (7 September 2016). "Uighur militants infiltrating Indonesia". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  49. ↑ "TIP Enters Jihadist Mainstream". SITE Intel Group. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  50. ↑ Hua S. (July 2016) Zawahiri Addresses Uyghur Muslims in Ninth Episode of “Islamic Spring” Site Intelligence Group. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  51. ↑ "New video message from Dr. Ayman al-Ẓawāhirī: "The Islamic Spring #9: Turkistān: Patience and Then Victory"". jihadology.net. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  52. ↑ "Al-Qaeda, the Turkestan Islamic Party, and the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016.
  53. ↑ Botobekov l, Uran (17 August 2016). "China's Nightmare: Xinjiang Jihadists Go Global". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016.
  54. ↑ Lamothe, Dan (10 February 2018). "Bombing of Chinese separatists in Afghanistan is a sign of how Trump's war there has changed". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  55. ↑ "U.S. Forces Target Taliban, Chinese Militants In Afghanistan". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  56. ↑ "U.S. Airstrikes Target Terrorist Networks in Northern Afghanistan.S. Forces Target Taliban, Chinese Militants In Afghanistan". U.S. Central Command. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  57. 1 2 Moon Cronk, Terri (7 February 2018). "U.S. Forces Strike Taliban, East Turkestan Islamic Movement Training Sites". U.S. Dept of Defense. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  58. ↑ "U.S. forces in Afghanistan attack anti-China militants". Reuters. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  59. ↑ Standish, Reid (5 October 2021). "Taliban 'Removing' Uyghur Militants From Afghanistan's Border With China". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  60. ↑ Weiss, Caleb (23 April 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  61. ↑ Weiss, Caleb (30 April 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party had significant role in recent Idlib offensive". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  62. ↑ Joscelyn, Thomas (29 September 2015). "US counterterrorism efforts in Syria: A winning strategy?". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  63. ↑ Bashir, Shaykh (1 July 2008). "Why Are We Fighting China?" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2010. ...We are fighting China... China is an enemy who has invaded Muslim countries and occupies Muslim East Turkestan. There is no greater obligation, aside from belief in Allah, than expelling the enemies of Muslims from our countries.... We are fighting China to make them testify that 'there is no God but Allah, Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah' and make them convert to Islam....
  64. ↑ "Chinese Islamists threaten Olympics: US group". Agence France-Presse. 7 August 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  65. 1 2 3 J. Todd Reed; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 48–. ISBN   978-0-313-36540-9.
  66. ↑ "Sherqiy Türkistan Radio Téléviziyisi-East Turkistan Radio & Television – Uyghurche". East-turkistan.tv. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  67. ↑ "Xewerler – Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti Sürgündiki Hökümiti – East Turkistan Government in Exile". Uy.eastturkistan-gov.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  68. ↑ "Sherqiy Türkistan Radio Téléviziyisi-East Turkistan Radio & Television – Uyghurche". East-turkistan.tv. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  69. ↑ "'Eastern Turkistan' terrorists identified". China Daily . Xinhua. 21 October 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  70. ↑ "Xinjiang fighter 'killed by drone'". Al Jazeera. 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2012. The leader of a Chinese separatist movement, believed to have links with al-Qaeda, has been killed in a US missile strike, Pakistani and Taliban officials have said.
  71. ↑ "TIP leader killed in Pakistan drone strike". Neil Doyle. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  72. ↑ Walsh, Declan; Schmitt, Eric (24 August 2012). "Militant Leader Believed Dead in Pakistan Drone Strike". New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012. Among the 18 people reported to have been killed was Emeti Yakuf, a senior leader of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a group from western China whose members are Chinese Uighur Muslim militants.
  73. 1 2 "Badruddin Haqqani: 2IC of Haqani Network allegedly killed in NATO attack". FATA Research Center. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  74. ↑ Fletcher, Holly; Bajoria, Jayshree (31 July 2008). "The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)". Backgrounder. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  75. 1 2 Pike, John. "Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement / Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP)". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  76. ↑ Poolos, Alexndra (2009). "Albania: Getting Out of Gitmo". PBS FRONTLINE.
  77. ↑ de Vogue, Ariane; Powell, Dennis; Ryan, Jason (24 April 2009). "Guantanamo Uyghur Detainees: Coming to America?". ABC News . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  78. ↑ ""East Turkistan" Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity". China.org.cn. 21 January 2002. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  79. ↑ Acharya, Arabinda; Gunaratna, Rohan; Pengxin, Wang (22 June 2010). Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 48. ISBN   978-0-230-10787-8 . Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  80. ↑ Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 59–61.
  81. ↑ Dillon, Michael (2003). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. Routledge. p. 23.
  82. 1 2 Ansari, Massoud (3 August 2007). "The New Face of Jihad". Newsline . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
  83. 1 2 Wong, Edward (9 July 2010). "Chinese Separatists Tied to Norway Bomb Plot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  84. ↑ Pantucci, Raffaello (22 June 2010). "Uyghurs Convicted in East Turkestan Islamic Movement Plot in Dubai" (PDF). Terrorism Monitor. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  85. ↑ "Turkistan Islamic Party claims western China attacks - World". Dawn.Com. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  86. ↑ "Islamist group claims responsibility for attack on China's Tiananmen Square". TheGuardian.com . 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  87. ↑ "China separatists blamed for Kunming knife rampage". BBC News . 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  88. ↑ 新華社：昆明案涉新疆分離勢力 [Xinhua News Agency: Xinjiang separatists involved in the Kunming attack] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  89. ↑ "Train Station Attackers Were Trying to Leave China for Jihad: Official" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Voice of America (5 March 2014)
  90. ↑ "Xinjiang violence: China says 'gang' killed 37 last week". BBC News. 3 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  91. ↑ Levin, Dan (25 September 2014). "At Least 50 Killed in Xinjiang Violence, Officials Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  92. ↑ "22 Killed in Farmers' Market Attack in Xinjiang's Kashgar Prefecture". Radio Free Asia. 18 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  93. ↑ "China says 15 killed in "terrorist attack" in Xinjiang". Yahoo! News. 29 November 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017– via Agence-France Presse.
  94. ↑ Nealy, Kimakra (5 August 2014). "Xinjiang China: Government Appointed Imam Slaughtered by Terrorists". Guardian Liberty Voice. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  95. ↑ عملية أظهرت عجز سلطات الصين [Operation showed the inability of the Chinese authorities](PDF). تركستان الإسلامية (Islamic Turkistan) (in Arabic). No. العدد 19. April 2016. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2016.
  96. ↑ O'Grady, Siobhán (30 August 2016). "Questions of Responsibility Loom After Attack on Chinese Embassy in Kyrgyzstan". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017.
  97. ↑ Dzyubenko, Olga (7 September 2016). "Kyrgyzstan says Uighur militant groups behind attack on China's embassy". Reuters. BISHKEK. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  98. ↑ "Knife-wielding attackers kill five in China's Xinjiang: govt". Reuters. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017.
  99. ↑ "China knife attack: Eight dead in Xinjiang region". BBC News. 15 February 2017. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018.
  100. ↑ Shakil, F. M. (5 August 2021). "Taliban won't readily cut ties with anti-China ETIM". Asia Times.
  101. ↑ Shahzad, Asif (12 August 2021). "Pakistan says attack that killed Chinese was a suicide bombing". Reuters. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  102. ↑ "Pakistan links New Delhi, Kabul to bus blast that killed Chinese". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  103. ↑ "Consolidated TEXT: 32002R0881 — EN — 10.10.2015". eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  104. ↑ Karagiannis, Emmanuel (4 December 2009). Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir. Routledge. pp. 67–. ISBN   978-1-135-23942-8. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  105. ↑ Karagiannis, Emmanuel (4 December 2009). Political Islam in Central Asia: The challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir. Routledge. pp. 112–. ISBN   978-1-135-23941-1. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  106. ↑ Lansford, Tom (24 March 2015). Political Handbook of the World 2015. SAGE Publications. pp. 818–. ISBN   978-1-4833-7158-0.
  107. ↑ Omelicheva, Mariya Y. (13 September 2010). Counterterrorism Policies in Central Asia. Routledge. pp. 131–. ISBN   978-1-136-92372-2.
  108. ↑ The World Almanac of Islamism: 2014 | American Foreign Policy Council. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 30 January 2014. pp. 673–. ISBN   978-1-4422-3144-3.
  109. ↑ J. Todd Reed; Diana Raschke (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 206–. ISBN   978-0-313-36540-9.
  110. ↑ Terrorism Documents of International and Local Control: Volumes 90 and 91. Oxford University Press. 29 July 2008. pp. 168–. ISBN   978-0-19-538101-6.
  111. ↑ Individuals declared as specified entity
  112. ↑ "Three groups active in Xinjiang banned - Pakistan". Dawn.Com. 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  113. ↑ "هؤلاء انغماسيو أردوغان الذين يستوردهم من الصين - عربي أونلاين". 3arabionline.com. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  114. ↑ "Turkey lists "E. Turkestan Islamic Movement" as terrorists - People's Daily Online". En.people.cn. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  115. ↑ "Turkey-China Relations: From "Strategic Cooperation" to "Strategic Partnership"?". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  116. ↑ "List of groups designated terrorist organisations by the UAE". The National (Abu Dhabi). 16 November 2014. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015. مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. Emirates News Agency (WAM) وكالة أنباء الإمارات. 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014. "UAE cabinet endorses new list of terrorist groups". Kuwait News Agency . 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014. "UAE blacklists 5 Pakistani groups among 83 as 'militant organisations". The Express Tribune. AFP. 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  117. ↑ "UAE Cabinet approves list of designated terrorist organisations, groups | WAM". Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  118. ↑ Martina, Michael; Blanchard, Ben; Spring, Jake (20 July 2016). Ruwitch, John; Macfie, Nick (eds.). "Britain adds Chinese militant group to terror list". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017.
  119. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  120. ↑ "Governance Asia-Pacific Watch". United Nations. April 2007. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  121. ↑ "Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  122. ↑ "U.S.Department of State Terrorist Exclusion List" Archived 3 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved on 29 July 2014).
  123. ↑ "Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  124. ↑ "Terrorist Exclusion List". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  125. ↑ Lipes, Joshua (5 November 2020). "US Drops ETIM From Terror List, Weakening China's Pretext For Xinjiang Crackdown". Radio Free Asia . Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  126. ↑ "US removes separatist group condemned by China from terror list". DW News . 7 November 2020.
  127. ↑ O'Connor, Tom (21 September 2021). "Islamic Terrorists or Chinese Dissidents? U.S. Grapples with Uyghur Dilemma". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  128. ↑ "China could face greater terrorism threat as US 'delists' East Turkestan Islamic Movement, experts say". South China Morning Post. 7 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  129. ↑ "US Removes Anti-China Militant Group From Terror List". Voice of America. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  130. ↑ "China accuses US of double standards as it drops ETIM from terrorism list". South China Morning Post. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  131. ↑ Hua, Sha (6 November 2020). "China Irate After U.S. Removes 'Terrorist' Label From Separatist Group". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  132. ↑ Roberts, Sean R. "Why Did the United States Take China's Word on Supposed Uighur Terrorists?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  133. ↑ "China's foreign minister slams 'hurried' U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan". Reuters. 16 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  134. ↑ Clabaugh, Rich (24 April 2009). "Freed from Guantánamo, a Uighur clings to asylum dreams in Sweden". The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  135. ↑ "World Uyghur Congress". Uyghurcongress.org. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  136. ↑ McGregor, Andrew (11 March 2010). "Will Xinjiang's Turkistani Islamic Party Survive the Drone Missile Death of its Leader?". Terrorism Monitor. 8 (10). Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  137. 1 2 3 "AFP: US lawmakers seek review of Uighur 'terror' label". Agence France Presse. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  138. ↑ "China: ETIM's Direct Threat to the Olympics". Stratfor. 25 July 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  139. ↑ Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 14–16, 46–47.
  140. ↑ "Uyghurs Convicted in East Turkestan Islamic Movement Plot in Dubai". Jamestown. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  141. ↑ Johnson, Ian (13 August 2015). "Q. and A.: Nick Holdstock on Xinjiang and 'China's Forgotten People' - The New York Times". Sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com. Xinjiang, China. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  142. ↑ Volodzko, David (8 March 2016). "China's New Headache: Uyghur Militants in Syria". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016.
  143. ↑ Ali, Mohanad Hage (2 March 2016). "China's proxy war in Syria: Revealing the role of Uighur fighters". Al Arabiya English. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016.
  144. ↑ "Think like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups". Issuu. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  145. ↑ Botobekov, Uran (29 May 2019). "Think like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups". Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.