Tyrant flycatcher

This article is about the new world tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. For the old world flycatcher family Muscicapidae, see Old World flycatcher. For other uses, see Flycatcher.

Tyrant flycatchers
Yellowish flycatcher, Empidonax flavescens
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Parvorder:	Tyrannida
Family:	Tyrannidae Vigors, 1825
Type genus
Tyrannus
Genera
Some 100, see text
Distribution of tyrant flycatchers

The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are a family of passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. ^[1] They are considered the largest family of birds known to exist in the world, with more than 400 species. They are the most diverse avian family in every country in the Americas, except for the United States and Canada. The members vary greatly in shape, patterns, size and colors. Some tyrant flycatchers may superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, which they are named after but are not closely related to. They are members of suborder Tyranni (suboscines), which do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of most other songbirds. ^[2]

A number of species previously included in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (see Systematics ). Sibley and Alquist in their 1990 bird taxonomy had the genera Mionectes, Leptopogon, Pseudotriccus, Poecilotriccus, Taenotriccus, Hemitriccus, Todirostrum and Corythopis as a separate family Pipromorphidae, ^[3] but although it is still thought that these genera are basal to most of the family, they are not each other's closest relatives. ^[3]

Description

Most, but not all, species are rather plain, with various hues of brown, gray and white commonplace, often providing some degree of presumed camouflage. Obvious exceptions include the bright red vermilion flycatcher, blue, black, white and yellow many-colored rush-tyrant and some species of tody-flycatchers or tyrants, which are often yellow, black, white and/or rufous, from the Todirostrum , Hemitriccus and Poecilotriccus genera. Several species have bright yellow underparts, from the ornate flycatcher to the great kiskadee. Some species have erectile crests. Several of the large genera (i.e. Elaenia , Myiarchus or Empidonax ) are quite difficult to tell apart in the field due to similar plumage and some are best distinguished by their voices. Behaviorally they can vary from species such as spadebills which are tiny, shy and live in dense forest interiors to kingbirds, which are relatively large, bold, inquisitive and often inhabit open areas near human habitations. As the name implies, a great majority of tyrant flycatchers are almost entirely insectivorous (though not necessarily specialized in flies). Tyrant flycatchers are largely opportunistic feeders and often catch any flying or arboreal insect they encounter. However, food can vary greatly and some (like the large great kiskadee) will eat fruit or small vertebrates (e.g. small frogs). In North America, most species are associated with a "sallying" feeding style, where they fly up to catch an insect directly from their perch and then immediately return to the same perch. Most tropical species, however, do not feed in this fashion and several types prefer to glean insects from leaves and bark. Tropical species are sometimes found in mixed-species foraging flocks, where various types of passerines and other smallish birds are found feeding in proximity.

The smallest family members are the closely related short-tailed pygmy tyrant and black-capped pygmy tyrant from the genus Myiornis (the first species usually being considered marginally smaller on average). These species reach a total length of 6.5–7 cm (2.6–2.8 in) and a weight of 4 to 5 g (0.14 to 0.18 oz). By length, they are the smallest passerines on earth, although some species of Old World warblers apparently rival them in their minuscule mean body masses if not in total length. ^[4] The minuscule size and very short tail of the Myiornis pygmy tyrants often lend them a resemblance to a tiny ball or insect. The largest tyrant flycatcher is the great shrike-tyrant at 29 cm (11 in) and 99.2 grams (0.219 pounds). A few species such as the streamer-tailed tyrant, scissor-tailed flycatcher and fork-tailed flycatcher have a larger total length — up to 41 cm (16 in) in the fork-tailed flycatcher at least — but this is mainly due to their extremely long tails; the fork-tailed flycatcher has the longest tail feathers of any known bird relative to their size (this being in reference to true tail feathers, not to be confused with elongated tail streamers as seen in some from the Phasianidae family of galliforms). ^[5]

Habitat and distribution

Species richness of Tyrannidae, when compared to habitat, is highly variable, although most every land habitat in the Americas has at least some of these birds. The habitats of tropical lowland evergreen forest and montane evergreen forest have the highest single site species diversity while many habitats including rivers, palm forest, white sand forest, tropical deciduous forest edge, southern temperate forest, southern temperate forest edge, semi-humid/humid montane scrub, and northern temperate grassland have the lowest single species diversity. The variation between the highest and the lowest is extreme; ninety species can be found in the tropical lowland evergreen forests while the number of species that can be found in the habitats listed above typically are in the single digits. This may be due in part to the fewer niches found in certain areas and therefore fewer places for the species to occupy.

Tyrannidae specialization among habitats is very strong in tropical lowland evergreen forests and montane evergreen forests. These habitat types, therefore, display the greatest specialization. The counts differ by three species (tropical lowland evergreen forests have 49 endemic species and montane evergreen forests have 46 endemic species). It can be assumed that they both have similar levels of specialization.

Regionally, the Atlantic Forest has the highest species richness with the Chocó following closely behind.

Status and conservation

The northern beardless tyrannulet (Camptostoma imberbe) is protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. ^[6] This species is common south of the US border. The situation for a number of other species from South and Central America is far more problematic. In 2007, BirdLife International (and consequently IUCN) considered two species, the Minas Gerais tyrannulet and Kaempfer's tody-tyrant critically endangered. Both are endemic to Brazil. Additionally, seven species were considered endangered and eighteen species vulnerable. ^[7]

Systematics

The family contains 447 species divided into 104 genera. ^[8] A full list, sortable by common and binomial names, is at list of tyrant flycatcher species. Species in the genera Tityra , Pachyramphus , Laniocera and Xenopsaris were formerly placed in this family, but evidence suggested they belong in their own family, the Tityridae, ^[9] where they are now placed by SACC.

Image	Genus	Species
	Piprites Cabanis, 1847	Wing-barred piprites (Piprites chloris) Grey-headed piprites (Piprites griseiceps) Black-capped piprites (Piprites pileata)
	Phyllomyias Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Planalto tyrannulet, Phyllomyias fasciatus Yungas tyrannulet, Phyllomyias weedeni Rough-legged tyrannulet, Phyllomyias burmeisteri White-fronted tyrannulet, Phyllomyias zeledoni Greenish tyrannulet, Phyllomyias virescens Reiser's tyrannulet, Phyllomyias reiseri Urich's tyrannulet, Phyllomyias urichi Sclater's tyrannulet, Phyllomyias sclateri Grey-capped tyrannulet, Phyllomyias griseocapilla Sooty-headed tyrannulet, Phyllomyias griseiceps Plumbeous-crowned tyrannulet, Phyllomyias plumbeiceps Black-capped tyrannulet, Phyllomyias nigrocapillus Ashy-headed tyrannulet, Phyllomyias cinereiceps Tawny-rumped tyrannulet, Phyllomyias uropygialis
	Tyrannulus Vieillot, 1816	Yellow-crowned tyrannulet, Tyrannulus elatus
	Myiopagis Salvin & Godman, 1888	Gray-headed elaenia (Myiopagis caniceps) Choco elaenia (Myiopagis parambae) Amazonian elaenia (Myiopagis cinerea) Jamaican elaenia (Myiopagis cotta) Yellow-crowned elaenia (Myiopagis flavivertex) Forest elaenia (Myiopagis gaimardii) Foothill elaenia (Myiopagis olallai) Pacific elaenia (Myiopagis subplacens) Greenish elaenia (Myiopagis viridicata)
	Elaenia Sundevall, 1836	Yellow-bellied elaenia, Elaenia flavogaster Caribbean elaenia, Elaenia martinica Large elaenia, Elaenia spectabilis Noronha elaenia, Elaenia ridleyana White-crested elaenia, Elaenia albiceps Chilean elaenia, Elaenia chilensis Small-billed elaenia, Elaenia parvirostris Olivaceous elaenia, Elaenia mesoleuca Slaty elaenia, Elaenia strepera Mottle-backed elaenia, Elaenia gigas Brownish elaenia, Elaenia pelzelni Plain-crested elaenia, Elaenia cristata Lesser elaenia, Elaenia chiriquensis Coopmans's elaenia, Elaenia brachyptera Rufous-crowned elaenia, Elaenia ruficeps Mountain elaenia, Elaenia frantzii Highland elaenia, Elaenia obscura Small-headed elaenia, Elaenia sordida Great elaenia, Elaenia dayi Sierran elaenia, Elaenia pallatangae Tepui elaenia, Elaenia olivina Greater Antillean elaenia, Elaenia fallax
	Ornithion Hartlaub, 1853	Brown-capped tyrannulet (Ornithion brunneicapillus) White-lored tyrannulet (Ornithion inerme) Yellow-bellied tyrannulet (Ornithion semiflavum)
	Camptostoma P.L. Sclater, 1857	Northern beardless tyrannulet, Camptostoma imberbe Southern beardless tyrannulet, Camptostoma obsoletum
	Suiriri d'Orbigny, 1840	Suiriri flycatcher, Suiriri suiriri
	Mecocerculus P.L. Sclater, 1862	White-throated tyrannulet, Mecocerculus leucophrys White-tailed tyrannulet, Mecocerculus poecilocercus Buff-banded tyrannulet, Mecocerculus hellmayri Rufous-winged tyrannulet, Mecocerculus calopterus Sulphur-bellied tyrannulet, Mecocerculus minor White-banded tyrannulet, Mecocerculus stictopterus
	Anairetes Reichenbach, 1850	Ash-breasted tit-tyrant, Anairetes alpinus Black-crested tit-tyrant, Anairetes nigrocristatus Pied-crested tit-tyrant, Anairetes reguloides Yellow-billed tit-tyrant, Anairetes flavirostris Juan Fernández tit-tyrant, Anairetes fernandezianus Tufted tit-tyrant, Anairetes parulus
	Uromyias Hellmayr, 1927	Agile tit-tyrant, Uromyias agilis Unstreaked tit-tyrant, Uromyias agraphia
	Serpophaga Gould, 1839	Torrent tyrannulet (Serpophaga cinerea) River tyrannulet (Serpophaga hypoleuca) Sooty tyrannulet (Serpophaga nigricans) White-crested tyrannulet (Serpophaga subcristata) Straneck's tyrannulet (Serpophaga griseicapilla)
	Nesotriccus Townsend, CH, 1895	Southern mouse-colored tyrannulet, Nesotriccus murinus Northern mouse-colored tyrannulet, Nesotriccus incomtus Cocos tyrannulet, Nesotriccus ridgwayi Tumbesian tyrannulet, Nesotriccus tumbezanus Maranon tyrannulet, Nesotriccus maranonicus
	Capsiempis Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Yellow tyrannulet, Capsiempis flaveola
	Polystictus Reichenbach, 1850	Bearded tachuri (Polystictus pectoralis) Grey-backed tachuri (Polystictus superciliaris)
	Pseudocolopteryx Lillo, 1905	Crested doradito (Pseudocolopteryx sclateri) Subtropical doradito (Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis) Dinelli's doradito (Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana) Warbling doradito (Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris) Ticking doradito (Pseudocolopteryx citreola)
	Pseudotriccus Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885	Bronze-olive pygmy tyrant (Pseudotriccus pelzelni) Rufous-headed pygmy tyrant (Pseudotriccus ruficeps) Hazel-fronted pygmy tyrant (Pseudotriccus simplex)
	Corythopis Sundevall, 1836	Ringed antpipit, Corythopis torquatus Southern antpipit, Corythopis delalandi
	Euscarthmus Wied-Neuwied, 1831	Fulvous-crowned scrub tyrant, Euscarthmus meloryphus Fulvous-faced scrub tyrant, Euscarthmus fulviceps Rufous-sided scrub tyrant, Euscarthmus rufomarginatus
	Pseudelaenia W. Lanyon, 1988	Grey-and-white tyrannulet (Pseudelaenia leucospodia)
	Stigmatura Sclater & Salvin, 1866	Lesser wagtail-tyrant (Stigmatura napensis) Bahia wagtail-tyrant (Stigmatura bahiae) Greater wagtail-tyrant (Stigmatura budytoides) Caatinga wagtail-tyrant (Stigmatura (budytoides) gracilis)
	Zimmerius Traylor, 1977	Guatemalan tyrannulet (Zimmerius vilissimus) Mistletoe tyrannulet (Zimmerius parvus) Spectacled tyrannulet (Zimmerius improbus) Venezuelan tyrannulet (Zimmerius petersi) Bolivian tyrannulet (Zimmerius bolivianus) Red-billed tyrannulet (Zimmerius cinereicapilla) Mishana tyrannulet (Zimmerius villarejoi) Chico's tyrannulet (Zimmerius chicomendesi) Slender-footed tyrannulet (Zimmerius gracilipes) Guianan tyrannulet (Zimmerius acer) Golden-faced tyrannulet (Zimmerius chrysops) Coopmans's tyrannulet (Zimmerius minimus) Choco tyrannulet (Zimmerius albigularis) Loja tyrannulet (Zimmerius flavidifrons) Peruvian tyrannulet (Zimmerius viridiflavus)
	Pogonotriccus Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Variegated bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus poecilotis Chapman's bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus chapmani Marble-faced bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus ophthalmicus Spectacled bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus orbitalis Venezuelan bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus venezuelanus Antioquia bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus lanyoni Southern bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus eximius São Paulo bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus paulista Serra do Mar bristle tyrant, Pogonotriccus difficilis
	Phylloscartes Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Mottle-cheeked tyrannulet, Phylloscartes ventralis Alagoas tyrannulet, Phylloscartes ceciliae Restinga tyrannulet, Phylloscartes kronei Bahia tyrannulet, Phylloscartes beckeri Panama tyrannulet, Phylloscartes flavovirens Olive-green tyrannulet, Phylloscartes virescens Ecuadorian tyrannulet, Phylloscartes gualaquizae Black-fronted tyrannulet, Phylloscartes nigrifrons Rufous-browed tyrannulet, Phylloscartes superciliaris Rufous-lored tyrannulet, Phylloscartes flaviventris Cinnamon-faced tyrannulet, Phylloscartes parkeri Minas Gerais tyrannulet, Phylloscartes roquettei Oustalet's tyrannulet, Phylloscartes oustaleti Bay-ringed tyrannulet, Phylloscartes sylviolus
	Mionectes Cabanis, 1844	Streak-necked flycatcher, Mionectes striaticollis Olive-striped flycatcher, Mionectes galbinus Olive-streaked flycatcher, Mionectes olivaceus Ochre-bellied flycatcher, Mionectes oleagineus McConnell's flycatcher, Mionectes macconnelli Sierra de Lema flycatcher, Mionectes roraimae Grey-hooded flycatcher, Mionectes rufiventris
	Leptopogon Cabanis, 1844	Rufous-breasted flycatcher, Leptopogon rufipectus Inca flycatcher, Leptopogon taczanowskii Sepia-capped flycatcher, Leptopogon amaurocephalus Slaty-capped flycatcher, Leptopogon superciliaris
	Guyramemua Lopes et al., 2017	Chapada flycatcher ( Guyramemua affine )
	Sublegatus Sclater & Salvin, 1868	Northern scrub flycatcher (Sublegatus arenarum) Southern scrub flycatcher (Sublegatus modestus) Amazonian scrub flycatcher (Sublegatus obscurior)
	Inezia Cherrie, 1909	Slender-billed inezia, Inezia tenuirostris Plain inezia, Inezia inornata Amazonian inezia, Inezia subflava Pale-tipped inezia, Inezia caudata
	Myiophobus Reichenbach, 1850	Olive-chested flycatcher (Myiophobus cryptoxanthus) Flavescent flycatcher (Myiophobus flavicans) Unadorned flycatcher (Myiophobus inornatus) Orange-crested flycatcher (Myiophobus phoenicomitra) Roraiman flycatcher (Myiophobus roraimae) Bran-colored flycatcher (Myiophobus fasciatus) Mouse-gray flycatcher (Myiophobus crypterythrus) Rufescent flycatcher (Myiophobus rufescens)
	Nephelomyias (Ohlson, Fjeldsa and Ericson, 2009)	Orange-banded flycatcher (Nephelomyias lintoni) Ochraceous-breasted flycatcher (Nephelomyias ochraceiventris) Handsome flycatcher (Nephelomyias pulcher)
	Myiotriccus Ridgway, 1905	Ornate flycatcher ( Myiotriccus ornatus )
	Tachuris Lafresnaye, 1836	Many-coloured rush tyrant ( Tachuris rubrigastra )
	Culicivora Swainson, 1827	Sharp-tailed grass tyrant ( Culicivora caudacuta )
	Hemitriccus Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Snethlage's tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus minor Boat-billed tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus josephinae Flammulated bamboo tyrant, Hemitriccus flammulatus Drab-breasted bamboo tyrant, Hemitriccus diops Brown-breasted bamboo tyrant, Hemitriccus obsoletus White-eyed tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus zosterops Zimmer's tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus minimus Eye-ringed tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus orbitatus Johannes's tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus iohannis Stripe-necked tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus striaticollis Hangnest tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus nidipendulus Yungas tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus spodiops Pearly-vented tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer Pelzeln's tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus inornatus Black-throated tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus granadensis Buff-throated tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus rufigularis Cinnamon-breasted tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus Buff-breasted tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus mirandae Kaempfer's tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus kaempferi Fork-tailed tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus furcatus White-bellied tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus griseipectus Acre tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus cohnhafti
	Myiornis Bertoni, A.W., 1901	White-bellied pygmy tyrant (Myiornis albiventris) Eared pygmy tyrant (Myiornis auricularis) Black-capped pygmy tyrant (Myiornis atricapillus) Short-tailed pygmy tyrant (Myiornis ecaudatus)
	Oncostoma P.L. Sclater, 1862	Northern bentbill (Oncostoma cinereigulare) Southern bentbill (Oncostoma olivaceum)
	Lophotriccus Berlepsch, 1884	Scale-crested pygmy tyrant, Lophotriccus pileatus Double-banded pygmy tyrant, Lophotriccus vitiosus Long-crested pygmy tyrant, Lophotriccus eulophotes Helmeted pygmy tyrant, Lophotriccus galeatus
	Atalotriccus Ridgway, 1905	Pale-eyed pygmy tyrant ( Atalotriccus pilaris )
	Poecilotriccus Berlepsch, 1884	Rufous-crowned tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus ruficeps Lulu's tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus luluae White-cheeked tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus albifacies Black-and-white tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus capitalis Buff-cheeked tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus senex Ruddy tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus russatus Ochre-faced tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Smoky-fronted tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus fumifrons Rusty-fronted tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus latirostris Slaty-headed tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus sylvia Golden-winged tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus calopterus Black-backed tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus pulchellus
	Taeniotriccus Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902	Black-chested tyrant ( Taeniotriccus andrei )
	Todirostrum – typical tody-flycatchers Lesson, 1831	Spotted tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum maculatum Yellow-lored tody-flycatcher or grey-headed tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum poliocephalum Maracaibo tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum viridanum Black-headed tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum nigriceps Painted tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum pictum Common tody-flycatcher or black-fronted tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum cinereum Yellow-browed tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum
	Cnipodectes P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1873	Brownish twistwing (Cnipodectes subbrunneus) Rufous twistwing (Cnipodectes superrufus).
	Rhynchocyclus Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Eye-ringed flatbill, Rhynchocyclus brevirostris Pacific flatbill, Rhynchocyclus pacificus Eastern olivaceous flatbill, Rhynchocyclus olivaceus Western olivaceous flatbill, Rhynchocyclus aequinoctialis Fulvous-breasted flatbill, Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus
	Tolmomyias Hellmayr, 1927	Yellow-olive flatbill, Tolmomyias sulphurescens Orange-eyed flatbill, Tolmomyias traylori Yellow-margined flatbill, Tolmomyias assimilis Yellow-winged flatbill, Tolmomyias flavotectus Grey-crowned flatbill, Tolmomyias poliocephalus Ochre-lored flatbill, Tolmomyias flaviventris Olive-faced flatbill, Tolmomyias viridiceps
	Calyptura Swainson, 1832	Kinglet calyptura ( Calyptura cristata )
	Platyrinchus Desmarest, 1805	Cinnamon-crested spadebill, Platyrinchus saturatus Stub-tailed spadebill, Platyrinchus cancrominus Yellow-throated spadebill, Platyrinchus flavigularis Golden-crowned spadebill, Platyrinchus coronatus White-throated spadebill, Platyrinchus mystaceus White-crested spadebill, Platyrinchus platyrhynchos Russet-winged spadebill, Platyrinchus leucoryphus
	Neopipo Sclater & Salvin, 1869	Cinnamon manakin-tyrant ( Neopipo cinnamomea )
	Pyrrhomyias Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Cinnamon flycatcher ( Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus )
	Hirundinea Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837	Cliff flycatcher ( Hirundinea ferruginea )
	Lathrotriccus Lanyon,W & Lanyon,S, 1986	Euler's flycatcher, Lathrotriccus euleri Grenadan Euler's flycatcher, Lathrotriccus euleri flaviventris - formerly Empidonax euleri johnstonei; extinct (early 1950s) Grey-breasted flycatcher, Lathrotriccus griseipectus
	Aphanotriccus Ridgway, 1905	Tawny-chested flycatcher or Salvin's flycatcher, Aphanotriccus capitalis Black-billed flycatcher, or Nelson's flycatcher Aphanotriccus audax
	Cnemotriccus Hellmayr, 1927	Fuscous flycatcher ( Cnemotriccus fuscatus )
	Xenotriccus Dwight & Griscom, 1927	Belted flycatcher (Xenotriccus callizonus) Pileated flycatcher (Xenotriccus mexicanus)
	Sayornis – phoebes Bonaparte, 1854	Eastern phoebe — Sayornis phoebe Black phoebe — Sayornis nigricans Say's phoebe — Sayornis saya
	Mitrephanes Coues, 1882	Northern tufted flycatcher, Mitrephanes phaeocercus Olive tufted flycatcher, Mitrephanes olivaceus
	Contopus Cabanis, 1855	Olive-sided flycatcher, C. cooperi Greater pewee, C. pertinax Dark pewee, C. lugubris Smoke-colored pewee, C. fumigatus Ochraceous pewee, C. ochraceus Western wood pewee, C. sordidulus Eastern wood pewee, C. virens Northern tropical pewee, C. bogotensis Southern tropical pewee, C. cinereus Tumbes pewee, C. punensis (split from C. cinereus) White-throated pewee, C. albogularis Blackish pewee, C. nigrescens Cuban pewee, C. caribaeus Hispaniolan pewee, C. hispaniolensis Jamaican pewee, C. pallidus Lesser Antillean pewee, C. latirostris
	Empidonax Cabanis, 1855	Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii White-throated flycatcher, Empidonax albigularis Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax hammondii American grey flycatcher, Empidonax wrightii American dusky flycatcher, Empidonax oberholseri Pine flycatcher, Empidonax affinis Western flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis Yellowish flycatcher, Empidonax flavescens Buff-breasted flycatcher, Empidonax fulvifrons Black-capped flycatcher, Empidonax atriceps
	Pyrocephalus Gould, 1839	Scarlet flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) Vermilion flycatcher (Pyrocephalus obscurus) Darwin's flycatcher (Pyrocephalus nanus) ✝San Cristóbal flycatcher (Pyrocephalus dubius)
	Ochthornis P.L. Sclater, 1888	Drab water tyrant ( Ochthornis littoralis )
	Satrapa Strickland, 1844	Yellow-browed tyrant ( Satrapa icterophrys )
	Syrtidicola Chesser et al, 2020	Little ground tyrant ( Syrtidicola fluviatilis )
	Muscisaxicola – ground tyrants Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837	Spot-billed ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola maculirostris White-fronted ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola albifrons Ochre-naped ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola flavinucha Paramo ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola alpinus Taczanowski's ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola griseus Cinereous ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola cinereus Rufous-naped ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola rufivertex Dark-faced ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola maclovianus White-browed ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola albilora Cinnamon-bellied ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola capistratus Puna ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola juninensis Black-fronted ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola frontalis
	Lessonia Swainson, 1832	Andean negrito, Lessonia oreas Austral negrito, Lessonia rufa
	Hymenops Lesson, 1828	Spectacled tyrant ( Hymenops perspicillatus )
	Knipolegus F. Boie, 1826	Blue-billed black tyrant, Knipolegus cyanirostris Jelski's black tyrant, Knipolegus signatus Plumbeous tyrant, Knipolegus cabanisi Cinereous tyrant, Knipolegus striaticeps White-winged black tyrant, Knipolegus aterrimus Hudson's black tyrant, Knipolegus hudsoni Rufous-tailed tyrant, Knipolegus poecilurus Riverside tyrant, Knipolegus orenocensis Amazonian black tyrant, Knipolegus poecilocercus Crested black tyrant, Knipolegus lophotes Velvety black tyrant, Knipolegus nigerrimus Sao Francisco black tyrant or Caatinga black tyrant, Knipolegus franciscanus
	Cnemarchus Ridgway, 1905	Red-rumped bush tyrant (Cnemarchus erythropygius) Rufous-webbed bush tyrant (Cnemarchus rufipennis)
	Xolmis F. Boie, 1826	White-rumped monjita (Xolmis velatus) White monjita (Xolmis irupero)
	Pyrope Cabanis & Heine, 1860	Fire-eyed diucon ( Pyrope pyrope )
	Nengetus Swainson, 1827	Grey monjita ( Nengetus cinereus )
	Neoxolmis Hellmayr, 1927	Black-crowned monjita (Neoxolmis coronatus) Rusty-backed monjita (Neoxolmis rubetra) Salinas monjita (Neoxolmis salinarum) Chocolate-vented tyrant (Neoxolmis rufiventris)
	Myiotheretes Reichenbach, 1850	Streak-throated bush tyrant (Myiotheretes striaticollis) Rufous-bellied bush tyrant (Myiotheretes fuscorufus) Santa Marta bush tyrant (Myiotheretes pernix) Smoky bush tyrant (Myiotheretes fumigatus)
	Agriornis – shrike-tyrants Gould, 1839	Black-billed shrike-tyrant, Agriornis montanus Lesser shrike-tyrant, Agriornis murinus White-tailed shrike-tyrant, Agriornis albicauda Grey-bellied shrike-tyrant, Agriornis micropterus Great shrike-tyrant, Agriornis lividus
	Gubernetes Such, 1825	Streamer-tailed tyrant ( Gubernetes yetapa )
	Muscipipra Lesson, 1831	Shear-tailed grey tyrant ( Muscipipra vetula )
	Fluvicola Swainson, 1827	Pied water tyrant, Fluvicola pica Black-backed water tyrant, Fluvicola albiventer Masked water tyrant, Fluvicola nengeta
	Arundinicola d'Orbigny, 1840	White-headed marsh tyrant ( Arundinicola leucocephala )
	Heteroxolmis Lanyon, W, 1986	Black-and-white monjita ( Heteroxolmis dominicana )
	Alectrurus Vieillot, 1816	Cock-tailed tyrant, Alectrurus tricolor Strange-tailed tyrant, Alectrurus risora
	Tumbezia Chapman, 1925	Tumbes tyrant ( Tumbezia salvini )
	Silvicultrix Lanyon, W, 1986	Crowned chat-tyrant, Silvicultrix frontalis Kalinowski's chat-tyrant, Silvicultrix spodionota Golden-browed chat-tyrant Silvicultrix pulchella Yellow-bellied chat-tyrant Silvicultrix diadema Jelski's chat-tyrant Silvicultrix jelskii
	Ochthoeca Cabanis, 1847	Slaty-backed chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris Blackish chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca nigrita Maroon-belted chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca thoracica Rufous-breasted chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca rufipectoralis Brown-backed chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca fumicolor Rufous-browed chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca superciliosa D'Orbigny's chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca oenanthoides White-browed chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca leucophrys Piura chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca piurae
	Colorhamphus Sundevall, 1872	Patagonian tyrant ( Colorhamphus parvirostris )
	Colonia	Long-tailed tyrant ( Colonia colonus )
	Muscigralla Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837	Short-tailed field tyrant ( Muscigralla brevicauda )
	Machetornis G.R. Gray, 1841	Cattle tyrant ( Machetornis rixosa )
	Legatus P.L. Sclater, 1859	Piratic flycatcher ( Legatus leucophaius )
	Phelpsia W. Lanyon, 1984	White-bearded flycatcher ( Phelpsia inornata )
	Myiozetetes P.L. Sclater, 1859	Rusty-margined flycatcher, Myiozetetes cayanensis Social flycatcher, Myiozetetes similis Grey-capped flycatcher, Myiozetetes granadensis Dusky-chested flycatcher, Myiozetetes luteiventris
	Pitangus Swainson, 1827	Great kiskadee ( Pitangus sulphuratus )
	Philohydor Lanyon, W, 1984	Lesser kiskadee ( Philohydor lictor ) P. l. panamensis ( Bangs & Penard, TE, 1918) P. l. lictor ( Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823)
	Conopias Cabanis & Heine, 1859	White-ringed flycatcher, Conopias albovittatus Three-striped flycatcher, Conopias trivirgatus Yellow-throated flycatcher, Conopias parvus Lemon-browed flycatcher, Conopias cinchoneti
	Myiodynastes Bonaparte, 1857	Golden-bellied flycatcher (Myiodynastes hemichrysus) Golden-crowned flycatcher (Myiodynastes chrysocephalus) Baird's flycatcher (Myiodynastes bairdii) Sulphur-bellied flycatcher (Myiodynastes luteiventris) Streaked flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus)
	Megarynchus Thunberg, 1824	Boat-billed flycatcher (Megarynchus pitangua)
	Tyrannopsis Ridgway, 1905	Sulphury flycatcher ( Tyrannopsis sulphurea )
	Empidonomus Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Variegated flycatcher ( Empidonomus varius )
	Griseotyrannus W.E. Lanyon, 1984	Crowned slaty flycatcher ( Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus )
	Tyrannus Lacépède, 1799	Snowy-throated kingbird, Tyrannus niveigularis White-throated kingbird, Tyrannus albogularis Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus Couch's kingbird, Tyrannus couchii Cassin's kingbird, Tyrannus vociferans Thick-billed kingbird, Tyrannus crassirostris Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus Gray kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis Giant kingbird, Tyrannus cubensis Loggerhead kingbird, Tyrannus caudifasciatus
	Rhytipterna Reichenbach, 1850	Pale-bellied mourner (Rhytipterna immunda) Greyish mourner (Rhytipterna simplex) Rufous mourner (Rhytipterna holerythra)
	Sirystes Cabanis & Heine, 1859	Sibilant sirystes, Sirystes sibilator Western sirystes, Sirystes albogriseus White-rumped sirystes, Sirystes albocinereus Todd's sirystes, Sirystes subcanescens
	Casiornis Des Murs , 1856	Rufous casiornis, Casiornis rufus Ash-throated casiornis, Casiornis fuscus
	Myiarchus Cabanis, 1844	Rufous flycatcher, Myiarchus semirufus Yucatan flycatcher, Myiarchus yucatanensis Sad flycatcher, Myiarchus barbirostris Dusky-capped flycatcher, Myiarchus tuberculifer Swainson's flycatcher, Myiarchus swainsoni Venezuelan flycatcher, Myiarchus venezuelensis Panama flycatcher, Myiarchus panamensis Short-crested flycatcher, Myiarchus ferox Pale-edged flycatcher, Myiarchus cephalotes Sooty-crowned flycatcher, Myiarchus phaeocephalus Apical flycatcher, Myiarchus apicalis Ash-throated flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens Nutting's flycatcher, Myiarchus nuttingi Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus Brown-crested flycatcher, Myiarchus tyrannulus Grenada flycatcher, Myiarchus nugator Galapagos flycatcher, Myiarchus magnirostris Rufous-tailed flycatcher, Myiarchus validus La Sagra's flycatcher, Myiarchus sagrae Stolid flycatcher, Myiarchus stolidus Lesser Antillean flycatcher, Myiarchus oberi Puerto Rican flycatcher, Myiarchus antillarum
	Ramphotrigon G.R. Gray, 1855	Large-headed flatbill, Ramphotrigon megacephalum Flammulated flycatcher, Ramphotrigon flammulatum Dusky-tailed flatbill, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda Rufous-tailed flatbill, Ramphotrigon ruficauda
	Attila Lesson, 1831	Rufous-tailed attila (Attila phoenicurus) Cinnamon attila (Attila cinnamomeus) Ochraceous attila (Attila torridus) Citron-bellied attila (Attila citriniventris) White-eyed attila (Attila bolivianus) Grey-hooded attila (Attila rufus) Bright-rumped attila (Attila spadiceus)

See also

• List of tyrant flycatcher species

References

1. "Tyrant flycatchers « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
2. del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. & Christie, D. (editors). (2004) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions. ISBN   84-87334-69-5
3. Rheindt, F.E.; Norman, J.A.; Christidis, L. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of tyrant-flycatchers (Aves: Tyrannidae), with an emphasis on the elaeniine assemblage" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (1): 88–101. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.011. PMID   18042406. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-10. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
4. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), ISBN   978-1-4200-6444-5.
5. Bird, David Mitchell (2004). The Bird Almanac: A Guide to Essential Facts and Figures of the World's Birds. Buffalo, NY, USA: Firefly Books. p. 70. ISBN   978-1-55297-925-9. Archived from the original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
6. "List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013" Archived June 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
7. BirdLife International (2007). Species factsheets. Accessed 12 December 2007 available online Archived 2007-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
8. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
9. Adopt the Family Tityridae Archived 2008-05-08 at the Wayback Machine – South American Classification Committee (2007)

Further reading

• Fjeldså, J.; Ohlson, J.I.; Batalha Filho, H.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Irestedt, M. (2018). "Rapid expansion and diversification into new niche space by fluvicoline flycatchers". Journal of Avian Biology. 49 (3). jav-01661. doi:10.1111/jav.01661.
• Ohlson, J.I.; Irestedt, M.; Batalha Filho, H.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Fjeldså, J. (2020). "A revised classification of the fluvicoline tyrant flycatchers (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae, Fluvicolinae)". Zootaxa. 4747 (1): 167–176. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4747.1.7 . PMID   32230123.
• Tello, J.G.; Moyle, R.G.; Marchese, D.J.; Cracraft, J. (2009). "Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannides)". Cladistics. 25 (5): 429–467. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00254.x . PMID   34879622. S2CID   85422768.

External links

• Tyrant flycatcher videos, photos and sounds – Internet Bird Collection
• Ingersoll, Ernest (1920). "Flycatcher"  . Encyclopedia Americana .