The U.S. Army acquired ten ships during World War II as Engineer Port Repair Ships, also sometimes known as Port Rehabilitation ships, for use by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to clear war damaged harbors. The need was anticipated by 1942 for the post invasion recovery of ports in Europe and the Transportation Corps was assigned the responsibility to acquire and modify the ships that would be military crewed under the Corps of Engineers. [1]
The European Command had formed a request for port repair ships in 1942. Such a ship had never been required previously as ports were largely undamaged in World War I [2] and had no peacetime technical or economic purpose. [1] Experience in North Africa and particularly in Italy, where the port of Naples was almost completely destroyed and 350 to 400 vessels had been systematically sunk by the Germans, convinced the Allied command under Eisenhower that such vessels were a requirement. [1]
Eisenhower had followed up an original request on 6 December 1942 after the North African experience with a requirement for five vessels of fourteen foot draft or less and about 275 feet in length. The U.S. Army Services of Supply assigned the task to the Transportation Corps (TC). After consideration the TC recommended a design that was originally a coastal transport and of which fourteen were being built under Navy contract. The Army wanted the diesel version, the Maritime Commission type N3-M-A1, while Navy wanted to give up the steam (N3-S-A1) version. At a meeting of the Navy's Munitions Assignments Committee the Army, Navy and Royal Navy all ruled the steam versions as unsuitable. Eventually a clear European requirement for five port repair ships manned by Army Engineers. After considerable dispute during which Navy proposed N3-M-A1 vessels being built for the British, the British objected and the matter was taken to the Combined Chiefs of Staff vessels were obtained and conversions begun. [1]
The ships were all modifications of cargo type vessels that were under construction or just launched. The conversions were to specialized vessels with the machine shops, diver support and heavy lift capacity to clear harbors of wreckage. A distinctive feature of the ships after conversion was the forty ton lift bow horn. They were slightly larger and similar in function and ultimate appearance to the Navy's Salvage Lifting Vessel (ARSD). [2]
All of the ten ships were cargo type conversions. The N3-M-A1 vessels were diesel powered ships of a coastal cargo design more commonly steam powered. Fourteen of these diesel powered versions of the Maritime Commission N3-S-A1 steam vessels were being built at Penn-Jersey Shipbuilding [3] for the U.S. Navy or Lend Lease under contracts assumed by the Navy from the Maritime Commission effective 1 January 1943. [4] Four hulls had been assigned to the British and five had been allocated to the Navy at the time of the Army's requirement. [1] Ultimately the Army was allocated nine of the ten hulls originally allocated to Navy. The one exception was the ship already in Navy hands, the USS Enceladus (AK-80), that gave its name to a class of following vessels that were Navy only for administrative purposes during construction except for the USS Hydra (AK-82) that was transferred to Army after trials and before actual deployment. [4] These are the remains of the Enceladus class that were in general transferred to Army a matter of weeks or even the day they were delivered to the Navy. Unfavorable experience with the Enceladus was involved in Navy's willingness to give up the rest of the hulls despite a critical need for small, shallow draft naval cargo vessels. [2] [4] None of the nine saw significant naval service before conversion. [4] Some were converted from hulls without superstructure. One vessel was a World War I vintage cargo ship allocated to Army by the War Shipping Administration (WSA). [1]
Nine of the ten ships were Maritime Commission type N3-M-A1 cargo vessel hulls of 2,483 gross tons with a length of 291 feet by beam of 42 feet. Number one and two holds were fifty-six feet long with number three being twenty-eight feet in length. The conversion placed machine, welding and carpenter shops in number two hold along with generators and air compressors supporting engineering work. Number one hold was reserved for construction machinery with number three containing repair stock, portable generators, refrigerated stores and quarters. The ships carried portable salvage equipment, including diver support, five ton capacity crawler crane, other lifting equipment and a pontoon barge. The most notable feature was addition of a forty ton cathead derrick for heavy salvage. [1]
The other ship was the World War I vessel SS Josephine Lawrence (ex Covena) built by Great Lakes Engineering Works [5] and allocated to Army by the WSA.
The ships were crewed by Combat Engineers organized into formal Army units, the Engineer Port Repair Ship Crew. The first crew to arrive in the European Theater of Operations aboard the Junior N. Van Noy was the 1071st Engineer Port Repair Ship Crew. [6]
The Engineer Field Manual (FM-5-5) states:
f. The engineer port repair ship is divided into a headquarters section and an operating section. It maintains channel markings and other aids for pilots, and removes obstructions from channels or ship berths. [1]
Section VI of FM-5-5 provides evidence the ship was organized as an Army Engineering unit with seamanship training differing in organization from a typical naval or commercial ship. A superseded organization chart found on page 23 of the manual shows an organization of Headquarters, Deck, Engine and Operating sections a bit more typical of a ships organization.
Though the ships were to be managed, operated and crewed by the Corps of Engineers (COE) the Transportation Corps (TC) had primary responsibility for obtaining, managing the shipyard modifications to COE and TC specifications and in initial crew training. The crews assembled on the West Coast in August 1943 under TC jurisdiction where they were put into training in nautical and technical fields. The COE was concerned about the qualifications and training thus establishing two investigative boards in San Francisco and Seattle composed of U.S. Coast Guard, COE and TC personnel to interview each candidate destined for ship deck or engine room operations on knowledge of navigation and seamanship. The results were less than desirable:
The board at San Francisco reported on 4 October that none of the three crews at that port could be trusted with a ship. In fact, there were not enough capable men in all three units to make one qualified crew. [1]
As a result all crews were to be brought to the East Coast and complete training under the jurisdiction of the Chief of Engineers with critical positions filled with personnel from civilian life with shipboard experience. The crews were assembled in late November at Fort Belvoir in Virginia. The candidate specialists were then given specific training in schools on the East Coast with divers training on the salvage of the Normandie in New York.
For a number of reasons the delivery of the converted ships was delayed and the crews could not combine training with actual shipboard experience. This was to cause difficulties until actual sailing for operations.
Only five of the ten ships, the Junior N. Van Noy , Madison Jordan Manchester, Glenn Gerald Griswold, Thomas F. Farrel and Robert M. Emery made it to Europe in time for significant work. The remaining ships were not operational until 1945. Some of the modifications turned out not to be as useful as anticipated. The distinctive forty ton capacity bow horn in particular was seldom used. Navy salvage units had been operational earlier for heavy lift and the most valuable function of the ships may have been to centralize support, heavy maintenance and facilities for Army Engineers conducting repairs. [2]
Military Sealift Command (MSC) is an organization that controls the replenishment and military transport ships of the United States Navy. Military Sealift Command has the responsibility for providing sealift and ocean transportation for all US military services as well as for other government agencies. It first came into existence on 9 July 1949 when the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) became solely responsible for the Department of Defense's ocean transport needs. The MSTS was renamed the Military Sealift Command in 1970.
The LCM-8 is a river boat and mechanized landing craft used by the United States Navy and Army during the Vietnam War and subsequent operations. They are currently used by governments and private organizations throughout the world. The acronym stands for "Landing Craft Mechanized, Mark 8".
USS Oglala (ID-1255/CM-4/ARG-1) was a minelayer in the United States Navy. Commissioned as Massachusetts, she was renamed Shawmut a month later, and in 1928, was renamed after the Oglala, a sub-tribe of the Lakota, residing in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
Europa (AK-81) was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation.
Nashira (AK-85) was planned as a civilian cargo ship for the United States Maritime Commission, transferred to the Navy for construction then transferred to the U.S. Army and renamed two days after launching. The ship was never commissioned, thus never bore the USS designation, and had no significant naval service. The ship was converted to the U.S. Army Engineer Port Repair ship Richard R. Arnold and served in the Pacific during 1945.
USS Hydra (AK-82), ex MV Eben H. Linnell, was an Enceladus-class cargo ship commissioned by the U.S. Navy for cargo service in World War II. Hydra was in naval service from 1 January through 19 November 1943 before she was transferred to the U.S. Army for conversion to the Engineer Port Repair ship Madison Jordan Manchester.
Media (AK-83) was a World War II US navy ship that was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation.
Mira (AK-84) was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation. The ship was transferred to become the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Port Repair ship Robert M. Emery the day after acquisition by Navy.
Norma (AK-86) was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation. Norma is the name of constellation.
Sagitta (AK-87) was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation.
Tucana (AK-88) was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation. She was transferred upon launching on 13 September 1944 to the U.S. Army as the U.S. Army Engineer Port Repair ship Arthur C. Ely.
Vela (AK-89) was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation. The ship was transferred to the Army to become the Engineer Port Repair Ship Joe C. Specker shortly after launching. She was one of two such repair ships transferred to Navy in 1952 and served as the civilian crewed, unarmed USNS Vela (T-AK-89).
Junior N. Van Noy was a Great Lakes steamer converted as one of ten U.S. U.S. Army Port Repair ships to be operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in rehabilitating war damaged ports. The other nine ships were Maritime Commission type N3–M–A1 cargo ship hulls built under U.S. Navy supervision and transferred upon completion or after very brief Navy service to the U.S. Army for conversion to port repair ships.
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