Volvopluteus

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Volvopluteus
Volvopluteus gloiocephalus.jpg
Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Pluteaceae
Genus: Volvopluteus
Vizzini, Contu & Justo, (2011)
Type species
Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
(DC.) Vizzini, Contu & Justo (2011)
Species

V. asiaticus
V. earlei
V. gloiocephalus
V. michiganensis

Contents

Volvopluteus
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Ovate cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is ovate or flat
Free gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free
Volva stipe icon.svg Stipe has a volva
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is pink to pinkish-brown
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngMycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is edible, but unpalatable or unknown

Volvopluteus is a genus of small to medium-sized or big saprotrophic mushrooms growing worldwide. The genus has been segregated from Volvariella with which it shares some morphological characteristics such as the presence of a volva and a pink to pink-brown spore print. [1] Phylogenetic analyses of DNA data have shown that Volvopluteus is closely related to Pluteus and both genera currently are classified in the family Pluteaceae, while Volvariella is not closely related to either genus [2] and its position in the Agaricales is still uncertain. [1]

Etymology

Volvopluteus literally means "Pluteus with a volva", making reference at the same time to the close relationship between both genera and to the presence of a volva, one of the morphological characteristics that separates them. [1]

Description

Macroscopic characters

Volvopluteus fruit bodies vary from relatively small (cap 25 mm (1.0 in) in diameter) to large (cap 150 mm (5.9 in) in diameter), are pluteoid (i.e. with free lamellae and discontinuous context of cap and stipe [3] ) and have a membranous white volva at the base of the stipe. The cap is ovate when young and then expands to convex or flat, it is always viscid to gelatinous when fresh and has white, grey or grey-brown color. The gills are free from the stipe and they start out as white but they soon change to pink and then pinkish-brown as the spores are being produced. The stipe is centrally attached to the cap, more or less cylindrical, white and with a smooth or slightly pruinose surface and it has white membranous volva at the base. The odor and taste are often reported as raphanoid (radish-like) or similar to that of raw potatoes in V. gloiocephalus. The spore print is pink or pinkish-brown. [1]

Microscopic characters

Basidiospores of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus Volvopluteus gloiocephalus - Basidiospores.jpg
Basidiospores of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
Pileipellis (ixocutis) of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus Pileipellis (ixocutis) of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus.jpg
Pileipellis (ixocutis) of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus

The spores of Volvopluteus are relatively large (above 11  μm in length), ellipsoid to oblong, relatively thick-walled and not amyloid or dextrinoid. Basidia are usually 4-spored but 2- and 1-spored versions can sometimes occur. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia might be present or absent, and this character as well as the size and shape of these structures, can be used for morphologically separating the different species of the genus. The pileipellis is an ixocutis composed of parallel hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The stipitipellis is a cutis and can be set with cylindrical caulocystidia. Clamp connections are absent from hyphae in all parts of the fruit body. [1]

Ecology

All species of Volvopluteus are saprotrophs, and grow terrestrially in gardens, grassy fields (in or outside forests) and on accumulations of vegetable matter (compost, wood chips). [1]

Classification

The type species, Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, has been traditionally included in the genus Volvariella. [4] [5] The first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Agaricales by Moncalvo et al. [2] sampled two species of Volvariella ( V. volvacea and V. hypophytis ) that were placed in a distant position from Pluteus. The study of Matheny et al. in 2006 [6] included Volvariella gloiocephala that was placed as the sister group of Pluteus. The 2011 study of Justo et al. included a broader sampling of Volvariella species and confirmed that the genus, as traditionally defined, was polyphyletic: (i) the bulk of the genus, including the paddy-straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea, is not closely related to Pluteus and (ii) the group of species around Volvariella gloiocephala forms a separate lineage that constitutes the sister group of Pluteus. The name Volvopluteus was then proposed to accommodate the latter group. [1]

Volvopluteus differs from Volvariella morphologically by the average spore length over 11 μm and the pileipellis composed of relatively thin hyphae embedded in a conspicuous gelatinous matrix. The same characters and the presence of a volva separate Volvopluteus from Pluteus. All three genera are characterized by the pink to pink-brown spore prints and inverse hymenophoral trama.

Distribution

The genus is cosmopolitan and has been reported from all continents except Antarctica. [4]

Edibility

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus is edible although is cited as mediocre or of poor quality. [7] Young specimens of V. gloiocephalus have white gills so it is possible to mistake them for an Amanita and vice versa.

The edibility of other species of the genus is not known.

Species

Phylogenetic relationships among the species Volvopluteus as inferred from ITS data. Based on the results presented by Justo et al. Phylogeny volvopluteus.jpg
Phylogenetic relationships among the species Volvopluteus as inferred from ITS data. Based on the results presented by Justo et al.

Four species are currently accepted in the genus:

Other species that probably belong in Volvopluteus based on their morphological characteristics:

All these species are only known from their respective original descriptions, making it very difficult to establish if they represent independent taxa. For this reason they have not been formally reclassified in the genus Volvopluteus. [1]

Related Research Articles

<i>Volvariella</i> Genus of fungi

Volvariella is a genus of mushrooms with deep salmon pink gills and spore prints.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pluteaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Pluteaceae are a family of small to medium-sized mushrooms which have free gill attachment and pink spores. Members of Pluteaceae can be mistaken for members of Entolomataceae, but can be distinguished by the angled spores and attached gills of the Entolomataceae. The four genera in the Pluteaceae comprise the widely distributed Volvariella and Pluteus, the rare Chamaeota, and Volvopluteus, which was newly described in 2011 as a result of molecular analysis. The Dictionary of the Fungi estimates there are 364 species in the family.

<i>Pluteus</i> Genus of fungi

Pluteus is a large genus of fungi with over 300 species. They are wood rotting saprobes with pink spore prints and gills that are free from the stem.

<i>Chamaeota</i> Genus of fungi

Chamaeota is a genus in the Pluteaceae family of small- to medium-sized mushrooms. They have a central stipe, free gills, smooth pink spores, and a partial veil that usually forms an annulus (ring) on the stipe. Chamaeota can be distinguished from Volvariella by its lack of a volva and from Entolomataceae by its free gills and smooth spores.

<i>Pluteus salicinus</i> Species of fungus

Pluteus salicinus is a European psychedelic mushroom that grows on wood. It is an edible mushroom after parboiling.

<i>Amanita brunnescens</i> Species of fungus

Amanita brunnescens, also known as the brown American star-footed amanita or cleft-footed amanita is a native North American mushroom of the large genus Amanita. It differs from A. phalloides by its fragile volva and tendency to bruise brown.

<i>Melanoleuca</i> Genus of fungi

Melanoleuca is a poorly known genus of saprotrophic mushrooms traditionally classified in the family Tricholomataceae. Most are small to medium sized, white, brown, ocher or gray with a cylindrical to subcylindrical stipe and white to pale yellowish gills. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and ornamented with amyloid warts. Melanoleuca is considered a difficult group to study due to their macroscopic similarities among species and the need of a thorough microscopic analysis to separate species. DNA studies have determined that this genus is closely related to Amanita and Pluteus and that it does not belong to the family Tricholomataceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Physalacriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Physalacriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Species in the family have a widespread distribution, ranging from the Arctic, (Rhizomarasmius), to the tropics, e.g. Gloiocephala, and from marine sites (Mycaureola) and fresh waters (Gloiocephala) to semiarid forests (Xerula).

Limnoperdon is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Limnoperdaceae. The genus is also monotypic, as it contains a single species, the aquatic fungus Limnoperdon incarnatum. The species, described as new to science in 1976, produces fruit bodies that lack specialized structures such as a stem, cap and gills common in mushrooms. Rather, the fruit bodies—described as aquatic or floating puffballs—are small balls of loosely interwoven hyphae. The balls float on the surface of the water above submerged twigs. Experimental observations on the development of the fruit body, based on the growth on the fungus in pure culture, suggest that a thin strand of mycelium tethers the ball above water while it matures. Fruit bodies start out as a tuft of hyphae, then become cup-shaped, and eventually enclose around a single chamber that contains reddish spores. Initially discovered in a marsh in the state of Washington, the fungus has since been collected in Japan, South Africa, and Canada.

<i>Volvopluteus gloiocephalus</i> Species of mushroom

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, commonly known as the big sheath mushroom, rose-gilled grisette, or stubble rosegill, is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. For most of the 20th century it has been known under the names Volvariella gloiocephala or Volvariella speciosa, but recent molecular studies have placed it as the type species of the genus Volvopluteus, newly created in 2011. The cap of this mushroom is about 5–15 cm (2–6 in) in diameter, varies from white to grey or grey-brown, and is markedly sticky when fresh. The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and has a sack-like volva at the base. Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating V. gloiocephalus from related species. V. gloiocephalus is a saprotrophic fungus that grows on grassy fields and accumulations of organic matter like compost or woodchips piles. It has been reported from all continents except Antarctica.

<i>Volvariella surrecta</i> Species of fungus

Volvariella surrecta, commonly known as the piggyback rosegill, is an agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. Although rare, the species is widely distributed, having been reported from Asia, North America, Northern Africa, Europe, and New Zealand. The fungus grows as a parasite on the fruit bodies of other gilled mushrooms, usually Clitocybe nebularis. V. surrecta mushrooms have white or greyish silky-hairy caps up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter, and white gills that turns pink in maturity. The stipe, also white, is up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long, and has a sack-like volva at its base.

<i>Volvariella bombycina</i> Species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae

Volvariella bombycina, commonly known as the silky volvariella, silky sheath, silky rosegill, silver-silk straw mushroom, or tree mushroom, is a species of edible mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It is an uncommon but widespread species, having been reported from Asia, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, and North America. The fruit body (mushroom) begins developing in a thin, egg-like sac. This ruptures and the stem expands quickly, leaving the sac at the base of the stem as a volva. The cap, which can attain a diameter of up to 20 centimetres, is white to slightly yellowish and covered with silky hairs. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced gills, free from attachment to the stem, and initially white before turning pink as the spores mature. The mushroom grows singly or in clusters, often appearing in old knotholes and wounds in elms and maples. V. bombycina contains compounds with antibacterial properties.

<i>Pluteus nevadensis</i> Species of fungus

Pluteus nevadensis is a species of fungus in the agaric family Pluteaceae. Described as new to science in 2010, the species is known only from subtropical and pine forests in Mexico, where it grows on rotting pine and oak wood. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) have red-orange caps up to 3.8 cm (1.5 in) in diameter with a shape ranging from conic, convex, or flattened, depending on their age. The silky yellow stems are up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in) long. It is similar in appearance to Pluteus aurantiorugosus, with which it shares an orange- or scarlet-colored cap and a yellow stem. P. nevadensis can be distinguished from this and other superficially similar Pluteus species by differences in microscopic characteristics.

<i>Volvopluteus earlei</i> Species of fungus

Volvopluteus earlei is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It was originally described in 1911 by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill as Volvariopsis earlei, based on collections made in a Cuban banana field. The fungus was later shuffled to the genera Volvaria and Volvariella before molecular studies placed it in Volvopluteus, a genus newly described in 2011.

<i>Volvopluteus michiganensis</i> Species of fungus

Volvopluteus michiganensis is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It was originally described under the name Pluteus michiganensis but molecular studies have placed it in the Volvopluteus, a genus described in 2011. The cap of this mushroom is about 7–9 cm (2.8–3.5 in) in diameter, gray, and has a cracked margin that is sticky when fresh. The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and has a volva at the base. Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating this taxon from related species. V. michiganensis is a saprotrophic fungus that was originally described as growing on sawdust. It has only been reported from Michigan (US) and the Dominican Republic.

<i>Volvopluteus asiaticus</i> Species of fungus

Volvopluteus asiaticus is a species of mushroom in the Pluteaceae family. The cap of this mushroom is about 70–90 mm (2.8–3.5 in) in diameter, greyish brown to brown. The gills start out white but they soon turn pink. The stipe is white and has a volva at the base. Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating this taxon from related species. V. asiaticus is a saprotrophic fungus that was originally described as growing on the ground, in the humus layer. It is only known from Hokkaido (Japan).

<i>Pholiota nubigena</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota nubigena, commonly known as the gastroid pholiota or the bubble gum fungus, is a species of secotioid fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in mountainous areas of the western United States, where it grows on rotting conifer wood, often fir logs. It fruits in spring, often under snow, and early summer toward the end of the snowmelt period in high mountain forests. Fruit bodies appear similar to unopened mushrooms, measuring 1–4 centimetres tall with 1–2.4 cm diameter caps that are whitish to brownish. They have a short but distinct whitish stipe that extend through the internal spore mass (gleba) of the fruit body into the cap. The gleba consists of irregular chambers made of contorted gills that are brownish in color. A whitish, cottony partial veil is present in young specimens, but it often disappears in age and does not leave a ring on the stipe.

<i>Pluteus americanus</i> Species of fungus

Pluteus americanus is a North American and Russian psychedelic mushroom that grows on hardwoods.

<i>Pluteus exilis</i> Species of fungus

Pluteus exilis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. It was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1989, from specimens collected in Muir Woods, California.

References

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