 | This article needs to be updated.(February 2024) |
Spain is one of the countries with the largest wind power capacity installed, with over 27 GW in 2020. In 2013, it had become the first country in the world to have wind power as its main source of energy. [1]
Spain was an early leader in development of wind power, ranking second after Germany by installed capacity until 2006, when it was surpassed by the United States.
In November 2009, a wind storm caused wind farms to produce a peak of 53% of total electricity demand (11.546 GW). [2] [3] This was surpassed in November 2011 with a capacity peak of 59% of power demand being generated by wind power. [4]
In 2009, the largest producer of wind power in Spain was Iberdrola, with 25.5% of capacity, followed by Acciona with 20.9% and NEO Energia (EDP Renewables) with 8.3%. [5]
After the fallout from the financial crisis in 2008 and the dire straits of the Spanish economy in the subsequent period, installations of new wind turbines all but stagnated between 2012 and 2015, remaining at close to 23,000 MW installed capacity for the entire period. While Spain reduced wind turbine expansion, other countries continued to accelerate new wind turbine installations. By 2015, India had moved ahead of Spain in total installations.[ citation needed ]
On 6 February 2013, wind power achieved an earlier record in electricity production, reaching an instantaneous peak of 17,056 MW and an hourly production of 16,918 MWh. [6]
In 2014, a record breaking year for renewable electricity production, wind power accounted for 20.2% of total electricity generation in Spain making it the second most important electricity source after nuclear power (22%) and ahead of coal power (16.5%). [7] In earlier periods wind energy covered 16% of the demand in 2010, 13.8% in 2009 and 11.5% in 2008.
By year end 2015, Spain was the world's fifth largest producer of wind power with 23,031 MW installed capacity (including 11 MW of wind-hydro capacity), providing 48,118 GWh of power and 19% of the country's total electricity production in that year. [8] On windy days, wind power generation has surpassed all other electricity sources in Spain; In November 2015, 70.4% of the electricity consumed in Peninsular Spain was covered with wind power energy. [9]
In 2022, Spain's wind energy sector contributed significantly to the country's electricity supply, averaging 25% of total consumption. This figure stands in contrast to the European Union (EU) average, which is over 17%. On specific occasions, the contribution of wind power in Spain reached 50% of the total electricity demand, indicating the sector's capacity to meet a substantial portion of the country's energy needs. [10]
| 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014* | 2015* | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Installed capacity (MW) [11] [12] [13] [14] | 11,416 | 13,664 | 16,133 | 18,860 | 19,706 | 21,166 | 22,757 | 23,003 | 23,031 | 23,031 | 23,066 | 23,092 | 23,484 | 25,704 | 27,759 | 28,139 |
| Total generation (GWh) [15] [16] | 27,612 | 32,160 | 38,253 | 43,545 | 42,465 | 48,508 | 54,713 | 51,032 | 48,118 | 47,697 | 47,907 | 49,581 | 54,245 | 54,879 | 60,485 | |
| *Includes 11 MW of Wind-Hydro hybrid system and associated generation of 1 GWh in 2014, 9 GWh in 2015. | ||||||||||||||||
As of 2023 Spain has no commercial offshore wind turbines in operation. There is a plan to have 3GW of offshore power installed by 2030. The lack of a suitable offshore shelf means floating turbines will probably be needed to achieve this and likely locations are being identified. [17]
In September 2022, the Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge published a strategic roadmap for the development of offshore wind and marine energy. This roadmap aligns with the "EU Strategy on Offshore Renewable Energy" and has resulted from a collaborative effort involving various stakeholders, including economic entities, governmental administrations, and the public. Within this roadmap, Spain aims to deploy between 1 and 3 GW of offshore wind power by 2030, in alignment with global and European objectives. Notably, the International Energy Agency (IEA) anticipates offshore wind contributing to half of Europe's wind power generation by 2040, while the European Commission's "Strategy on Offshore Renewable Energy" aims for at least 60 GW of offshore wind by 2030. [18]
| Installed windpower capacity (MW) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Autonomous Region | 2008 [19] | 2009 [20] | 2010 [21] | 2015 [22] | 2022 [23] | |
| 1 | Castile and León | 3,334.04 | 3,882.72 | 4,803.82 | 5,560.01 | 6,507.2 | |
| 2 | Aragon | 1,749.31 | 1,753.81 | 1,764.01 | 1,893.31 | 4,922.5 | |
| 3 | Castile-La Mancha | 3,415.61 | 3,669.61 | 3,709.19 | 3,806.54 | 4,786.2 | |
| 4 | Galicia | 3,145.24 | 3,231.81 | 3,289.33 | 3,314.12 | 3,863.1 | |
| 5 | Andalusia | 1,794.99 | 2,840.07 | 2,979.33 | 3,337.73 | 3,543.8 | |
| 6 | Navarre | 958.77 | 961.77 | 968.37 | 1,003.92 | 1,351.9 | |
| 7 | Catalonia | 420.44 | 524.54 | 851.41 | 1,267.05 | 1,341.8 | |
| 8 | Valencian Community | 710.34 | 986.99 | 986.99 | 1,118.59 | 1,238.8 | |
| 9 | Asturias | 304.30 | 355.95 | 355.95 | 518.45 | 695.5 | |
| 10 | Canary Islands | 134.09 | 138.34 | 138.92 | 165.11 | 620.1 | |
| 11 | La Rioja | 446.62 | 446.62 | 446.62 | 446.62 | 446.6 | |
| 12 | Murcia | 152.31 | 152.31 | 189.91 | 261.96 | 262.0 | |
| 13 | Basque Country | 152.77 | 152.77 | 153.25 | 153.25 | 153.3 | |
| 14 | Extremadura | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39.4 | |
| 15 | Cantabria | 17.85 | 17.85 | 35.30 | 35.30 | 35.3 | |
| 16 | Balearic Islands | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.68 | 3.7 | |
| Spain total (MW) | 16 740.32 | 19 148.80 | 20 676.05 | 22,988.00 | 29,813.00 | ||
A 2006 article stated that the intended wind energy capacity to be installed in the autonomous regions by 2010–2011 at 20,000 MW. [24]
The US rating agency Standard & Poors, in a 2006 investigation of standard of living in Europe, ranked Navarre, whose primary source of renewable energy was wind power, uppermost among the 17 autonomous regions of Spain. [25] At that time Navarre sustained approximately 70 percent of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources, wind farms being used most extensively, and had a 900-megawatt capacity of installed wind power.
Navarre lacks thermal, nuclear, coal, oil, gas fields, or hefty hydro-electric power stations, but does possess considerable wind renewable resources, which the Government of Navarre pursued to drop its external energy dependence. [26] Navarre was entirely reliant on imported energy until wind-power development and utilization began progress in 1996. [25]
In 2007 Galicia led Spain in wind power development amongst the autonomous regions for the third consecutive year with an increase in wind power of 264 MW, succeeding Castilla La Mancha (which exceeded its development goal of 1,000MW), Castile and León, Aragon and Navarre, and the remaining autonomous regions. [24]
A 2005 report showed the Spanish wind energy sector hosting the involvement of over 500 companies, with approximately 150 wind turbine production plants and their machinery across the Spanish regions. [27] The assets of the Spanish industry were noticed and acted upon by financial analysts, as United States Ernst and Young in 2005 ranked the wind market in Spain among the uppermost in its index of "long-term country attractiveness". [28] Including those indirectly employed in supplying components and services, the total number of jobs supported by Spain's wind industry had reached more than 30 000, and was estimated to double to 60 000 by 2010" (2005). [27]
Gamesa, based in the Basque Country is a large global wind turbine manufacturer with 13% share by installed power in 2005. [29] The company values the distinctive geographical setting of Spain as a benefit to Spanish companies competing in the global arena. [28] Gamesa Eólica currently operates plants in Spain, The US and China. It has projects in many other parts of the world including Egypt, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Portugal. [28] Gamesa opened a manufacturing plant for wind turbine generator blades in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 2005, creating 500 part-time building and operations jobs and 236 permanent manufacturing jobs; the building, operation, and upkeep of Gamesa's wind farms, in conjunction with its two Philadelphia offices and production plant, formed about 1,000 jobs in the state over a five-year period. [30] The company seeks expansion into Greece, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. [28]
Ecotècnia, established 1981, and by 2005 had 2.1% world market share by installed capacity, [31] with wind turbines in production of up to 1.6MW. [32] In 2009 the company was acquired by Alstom for €350million. [33] The company continued to develop wind turbines; a 3MW machine was installed in a commercial windfarm in 2009. [34] In 2010 the company was renamed Alstom Wind. [35] In 2011/2 the company developed a prototype 6MW permanent magnet gearless generator for offshore applications, in association with LM Wind Power and Converteam. [36]
Acciona Energy (Acciona Energía), the biggest global wind-park developer at the time, operated in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. [28] The company credited its success to its initial stages in Navarre during 1994. Its line of work involved wind-farm operation, turbine manufacture, and the development of wind-power plants, and the company intended to expand into China, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. [28]
Iberdrola held functioning facilities in Brazil, France, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, the United States and the United Kingdom, and continued to develop wind farms in Europe and Latin America. [28] [37]
As of 2008, Iberdrola plans to develop six offshore wind farm projects with a combined generation capacity of 3000 MW at locations off the coasts of the Spanish Atlantic provinces of Cadiz, Huelva and the Mediterranean province of Castellon. [38]
MTorres initiated their activities in the Wing Energy field in 1998, with the launch of their newly developed Wind Turbine TWT-1.5/70, a 1500 KW variable-speed direct-drive multipole Wind Turbine with a full-power converter and a 70 meters rotor diameter.
The national Spanish wind energy industry began exporting its wind generators by forming contracts for the erection of wind farms in China, India, and Mexico, as well as Cuba, where work began in 1998 (2007). They also had contracts at a highly developed stage with Portugal, Turkey, Tunisia, Egypt, Brazil, and Argentina. [24]
The wind energy capacity for major companies in Spain was the following as of 2007: Gamesa Eólica, 3281 MW; Made, 803 MW; Neg Micon, 715 MW; Ecotècnia, 446 MW; G. Electric, 343 MW; Izar-Bonus, 317 MW; Desa & AWP, 121 MW; Enercon, 58 MW; Lagerwey, 38 MW; and Others, 113 MW (2007). [24]
Largely concerned with advancing energy efficiency use in Spain, the Institute for Energy Saving and Diversification (IDAE) also seeks to expand renewable energy sources and energies. [24]
Research concerning the production of hydrogen from electrolysis of water by a wind farm began in 2004 at a newly installed laboratory in the Universidad Pública de Navarra under an agreement between Energía Hidroeléctrica de Navarra, Stuart Energy Systems of Canada, and Statkraft of Norway. The lab replicated the power generation environment of a wind farm and examined the effects of an electrolyzer. [39]
Concentrated research is occurring concerning wind measurement in the Albacete region at Higueruela. [24]
Three factors will control the further progress of wind power development in Spain: the capability of the wind farms network to hold all the electricity harnessed by wind power, predominantly in off-peak times, the cost of energy, and the environmental effect that the abundance of wind farm development in Spain could turn out. [26] The Spanish wind power industry will be confronted with the following issues in the immediate future: [26]
It is also noteworthy that the supportive Spanish policies for wind power development have resulted in severe competition for construction sites among major companies. [26] Political leaders in the autonomous communities have been frazzled by the numerous applications for wind farm construction. [26] Local possession of wind power is not present in Spain, but does not appear to take away from further development of wind power in Spain since a much smaller and weaker quantity of local anti-wind farm grid population inhabits the country. [40]
A further obstacle concerning wind power development needs to be tackled before Spain can achieve these ambitious objectives: construction of a central control center for all the Spanish wind farms, analogous to the control center used for traditional power plants. [28]
With some exceptions, there has been little opposition to the installation of inland wind parks in Spain. The projects to build such facilities offshore have been more controversial. [41]
In 2003, there came a proposal to build the largest offshore wind farm in the world on the site of the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar, off the southwest coast of Spain. [42] This has been met with strong opposition from the towns on the coast around Cádiz, who fear for their tourism and fisheries industries. [43] There have also been complaints by the British, who claim that the area is a war grave and that any development of the area could destroy archaeological evidence of the historic battle. [42]
Opposition to wind power in Spain has emerged in rural communities, particularly in regions like Aragón, as the nation rapidly expands its renewable energy projects. According to a report published in 2022 by Euronews, concerns have been raised about the environmental and visual impacts of large-scale wind farms and solar installations, leading to conflicts with local residents. Groups like "Energy and Territory Alliance" (ALIENTE) have voiced their opposition, advocating for smaller, community-focused renewable projects over industrial-scale developments. [44]
A wind farm or wind park, also called a wind power station or wind power plant, is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity. Wind farms vary in size from a small number of turbines to several hundred wind turbines covering an extensive area. Wind farms can be either onshore or offshore.
Iberdrola is a Spanish multinational electric utility company based in Bilbao, Spain. Iberdrola has a workforce of around 40,000 employees serving around 30 million customers. Subsidiaries include Scottish Power and a significant part of Avangrid, amongst others. As of 2023, the largest shareholder of the company is the Qatar Investment Authority, with BlackRock and Norges Bank also holding significant interests.
As of 2023, Europe had a total installed wind capacity of 255 gigawatts (GW). In 2017, a total of 15,680 MW of wind power was installed, representing 55% of all new power capacity, and the wind power generated 336 TWh of electricity, enough to supply 11.6% of the EU's electricity consumption.
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, S.A., born in 2017 as the merger of Siemens's Wind Power Division with Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica, S.A., is a Spanish-German wind engineering company based in Zamudio, Biscay, Spain. In Spain, the company has two other main sites in Spain: one in Madrid and the other one in Sarriguren. Other than its headquarters, its onshore business is primarily based in Spain, while the offshore business is based in Germany and Denmark. It is the world's second largest wind turbine manufacturer behind Vestas.
As of 2018, renewable energy accounted for 79% of the domestically produced electricity used in Brazil.
Wind power in California had initiative and early development during Governor Jerry Brown's first two terms in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The state's wind power capacity has grown by nearly 350% since 2001, when it was less than 1,700 MW. In 2016, wind energy supplied about 6.9% of California's total electricity needs, or enough to power more than 1.3 million households. Most of California's wind generation is found in the Tehachapi area of Kern County, California, with some large projects in Solano, Contra Costa and Riverside counties as well. California is among the states with the largest amount of installed wind power capacity. In recent years, California has lagged behind other states when it comes to the installation of wind power. It was ranked 4th overall for wind power electrical generation at the end of 2016 behind Texas, Iowa, and Oklahoma. As of 2019, California had 5,973 megawatts (MW) of wind power generating capacity installed.
Wind power is the fastest-growing renewable energy technology in Scotland, with 11,482 megawatts (MW) of installed wind power capacity by Q1 2023. This included 9,316 MW from onshore wind in Scotland and 2,166 MW of offshore wind generators.
Wind power' is a major source of energy in Portugal. At the end of 2020, wind power capacity in Continental Portugal was 5,456 MW. In 2020, wind power represented 23.7% of total electricity generation.
Renewable energy in Spain, comprising bioenergy, wind, solar, and hydro sources, accounted for 15.0% of the Total Energy Supply (TES) in 2019. Oil was the largest contributor at 42.4% of the TES, followed by gas, which made up 25.4%.
China is the world leader in wind power generation, with the largest installed capacity of any nation and continued rapid growth in new wind facilities. With its large land mass and long coastline, China has exceptional wind power resources: Wind power remained China's third-largest source of electricity at the end of 2021, accounting for 7.5% of total power generation.
In 2021 France reached a total of 18,676 megawatts (MW) installed wind power capacity placing France at that time as the world's seventh largest wind power nation by installed capacity, behind the United Kingdom and Brazil and ahead of Canada and Italy. According to the IEA the yearly wind production was 20.2 TWh in 2015, representing almost 23% of the 88.4 TWh from renewable sources in France during that year. Wind provided 4.3% of the country's electricity demand in 2015.
Wind power in Italy, at the end of 2015, consisted of more than 1,847 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of 8,958 megawatts. Wind power contributed 5.4% of Italy electricity generation in 2015 (14,589 GWh). Italy is ranked as the world's tenth producer of wind power as of the end of 2016. Prospects for Italian wind energy beyond 2020 were positive, with several projects planned to go live before 2030.
New York has 2,192 MW of installed wind power capacity as of 2022. Most of New York's wind power is located in upstate New York as onshore wind farms. New York has set a goal of developing 9,000 MW of offshore installed wind power capacity by 2035 that will power an estimated 6 million homes. As of October 2022, New York has five offshore wind farms in development with approximately 4,300 MW installed capacity.
GE Offshore Wind is a joint venture with Alstom and a subsidiary of GE Renewable Energy, created in 2015 when most of Alstom's electrical power and generation assets were acquired by General Electric. GE's stake in the joint venture is 50% plus 1 share.
GE Wind Energy is a branch of GE Renewable Energy, a subsidiary of General Electric. The company manufactures and sells wind turbines to the international market. In 2018, GE was the fourth largest wind turbine manufacturer in the world.
In Japan's electricity sector, wind power generates a small proportion of the country's electricity. It has been estimated that Japan has the potential for 144 gigawatts (GW) for onshore wind and 608 GW of offshore wind capacity. As of 2020, the country had a total installed capacity of 4.2 GW.
Adwen GmbH is an offshore wind service company headquartered in Bremerhaven, Germany. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Spanish-German company Siemens Gamesa. Previously the company designed, assembled, and installed 5-Megawatt wind turbines for offshore wind farms. It also designed and manufactured rotor blades through its subsidiary Adwen Blades GmbH, headquartered in Stade, Germany.
Wind power in the Philippines accounts for a total of 443MW as of 2020 according to the Department of Energy, covering about 1.6% of the country's total installed capacity for both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. When it comes to existing renewable energy sources in the country, wind power has a total share of approximately 5.4%. Despite currently being a small contributor to the country's energy mix, wind power installations have increased from 33MW in 2012-2013 to 337MW in 2014, 427MW in 2015-2018, and 443MW in 2019-2021. Moreover, the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Plan (NREP) 2020-2040 aims to commission 2,345MW of total wind power capacity by 2030. There has been a setback, however, as the wind power industry was moderately affected by COVID, particularly in the import of wind turbines. Due to this, several projects such as the Aklan onshore wind project got delayed. To further drive the wind energy sector in the country, an increased demand for renewable energy, greater government commitments, and reduced wind power tariff are needed.
Renewable energy in Taiwan contributed to 8.7% of national electricity generation as of end of 2013. The total installed capacity of renewable energy in Taiwan by the end of 2013 was 3.76 GW.
Wind power is a major industry in Taiwan. Taiwan has abundant wind resources however a lack of space on land means that most major developments are offshore. As of February 2020, there were 361 installed onshore turbines and 22 offshore turbines in operation with the total installed capacity of 845.2 MW.
