Bathtub

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Private cast iron bathtubs with porcelain interiors on "claw foot" pedestals rose to popularity in the 19th century Clawfoot bathtub.jpg
Private cast iron bathtubs with porcelain interiors on "claw foot" pedestals rose to popularity in the 19th century

A bathtub, also known simply as a bath or tub, is a container for holding water in which a person or another animal may bathe. Most modern bathtubs are made of thermoformed acrylic, porcelain-enameled steel or cast iron, or fiberglass-reinforced polyester. A bathtub is placed in a bathroom, either as a stand-alone fixture or in conjunction with a shower.

Contents

Modern bathtubs have overflow and waste drains and may have taps mounted on them. They are usually built-in, but may be free-standing or sometimes sunken. Until acrylic thermoforming technology permitted other shapes, virtually all bathtubs used to be roughly rectangular. Bathtubs are commonly white in color, although many other colors can be found.

Astronaut Jack Lousma taking a shower in space, 1974 Showering on Skylab (9456594881).jpg
Astronaut Jack Lousma taking a shower in space, 1974

Two main styles are common:

History of bathtubs and bathing

Traditional bathtub (19th century) from Italy Cervo089.jpg
Traditional bathtub (19th century) from Italy

Documented early plumbing systems for bathing go back as far as around 3300 BC with the discovery of copper water pipes beneath a palace in ancient Europe.[ citation needed ] Evidence of the earliest surviving personal sized bath tub was found on the Isle of Crete where a 1.5-metre (5 ft) long pedestal tub was found built from hardened pottery. [1]

The clawfoot tub, which reached the apex of its popularity in the late 19th century, had its origins in the mid 18th century, when the ball and claw design originated in the Netherlands, possibly artistically inspired by the Chinese motif of a dragon holding a precious stone. The design spread to England, where it found much popularity among the aristocracy, just as bathing was becoming increasingly fashionable. Early bathtubs in England tended to be made of cast iron, or even tin and copper with a face of paint applied that tended to peel with time.

The Scottish-born inventor David Buick invented a process for bonding porcelain enamel to cast iron in the 1880s while working for the Alexander Manufacturing Company in Detroit. The company, as well as others including Kohler Company and J. L. Mott Iron Works, began successfully marketing porcelain enameled cast-iron bathtubs, a process that remains broadly the same to this day. Far from the ornate feet and luxury most associated with clawfoot tubs, an early Kohler example was advertised as a "horse trough/hog scalder, when furnished with four legs will serve as a bathtub." The item's use as a hog scalder was considered a more important marketing point than its ability to function as a bathtub.

In the latter half of the 20th century, the once popular clawfoot tub morphed into a built-in tub with a small apron front. This enclosed style afforded easier maintenance and, with the emergence of colored sanitary ware, more design options for the homeowner. The Crane Company introduced colored bathroom fixtures to the United States market in 1928, and slowly this influx of design options and easier cleaning and care led to the near demise of clawfoot-style tubs.

In the 1960s fiberglass bathtubs became the standard[ citation needed ] for homes, being lightweight and inexpensive.

James R. Wheeler and his brother Richard in 1979 adapted the acrylic being used for outdoor spas to make acrylic bathtubs. Working with Spartech Plastics, they developed the modern co-extruded and durable acrylic bathtub. The company American Bath Factory was the first to expand the diversity of acrylic bathtubs to include whirlpools, clawfoot bathtubs, and a large variety of pedestal and modern bathtubs.

The process for enamelling cast iron bathtubs was invented by the Scottish-born American David Dunbar Buick.[ citation needed ]

Types

Slipper tub Slipper bathtub in Amsterdam store window.jpg
Slipper tub
Wooden bathtubs for children and infants in Haikou, Hainan, China Wooden bathtubs for children and infants - 06.JPG
Wooden bathtubs for children and infants in Haikou, Hainan, China
Jacuzzi whirlpool bathtub Hotel de Maya02n4272.jpg
Jacuzzi whirlpool bathtub

Clawfoot tub

The clawfoot tub was considered a luxury item in the late 19th century, originally made from cast iron and lined with porcelain. Modern technology has contributed to a drop in the price of clawfoot tubs, which may now be made of fiberglass, acrylic or other modern materials. Clawfoot tubs usually require more water than a standard bathtub, because generally they are larger. While true antique clawfoot tubs are still considered collectible items, new reproduction clawfoot tubs are chosen by remodelers and new home builders and much like the Western-style bathtubs, clawfoot tubs can also include a variety of shower head options.

Clawfoot tubs come in four major styles:

Pedestal tubs

Pedestal tubs rest on a pedestal in what many[ who? ] would term an art deco style. Evidence of pedestal tubs dates back to the island of Crete around 1000 BC.

Baby bathtub

A baby bathtub is one used for bathing infants, especially those not yet old enough to sit up on their own. These can be either a small, stand-alone bath that is filled with water from another source, or a device for supporting the baby that is placed in a standard bathtub. Many are designed to allow the baby to recline while keeping its head out of the water.

Hot tubs

Wooden hot tub on a trailer in Finland. Paljuilua 1.jpg
Wooden hot tub on a trailer in Finland.

Hot tubs are common heated pools used for relaxation and sometimes for therapy. Hot tubs became popularized in the U.S. during the early hippie era (1967–1980), appearing in films and music. [2]

Whirlpool tubs

Whirlpool tubs first became popular in the U.S. during the 1960s and 1970s. A spa or hot tub is also called a "jacuzzi" since the word became a generic after plumbing component manufacturer Jacuzzi introduced the "Spa Whirlpool" in 1968. Air bubbles may be introduced into the nozzles via an air-bleed venturi pump.

Freestand bathtubs

Freestanding tubs have become popular in recent years[ when? ] as a result of larger bathrooms being constructed. Freestanding bathtubs may be made from various materials such as stone resin, cast stone, acrylic, cast iron, fiberglass, porcelain, copper, and cement.

Soft bathtubs

Soft tubs are made from soft plastic or foam with a protective non-slip coating. [3] While soft tubs have been available since the 1970s, [4] by the 1990s they were being sold by major manufacturers. [3] The tubs are typically marketed for children and the elderly, to prevent injury from falls. [5]

Inflatable bathtubs

Inflatable bathtub is a specialized bathtub that is portable, and can be used both indoors and outdoors. [6] They are especially well-suited for bathrooms that have shower, but don't have built-in bathtubs. [7] [8] They are also inexpensive and save room space. [6] Some models have built-in accessories such as pillows, backrests and/or armrests, which are all air-inflated, [9] with some models even having cup-holders installed in them. [10] Inflatable bathtubs usually consist of many smaller inflatable parts, together forming a bathtub. [11]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sink</span> Bowl-shaped plumbing fixture

A sink is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. Sinks have a tap (faucet) that supply hot and cold water and may include a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove used water; this drain may itself include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an overflow-prevention device. Sinks may also have an integrated soap dispenser. Many sinks, especially in kitchens, are installed adjacent to or inside a counter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bathroom</span> Room for personal hygiene activities, such as showering

A bathroom, restroom or washroom is a room, typically in a home or other residential building, that contains either a bathtub or a shower. The inclusion of a sink is common. In parts of the world e.g. India, a toilet is typically included in the bathroom; in others, the toilet is typically given a dedicated room separate from the one allocated for personal hygiene activities. In the United States and Canada, the word "bathroom" is often used to refer to any room that contains a toilet, regardless of the inclusion of a bath or shower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shower</span> Place in which a person bathes under a spray of water

A shower is a place in which a person bathes under a spray of typically warm or hot water. Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. The simplest showers have a swivelling nozzle aiming down on the user, while more complex showers have a showerhead connected to a hose that has a mounting bracket. This allows the showerer to hold the showerhead by hand to spray the water onto different parts of their body. A shower can be installed in a small shower stall or bathtub with a plastic shower curtain or door. Showering is common due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kohler Co.</span> American manufacturing company in Wisconsin

Kohler Co., founded in 1873 by John Michael Kohler, is an American manufacturing company based in Kohler, Wisconsin. Kohler is best known for its plumbing products, but the company also manufactures furniture, cabinetry, tile, engines, and generators. Destination Kohler also owns various hospitality establishments in the United States and Scotland. In February 2017, Kohler Co. acquired UK-based Clarke Energy from the management team and ECI Partners, a multinational specialist in the engineering, construction, installation, and maintenance of engine-based power plants and is an authorized distributor of GE's reciprocating engines in 19 countries worldwide. In November 2023, it was announcing that Kohler is establishing the Energy group independently and would be bought in a complex partnership with private equity group Platinum Equity, the deal is slated to close in Q1 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bathing</span> Washing or immersing the body with water

Bathing is the act of washing the body, usually with water, or the immersion of the body in water. It may be for personal hygiene, religious ritual or therapeutic purposes. By analogy, especially as a recreational activity, the term is also applied to sun bathing and sea bathing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacuzzi</span> Hot tub manufacturing company

Jacuzzi is an American private company that manufactures and markets hot tubs, pools, and other bath products. It is best known for the Jacuzzi hydrotherapy products. The company is headquartered in Irvine, California. It is the largest hot tub manufacturer in Europe with eight factories, the largest being in Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public bathing</span> Buildings with swimming pools or other facilities for bathing

Public baths originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities. Though termed "public", they have often been restricted according to gender, religious affiliation, personal membership, and other criteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spa</span> Location where mineral-rich spring water is used to give medicinal baths

A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water is used to give medicinal baths. Spa towns or spa resorts typically offer various health treatments, which are also known as balneotherapy. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric times. Such practices have been popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan. Day spas and medspas are also quite popular, and offer various personal care treatments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hot tub</span> Large tub for hydrotherapy or pleasure

A hot tub is a large tub full of water used for hydrotherapy, relaxation or pleasure. Some have powerful jets for massage purposes. Hot tubs are sometimes also known as "spas" or by the trade name Jacuzzi. Hot tubs may be located outdoors or indoors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bubble bath</span> Filled bathtub with a layer of foam

A bubble bath is a filled bathtub with a layer of soap bubbles on the surface of the water. Less commonly, aerated or carbonated baths are called bubble baths.

<i>Furo</i> Traditional Japanese bath

Furo, or the more common and polite form ofuro, is a Japanese bath and/or bathroom. Specifically it is a type of bath which originated as a short, steep-sided wooden bathtub. Baths of this type are found all over Japan in houses, apartments and traditional Japanese inns (ryokan) but are now usually made out of a plastic or stainless steel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bathhouse Row</span> United States historic place

Bathhouse Row is a collection of bathhouses, associated buildings, and gardens located at Hot Springs National Park in the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas. The bathhouses were included in 1832 when the Federal Government took over four parcels of land to preserve 47 natural hot springs, their mineral waters which lack the sulphur odor of most hot springs, and their area of origin on the lower slopes of Hot Springs Mountain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimming pool</span> Artificial water basin for swimming

A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, paddling pool, or simply pool, is a structure designed to hold water to enable swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be built into the ground or built above ground, and may be found as a feature aboard ocean-liners and cruise ships. In-ground pools are most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic, composite or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a standardized size, the largest of which is the Olympic-size swimming pool.

Bathtub refinishing is a process of restoring the surface of a bathtub to improve its appearance and durability. It involves applying a new coating or finish on the existing bathtub surface, which can be made of materials such as porcelain, fiberglass, acrylic, or enamel.

Accessible bathtubs are bathtubs that can be used by people with limited mobility, disabilities, and the elderly. A bathtub can be made accessible for some people by the addition of grab bars or hand grips, or through the use of lifts that lower and raise the bather in the water. Other bathtubs have been specially designed for accessibility. These may include walk-in bathtubs, tubs with built-in transfer benches, or, more recently, tubs with raised beds and sliding doors to allow for a seated transfer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shower splash guard</span>

A shower splash guard is a permanently installed, fixed, rigid fitting made of plastic or glass that prevent water from a shower from splashing out of the bathtub and onto the floor. Typically, the shower splash guard is a small triangular piece of plastic that is used in combination with a shower curtain, to prevent water escaping at the corners, but it may be a much larger piece that is used by itself.

Up-N-Away was the name of a vertical-sliding bath/shower door manufactured by Unitspan Architectural Systems, Inc. The bathtub shower doors had vertical tracks instead of horizontal, and closed downward or opened upwards rather than sideways. The channel tracks were vertical on each side with only a low profile sill necessary across the front rim of the tub enclosure to direct water back into tub when in use with door closed; this enabled the entire front edge/rim of tub enclosure to be relatively flat when the doors were open. This design was also to make the front edge/rim of tub to always be clean as well as comfortable to sit on when bathing a child. The vertical-sliding doors were counterbalanced to be kept up and out of the way for an elegant look, but slid to lower positions for showering. Within the vertical track channels, the lower left and right edge of each sliding door attached to counterweighted ropes with nylon hanger brackets. The downward-closing bath shower doors aimed to solve the disadvantages of conventional, sideways-sliding doors to provide more convenience, relaxation and luxury. They were at first marketed on a store- or factory-to-consumer basis, with do-it-yourself installation required.

Bathtub liners also known as tub liners, acrylic tub liners and tub inserts are made by vacuum forming an acrylic or PVC sheet which is heated then formed in a mold by applying vacuum. Having the proper mold is important for the tub liner to fit properly. Typically, a bathtub liner will fall between the cost of replacing a bathtub at the high end and bathtub refinishing at the lower end in cost when renovating a damaged or outdated bathtub.

Morris Benjamin Wilkins was the inventor of the heart-shaped bathtub and the champagne glass bathtub. He is credited for helping establish the Pocono Mountains in northeast Pennsylvania as the "honeymoon capital of the world."

Max Takes a Bath, also known by the title By the Doctor's Orders, is a French silent film directed by Lucien Nonguet and produced by the Pathé Frères company in 1910. This approximately seven minute long film was released in France and marks the beginnings of many trends that would become increasingly popular for cinema, such as the optical effect of the vertical vantage point. It also illustrates the start of Max Linder's popularity. Max Linder is one of the earliest, widely recognized and popular French film stars. Additionally, Linder was the first actor whose name could be used for advertisements which helped launch the success of what would become one of the most popular film genres of all time; the comedy.

References

  1. "The Evolution of the Design Bathtub in the History". CeramicaFlaminia. 13 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  2. McCleary, John Bassett (2002). The Hippie Dictionary. Canada: Ten Speed Press. p. 220. ISBN   978-1-58008-547-2.
  3. 1 2 Austin, Gene (July 19, 1991). "Soft bathtubs touted as the new wave in offbeat bathroom fixtures". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  4. Reif, Rita (September 2, 1976). "Doesn't Anyone Out There Need a Soft Bathtub?". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  5. Austin, Gene (August 17, 1991). "Will The New Soft Bathtub Need A Hard Sell?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  6. 1 2 "4 Best Portable Inflatable Bathtubs for Adults". Whichinflatable.com. 14 August 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  7. "The Best Inflatable Bathtub". Pooldone.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  8. Johnson, Allison. "The 6 Best Portable Bathtubs of 2021 for Camping, Home and More". Wideopenspaces.com. WOS, Inc. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  9. "Inflatable Bathtub Singapore". Singaporebathtubs.com. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  10. Jansen, Gyurka (8 December 2019). "A Dutch company that makes inflatable bathtubs with cupholders and headrests is shipping them to the US and Australia". Insider.com. Insider, Inc. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  11. "Inflatable bathtub". Patents.google.com. Alphabet, Inc. Retrieved 20 June 2021.