International reactions to the Gaza War (2008–2009)

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Protest against the war in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 2009 Anti Israel Protest Tanzania.JPG
Protest against the war in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Protest against the war in London, United Kingdom. Israel peace rally, London Jan 11 2009 P.JPG
Protest against the war in London, United Kingdom.

International reaction to the Gaza War 2008-2009 came from many countries and international organisations.

Contents

International reaction to the conflict was also notable in the level of civilian demonstrations all around the world, which in many cases displayed sentiment significantly different from the official government line. [1] [2] [3]

Long-term effects and reaction

In the aftermath of the crisis, observers suggested Israel's diplomatic position and foreign reputation had been permanently tainted. The New York Times reported in March that Israel was "facing its worst diplomatic crisis in two decades." [4] Other effects on Israel included: Its sports teams met hostility and violent protests in Sweden, Spain and Turkey. Mauritania closed Israel's embassy. Relations with Turkey, an important Muslim ally, deteriorated severely. A group of top international judges and human rights investigators called for an inquiry into Israel's actions in Gaza. "Israel Apartheid Week" drew participants in 54 cities around the world in March 2009, twice the number of last year, according to its organisers. "And even in the American Jewish community...there is a chill." [4]

Official reactions

Involved parties

Flag of Israel.svg  Israel - Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said "we tried to avoid, and I think quite successfully, to hit any uninvolved people - we attacked only targets that are part of the Hamas organisations". [5]

Flag of Palestine.svg  Gaza Strip - Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas' leader in Gaza, called Israel's attacks an "ugly massacre". [5] The leader of Hamas in Damascus, Khaled Mashal, threatened revenge attacks, saying "the time for the Third Intifada has come". [6]

Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestinian Authority - President Mahmoud Abbas condemned the attacks and called for restraint. [5] President Mahmoud Abbas blamed Hamas for triggering Israel's deadly raids on Gaza by not extending a six-month truce with Israel. [7] Speaking from Cairo on December 28, 2008, he said that 'we ask[ed] [Hamas] ... not [to] end the truce. Let the truce continue and not stop so that we could have avoided what happened'. [8] Later he called Israeli attacks "barbaric and criminal aggression", and threatened to cut off negotiations with Israel. [9]

Fathi Abu Moughli, the Palestinian minister of health, abruptly cut off the payments to Israeli hospitals for treatment of Palestinian patients, forcing hundreds of Palestinians to halt their treatments and cutting them off from proper medical care. [10] [11] [12]

United Nations

The United Nations Security Council issued a statement on December 28, 2008, calling, "for an immediate halt to all violence", [13] [14] the Arab League, [15] and the European Union made similar calls, [16] as did Argentina, Brazil, China, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea and Vietnam. [13] Libya pushed to issue a Security Council Resolution urging for a cease-fire, an effort which the US blocked, citing the failure of the statement made December 28. [17] [18]

On January 9, 2009, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1860 calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and a full Israeli withdrawal by 14 votes to one abstention (the United States), even though US diplomats had been involved in its drafting. [19] Israel and Hamas both ignored calls for a ceasefire. [20]

The United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution ES-10/18 on January 16, 2009, calling for support of Security Council Resolution 1860. Only 3 countries (Israel, United States, Nauru) voted against the Resolution.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called for an immediate ceasefire and condemned both Israel and Hamas. [21]

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay, called for independent investigations into possible war crimes committed by Israeli forces in the Gaza Strip. [22]

International Organisations

Non-governmental organisations

Countries

International reaction to the 2008-2009 Israel-Gaza conflict
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}
Israel-Gaza
States that endorsed the Israeli position/defined Israel's action as falling within its right to defense.
States that condemned Hamas action only.
States that endorsed the Hamas position/defined Hamas' actions as falling within its right of resistance.
States that condemned Israeli action only.
States that called for an end to hostilities, and condemned neither/both belligerents.
States that made no official statement on the conflict. International reaction to the 2008-2009 Israel-Gaza conflict.png
International reaction to the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict
  Israel-Gaza
  States that endorsed the Israeli position/defined Israel's action as falling within its right to defense.
  States that condemned Hamas action only.
  States that endorsed the Hamas position/defined Hamas' actions as falling within its right of resistance.
  States that condemned Israeli action only.
  States that called for an end to hostilities, and condemned neither/both belligerents.
  States that made no official statement on the conflict.

Most of the world condemned both belligerents, or neither of them, and simply called for peace or expressed concern for civilian casualties.

Thirty-five states condemned Israel's attacks exclusively. Three of them expressed support for Hamas' operations or defined them as falling within its right of resistance. Bolivia, Mauritania, Qatar, and Venezuela significantly downscaled or severed their relations with Israel in protest of the offensive.

Nineteen states, mostly in the western world, condemned Hamas' attacks exclusively. Thirteen of them expressed support for Israel's operations or defined them as falling within Israel's right to self-defense.

For detailed diplomatic responses, refer to the table below.

Other sovereign entities

Others

Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah has warned that there was a possibility of renewing another conflict. He stated that he was ready for another confrontation with Israel and had previously put all his fighters in the Israeli-Lebanese border on high alert. [241]

Religious leaders

South African Anglican Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu said Israel's bombardment of Gaza "bears all the hallmarks of war crimes. In the context of total aerial supremacy, in which one side in a conflict deploys lethal aircraft against opponents with no means of defending themselves, the bombardment bears all the hallmarks of war crimes." The attacks would not contribute to the security of Israel, he said. [242]

Iraqi Shia leader Ali al-Sistani, called for decisive action by Arab and Muslim states for an end to Israeli attacks on Gaza. Though he condemned the operation, he stated that "supporting our brothers only with words is meaningless, considering the big tragedy they are facing."[ citation needed ]

Humanitarian aid

Civilian demonstrations and protests

Demonstrations in San Francisco. Demonstrations in san francisco about hamas Israel conflict 1-10-9.jpg
Demonstrations in San Francisco.
"Peace for the people of Israel and Gaza", pro-Israeli London rally, January 11, 2009 Israel peace rally, London Jan 11 2009 NG.JPG
"Peace for the people of Israel and Gaza", pro-Israeli London rally, January 11, 2009

Major protests against Israel were held worldwide. [243] [244] Protesters in London, Paris, Oslo, and other cities clashed with the police. [245] [246] Throughout the West Bank, daily demonstrations were held against the Israeli attacks. Some demonstrations developed to "violent" clashes between stone throwers and Israeli security forces. At least two Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces in the West Bank during protests against the offensive on Gaza: On January 4, a man among a crowd in Qalqilya who clashed with Israeli forces was shot dead, while on January 16, a teenager died after being shot in the head during a demonstration in Hebron. [247] [248] The Palestinian Center For Human Rights (PCHR) reported that between January 15 and January 21, 36 others, including 16 children, were wounded by Israeli forces in the West Bank in various protests against the offensive. [249] There were global isolated attacks against Jewish and Israeli targets,. [250] [251] Over 300 Israeli websites were hacked and defaced with anti-Israeli and anti-US messages during the first days of the conflict. [252] [253] In France, anti-Jewish and anti-Muslim attacks spiked after December 27. [254] and similar increase in attacks happened in the United Kingdom and Sweden. [255]

A rally against Israeli operations held in Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne Gaza protest Zionist Criminals, End the Palestine Holocaust.jpg
A rally against Israeli operations held in Melbourne, Australia.
Pro-Israel demonstration in Berlin, Germany (11.01.2009). Pro-Israel-Demo in Berlin 3.JPG
Pro-Israel demonstration in Berlin, Germany (11.01.2009).

On January 10, a new wave of protests were held in Europe. In London, an estimated 100,000 people protested against the Israeli attacks. Further protests were held across Europe. [256] [257] Nearly 10,000 gathered in New York City on January 11 to support Israel. [258] In the United States, a McClatchy / Ipsos poll showed that 44% of the general public favored the Israeli operation, [259] while a CNN poll showed that 63% thought Israeli military operation was justified. [260] CNN also reported that 75% of Republicans and 52% of Democrats held this view, though Newsweek found 55% of Republicans and 45% of Democrats approved of Israeli actions. [261] In the Jewish community, the ADL showed that 79% felt the Israeli response was appropriate. [262]

Many demonstrations against the strikes occurred in cities around the world, [243] and in Israel protests both for and against the strikes were held. [263] [264] In Egypt, the protests caused the government to reopen the Rafah border crossing to allow the delivery of food and medicine to the Gaza Strip. [265]

The largest protest, of up to a million people, was held at a government organised event in Damascus on January 7. [266] On December the 10th, a new wave of protests were held in Europe. In London, 50,000 people marched to the Israeli embassy - the largest ever pro-Palestinian demonstration in the UK. In Paris 30,000 people marched with banners reading 'We are all children of Gaza'. Further protests were held across Europe. [267] [268]

The Israeli peace movement Gush Shalom condemned the war; [269] they marched in Tel-Aviv in a massive demonstration. [270]

Demonstrations condemning the Israeli offensive

Israeli supporters in Santiago, Chile. Jewish girl santiago.jpg
Israeli supporters in Santiago, Chile.

Protests were held in the following cities. A number of student 'sit-in's were also organised, calling upon university authorities to condemn the Israeli bombing of educational institutions in Gaza.

Note: The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the "><" icon.Size figures are according to police estimates. Other estimates are noted in the "Notes" box.

Demonstrations supporting Israel

Note: The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the "><" icon.

Demonstrations calling for peace

Artists' response

Songs

Theatre plays

Short plays written in response to Seven Jewish Children

See also

Related Research Articles

This timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict lists events from 1948 to the present. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict emerged from intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine between Palestinian Jews and Arabs, often described as the background to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The conflict in its modern phase evolved since the declaration of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948 and consequent intervention of Arab armies on behalf of the Palestinian Arabs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Intifada</span> 2000–2005 Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation

The Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major uprising by Palestinians against the Israeli occupation, characterized by a period of heightened violence in the Palestinian territories and Israel between 2000 and 2005. The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centered on the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit, which was expected to reach a final agreement on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process in July 2000. An uptick in violent incidents started in September 2000, after Israeli politician Ariel Sharon made a provocative visit to the Temple Mount; the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that Israeli police put down with rubber bullets, live ammunition, and tear gas. Within the first few days of the uprising, the IDF had fired one million rounds of ammunition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Popular Resistance Committees</span> Coalition of Palestinian groups

The Popular Resistance Committees is a coalition of a number of armed Palestinian groups opposed to what they regard as the conciliatory approach of the Palestinian Authority and Fatah towards Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fatah–Hamas conflict</span> Palestinian factional conflict since 2006

The Fatah–Hamas conflict is an ongoing political and strategic conflict between Fatah and Hamas, the two main Palestinian political parties in the Palestinian territories, leading to the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007. The reconciliation process and unification of Hamas and Fatah administrations remains unfinalized and the situation is deemed a frozen conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Gaza–Israel conflict</span> Israeli military offensive in the Gaza strip

The 2006 Gaza–Israel conflict, known in Israel as Operation Summer Rains, was a series of battles between Palestinian militants and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during summer 2006, prompted by the capture of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit by Palestinian militants on 25 June 2006. Large-scale conventional warfare occurred in the Gaza Strip, starting on 28 June 2006, which was the first major ground operation in the Gaza Strip since Israel's unilateral disengagement plan was implemented between August and September 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border</span> Explosion set off by Hamas militants

On 23 January 2008, Hamas militants in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah border crossing, destroying part of the 2003 wall. The United Nations estimates that as many as half the 1.5 million population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies. Due to fears that militants would acquire weapons in Egypt, Israeli police went on increased alert.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Hot Winter</span> 2008 military offensive in the Gaza strip

In 2008 the Israel Defense Forces launched Operation Hot Winter, also called Operation Warm Winter, in the Gaza Strip, starting on February 29, 2008 in response to Qassam rockets fired from the Strip by Hamas onto Israeli civilians. At least 112 Palestinian militants and civilians, along with three Israelis, were killed, and more than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis were injured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaza–Israel conflict</span> Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

The Gaza–Israel conflict is a localized part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict beginning in 1948, when 200,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes, settling in the Gaza Strip as refugees. Since then, Israel has been involved in about 15 wars against the Gaza Strip. The number of Gazans reportedly killed in the ongoing 2023–2024 war (37,000) is higher than the death toll of all other wars of the Arab–Israeli conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaza War (2008–2009)</span> Armed conflict between Israel and Palestinian militant groups in the Gaza Strip

The Gaza War, also known as the First Gaza War, Operation Cast Lead, or the Gaza Massacre, and referred to as the Battle of al-Furqan by Hamas, was a three-week armed conflict between Gaza Strip Palestinian paramilitary groups and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that began on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009 with a unilateral ceasefire. The conflict resulted in 1,166–1,417 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths. Over 46,000 homes were destroyed in Gaza, making more than 100,000 people homeless.

Timeline of the Gaza War. For events pertaining to the conflict which occurred before 27 December 2009, see Gaza War (2008–2009)#Background and 2007–2008 Israel–Gaza conflict.

Incidents in the Gaza War include incidents involving attacks against civilians, a school, a mosque, and naval confrontations.

Antisemitic incidents escalated worldwide in frequency and intensity during the Gaza War, and were widely considered to be a wave of reprisal attacks in response to the conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008–2009 Gaza Strip aid</span>

Following the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, an international conference took place on 2 March 2009 in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, where donor countries and international bodies pledged almost US$4.5 billion for humanitarian and reconstruction aid for the Gaza Strip. These funds bypassed Hamas, with the PA in collaboration with the donor community taking the lead in delivering and distributing the funds. Damage from the Israeli offensive was estimated to be almost $2 billion. However, actual transfers of aid had been beset by difficulties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</span>

Since 2001, Palestinian militants have launched tens of thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip as part of the continuing Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The attacks, widely condemned for targeting civilians, have been described as terrorism by the United Nations, the European Union, and Israeli officials, and are defined as war crimes by human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilian targets to be illegal under international law. Palestinian militants say rocket attacks are a response to Israel's blockade of Gaza, but the Palestinian Authority has condemned them and says rocket attacks undermine peace.

Events in the year 2009 in Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Gaza cross-border raid</span> Palestinian attack on Israeli border post

The 2006 Gaza cross-border raid, known by Palestinian militants as Operation Dispersive Illusion was an armed incursion carried out by seven or eight Gazan Palestinian militants on 25 June 2006 who attacked Israel Defense Forces (IDF) positions near the Kerem Shalom Crossing through an attack tunnel. In the attack, two IDF soldiers and two Palestinian militants were killed, four IDF soldiers were wounded, one of whom was Gilad Shalit, who was captured and taken to the Gaza Strip.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Gaza War</span> Military offensive in the Gaza strip

In November 2012, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched Operation Pillar of Defense, which was an eight-day campaign in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, beginning on 14 November 2012 with the killing of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas, by an Israeli airstrike.

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